4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS OF GEO-PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC

ASPECTS OF PUNE CITY

Introduction

Geo-Physical Features of Pune

4.2.1 Location of Pune

4.2.2 Climate and Rainfall in Pune

4.2.3 Rivers and Mountains in Pune -

4.2.4 Land Use Distribution in Pune ..

Historical Aspects of Pune

Social Aspects of Pune

4.4.1 Urbanization

4.4.2 Population in Pune

A. Pune Municipal Corporation

B. Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation

C Pune Cantonment and Khadki Cantonment

D. Rest of the PMR

4.4.3 Migration

4.4.4 Density of Population in Pune

4.4.5 Spatial Distribution of Population of

Pune

4.5 Education

4.5.1 Pune as the Oxford of East

4.5.2 Educational and Research Hub

A. Primary and Sec\)ndary Institutions

B. University Education

C. Engineering and Medical Colleges

D. Management School

E. Foreign IJanguages Learning Centers

F. Research Institutes

4.5.3 Literacy

4.6 Pune as Cultural Capital of Maharashtra State

A. Culture and Festivals

B. Theatre

C. Entertainment

4.7 Economic Aspects

4.7.1 Per capita Income of Pune

4.7.2 Contribution ofPune to tax collection

Of Maharashtra

4.7.3 Work Forced Participation

4.7.4 Ward Wise Projection of Growth

4.7.5 Industry

A) Ranjangaon Industrial Area

B) Chakan Industrial Ares

C) IT industrial area

D) Medium and Small Scale Industry

4.7.6 Trade and Commerce

4.7.7 Transport connectivity

A) Public Transport

B) Private Transport

C) Travel Characteristics

D) Travel problems in Pune

4.8 Growth Strength and Projections

4.8.1 Spatial Growth

A) West- North, west and North IT and Auto

Hub

B) N orth- East IT, BPO and White

goods Hubs

C) South, South east

D) South, South West

4.9 Key issue

CHAPTER 4

ANAL YSIS OF GEO-PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, SOCIO-ECONOMIC

ASPECTS OF PUNE CITY

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Pune is the seventh largest city in India and second largest city in Maharashtra

after Mumbai.

Development of Pune as a city commenced from 1818, with the city area being

just 5sq.km. In 1987, the area of Pune city was 138.38sq.km. With the addition of

adjacent villages in 1997, the current area of PMC jurisdiction is 243.96 sq km housing

2.54 million populace within 144 wards.

4.2 GEO-PHYSICAL FEATURES OF PUNE

The geo-physical features of Pune cover the location, land use pattern, climate

and rainfall, rivers etc.

4.2.1 Location of Pune

Pune is located at 18°31' 22.45" north 73°52'32.69" east near the western margin

of the Deccan Plateau.

Pune lies on the leeward side of the Sahyadri ranges and Western Ghats, 560m

(1837 ft) above the sea level, at the confluence of Mula and Mutha rivers, which are

tributaries of the Bhima. Two more rivers, Pavana and Indrayani traverse the

Northwestern outskirts of the urban area. The Sinhagad - Katraj Dive Ghats range is the

Southern boundary of the urban area. The highest point in the city is Vetal Hill (800m or

2625ft above sea level) whereas the highest point just outside the urban area is the

Sinhagad Fort (l300m above mean sea level)

64

Pune lies in the seismically active zone of Koyna Region, which is about 100 km

south of Pune. Pune has recently been upgraded to lie in the zone IV, which is the second

most dangerous seismic zone in India. Pune has experienced some moderate- intensity

and many low-intensity earthquakes. Although earthquakes were not known to have

originated in Pune itself, an earthquake of magnitude 3.2 took place in the Katraj region

near Pune on 1 i h May 2004. The city is in the Haveli Taluka of Pune Districe.

The location map of Pune is given in Map 4.1

4 N ;.

"".,,~.!!.f'''''''' ~""n~~l.n;;, .. ,_ ... ,I(

Map 4.1: Location of Pune

4.2.2 Climate and Rainfall in Pune

:;-.t~

'~i~'~~ -'. "*' iIitl ...,;..:.!Iaot : .

. ttt4~~ @."""" ........ .. . ,...~. O. 1* .

::;: ~.~

Pune has a tropical wet and dry climate with average temperatures ranging

between 20°C to 28°C. Pune experiences three distinct seasons: summer, monsoon and

65

winter. Typical summer months are from \1arch to May, with maximum temperatures

ranging from 30° to 38°C (8S0 to 1000P).

Contrary to most of the Deccan Plateau where May is the warmest month, the

warmest month on Pune is April. The city often receives locally developed heavy

thundershowers with sharp downpours in May. Though the temperatures plunge in this

month, the summer heat accompanied by high humidity can be occasionally quite

oppressive. Nevertheless, the nights in Pune are significantly cooler compared to those in

most other parts of this region owing to the city's high altitude.

Pune receives moderate rainfall. Monsoon winds blowing from the Arabian Sea -

are a welcome relief in June, Bringing with them heavy showers. The city receives"im

annual rainfall of 722 mm, mainly between June and September as a result of the

southwest monsoon. July is the wettest month of the year. Though the rainfall is

comparatively lower than that in the adjoining Western Ghats, steady spells of heavy rain

frequently disrupt normal life in the city. The spells of continuous rainfall may stretch too

many days or even a few weeks. Pune has, on record, received rainfall for 29 consecutive

days (days when rainfall is greater than 2.S mm).however, the weather is very pleasant in

the city with temperatures ranging from 200to 28°(68°to 82°P).

Pune experiences winter from November to Pebruary. Pleasant windy days, clear

skies and cool nights make it the most enjoyable time of the year. the day temperatures

hovers around 29°C(84°P) while the night temperature dips below 10° (SOOP)for most of

December and January, often dropping to So or 6°C (42°P). On particularly cold days, the

wind impresses as being extremely chilly due to the dryness in the air. Rainfall is rare in

winter.

Temperature records: The highest temperature recorded was 43.3°C (1 lOOP) on

30 April 1987 and 7 may 1889. The lowest temperature recorded during 1881-1940 was

1.7°C (3S0P) on 17th January 1935. More recently, Pune recorded a lowest temperature of

2.8°C in January 1991.

Pune lies in the seismically active zone of Koyna Region, which is about 100 km

south ofPune. Pune has recently been upgraded to lie in the zone IV, which is the second

most dangerous seismic zone in India. Pune has experienced some moderate - intensity

and many low - intensity earthquakes. Although earthquakes were not known to have

originated in Pune itself, an earthquake of Very Slight intensity took place in Pune; the

66

earthquake had its epicenter in Dehu, about 13 km from the main city. Seismologists

were unable to explain the occurrence of this earthquake2•

'4.2.3 Rivers and Mountains in Pune

Pune lies on the leeward side of the Sahyadri ranges and Western Ghats, 560m (1837

ft) above the sea level, at the confluence of Mula and Mutha rivers, which are tributaries

of the Bhima. Two more rivers, Pavana and Indrayani traverse the Northwestern outskirts

of the urban area. The Sinhagad - Katraj Dive Ghats range is the Southern boundary of

the urban area. The highest point in the city is Vetal Hill (800m or 2625 ft above sea

level) whereas the highest point just outside the urban area is the Sinhagad Fort (1300 m ::. 3

above mean sea level) .

Pune is crossed by many rivers and streams, which rise from and near the

Sahyadris. The most important river is the Bhima, which crosses the district. Mula -

Mutha are the tributaries of Bhima. The total length of the Mutha River within the city

limits is approximately 8kms. The average width ranges between 150-225 meters and the

average depth is 2-3 meters. The floodwaters pass through the river during the monsoon

at the rate of 700cubic meters/sec. Within the PMC area; the river starts Vithalwadi and

ends at Mundhwa. The degree of pollution in the river is pretty high4.

4.2.4 Land Use Distribution in Pune

The first Development Plan (DP) for PMC was prepared in 1966 as per

Maharashtra Town and Country Planning Act, 1966. Revision to this was made in 1982

which was sanctioned by the GoM in 1987. This second DP was prepared for 20 year

horizon (to be valid till 2007) for PMC area of 138.36sq.km.

In 2001, PMC jurisdiction was extended by merging 23 neighboring villages (in

parts) and DP was exclusively prepared for this fringe area for a horizon of 20years (valid

ti1l2021). Distribution ofland use per 1987 and 2001 DP is given in

The observations on Table 4.1 are given below.

The combined land use pattern shows that around 43 percent of the area is under

residential zone, two percent is under commercial zone, four percent under industrial

zone and 16 percent under public/semi-public and recreational use. The 1987 DP was

implemented up to 30 percent only. Though statistics for the ground situation for

changed land use is not available, from field surveys and discussion with PMC officials,

67

it is observed that a lot of land use changes are taken place from the defined zones,

especially from commercial areas.

Old city wards are overcrowded with commercial establishments and the same is

the case with areas along transport corridors. One can also see a number of IT offices in

residential areas since IT industry is permitted in residential zones 5.

4.3. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF PUNE

The origin of Pune can be traced back to 8th Century A.D when it was the tiny

agricultural settlement called 'Punyak'. Pune came into lime light as it became the seat of

the Peshwas. Pune's importance as a political capital gradually diminished with the -

defeat ofthe Peshwas in 1761 in the third battle ofPanipat.

Under the British rule, the Pune Municipality came into existence. Pune became

an administrative nerve center for the army bases set up by the British on the outskirts of

the city. Even today, there are three cantonment areas within the geographical limits of

the Pune Municipal Corporation. The city is the headquarters of the Indian Army's

Southern Command.

Sr. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Table 4.1.

Percentage of Land use Distribution-PMC

Land Use 1987DP 1987 I 2001DP 2001 Category Sq.Km DP %' Sq.Km %

Residential 50.58 36.56 53.16 50.35

Commercial 2.35 1.7 1.57 1.49

Industrial 7.26 5.25 2.62 2.48

Public & 15.22 11 1.45 1.37

Semipublic

Public Utilities 1.38 1 - -

Transport 22 15.9 9.81 9.29 -

Reserved Forest 2.35 1.7 26.7 25.29

& Agriculture

Water Bodies 12.04 8.7 2.48 2.35

Hills & Hill 12.45 9

Slopes - -

Recreational 12.73 9.2 7.79 7.38

Total 138.36 100 105.58 100

Source: City Development Plan (CDP), PMC. 68

Total Total Sq.Km %

103.74 42.53

3.92 1.61

9.88 4.05

16.67 6.83

1.38 0.57

31.81 13.04

29.05 11.91

i4.52 5.95

12.45 5.1

20.52 8.41

243.94 100

It gradually evolved itself into a dynamic city of academics, culture and economic

importance. Pune is today acknowledged as the knowledge and cultural capital of

Maharashtra.

Today Pune is host to several educational institutions of repute. The first

Software Technology Park (STP) of India had its home in Pune. Pune has emerged at the

forefront of the Indian software technological revolution that has changed the business

dynamics of the service industry of developed economics6•

4.4 SOCIAL ASPECTS OF PUNE CITY ~.

The social aspects of Pune cover the urbanization, population, religion, education,

language, literacy, culture, slums and growth trends. These aspects are discussed in the

following paragraphs.

4.4.1 Urbanization

Pune is in Haveli Taluka of Pune district and is spread out over an area of

approximately 1340Sq.Km. The urban development in Pune Municipal Corporation is

greatly inter linked and supported by its surrounding areas. Considering this, the

boundaries ofPune Metropolitan Region (PMR) were defined in early 1967.

PMR consists of:-

1. Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC)

2. Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC)

3. Pune Contonment (P.C)

4. Khadki Cantonment (K.C)

It also covers 100 other census towns and villages.

4.4.2 Population in Pune

The population in Pune includes the population of Pune Municipal Corporation

(PMC), Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC), Pune Cantonment (K.C),

and Khadki Cantonment (K.C).Table 3.1 indicates population in Pune during the period

from 1951 to 2001.

69

The observations from Table 4.2 are given below.

A. Pune Municipal Corporation

The PMC has a population 2.54 Million (2001) which accounts for 35 percent of

the total urban population in Pune District and 60 percent of total PMF population. The

PMC's population has grown from 1.57 million in 1991 to 2.54 million in 2001, and in

the last decade experienced a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.94%.

PMC's growth is not limited to few but influenced by various factors. It is the most

preferred destination for many citizens in Maharashtra for job, education, healthcare

treatmen!, real estate investment; better quality of life etc. as Mumbai is already crowded

complied with comparatively high cost of life. The same is for many citizens all over

India who migrate to the city for better jobs and education. Industries, trade and

commerce activities and number of educational centers in PMC attract floating

population from all over India into the city. Rapid gro,",1h of the city however mainly

attributed to industrialization of PMC/PCMC after 1960 and expansion of information

technology (IT) industry in the last decade.

PMC Year

Pop(No.s)

r-----1951 488,419

1961 606,777

1971 856,105

1981 1,203,351

1991 1,566,651

2001 2,538,473

PCMC Pop(No.s)

26,367

39,654

98,572

251,769

520,639

1,006,417

Table 4.2 Population in Pune

PC KC Pop Pop(No.s) (No.s)

- -65,838 58,496

77,774 65,497

85,986 80,835

82,139 78,323

JOl,723 98,09

Source: Census of IndIa

B. Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation

Rest of the Total PMR PMR

Pop(No.s) Pop(No.s)

- -J01,363 872,128

135,558 1,233,506

233,881 1,855,822

395,966 2,643,718

556,77 4.301,473

PCMC is twin city of PMC and houses most of the industrial developments.

PCMC has a population of 1.01 million population (2001) which accounts for 14 percent

of the total population in the Pune District and 23 percent of the total PMR population.

70

The PCMC's population has grown from 0.52 million in 1991 to 1.01 million in 2001.

PCMC has experienced a high CAGR after its industrialization in 1960, almost thrice

than that of PMC growth.

C. Pune Contonment and Kadki Contonment

Pune is the headquarters of the Indian Army Southern Command. PC and KC are

the military bases established during British rule and still continue to operate as army

bases for Indian army KC is also famous for two ordnance factories: ammunition

fac;,.tory(AFK) and high explosive factory(HEF).PC and KC account for only four percent

of the total PMR pollution and shown a slight growth in the last decade(CAGR2.16 and

2.28 percent respectively) compared to negative growth during 1981-1991.Any

development in these cantonment areas are under control of Indian army and have

minimal impact on urbanization of the rest of the PMR.

D. Rest of the PMR. The remaining part of the PMR consist of close to 100 census

towns and village with population of 0.56 million that accounts for 13 percent of the total

PMR population. The rest of the PMR also shows as a fast pace of urbanization in line

with PMC and PCMC growth.

The dynamic process of population growth is beyond the control of the

authorities; it is actually a function of land prices and ease of accessibility to work place

and availability of basic services. As a result, population growth is being witnessed in the

fringe areas of the city and just outside the PMC limits, especially in the southwest

direction7.

71

The Population growth of Pune during the period from 1951 to 200 I can be

explained with the help of graph no. 4.1

3000 l

2500

2000

• II'

/'

2,538

0 1500 0 P r:: 1000 0 ;:l

~ 500 :;, 0.. 0 Il. 0

." 1.567 ........... ""/

.. ,...,..... 1,203 .". ...

.-......... 856 ._~ ... 6Y-.>~ .• - ~n7

I 488

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Year

4.4.3 Migration

As industry developed and the employment base widened, migrant population

from all over flocked to Pune. Pune witnessed two types of immigration - that of

improvised rural laborers and highly qualified professionals from other states. Pune is

now no longer regarded as a pensioners' haven or just an administrative and educational

center as before; it has transformed into a young city with more and more professionals

flocking into the city. These changes led to urban development in a ribbon form around

the city along its peripheries. The demographic profile of Pune too acquired a

cosmopolitan touch as the city's ambience changed from sedate to upbeat.

4.4.4 Density of Population in Pune

PMC jurisdiction extends up to an area of 243.84sq.km which consists of

approximately 20 percent of the total PMR area since 1951, PMC area has to almost

double from 125.75 sq.km.to 243.84sq.km. Table 4.3 gives density of population in Pune.

72

Table 4.3

Density of Population in Pune

PMC

Year Area-sq.km Dcnsity/sq.km 1961 138.94 5,204 1971 139.79 7,154

1981 147.66 9,346

1991 166.11 10,445 2001 243.83 10,412

Source: ESR and census 2001 -

An average population density as per census 2001 for PMC IS 10,412

persons/sq.km. The urban development plans formulation and implementation (UDPFI)

guideline indicates average density of around 15,000 persons/sq.km. for the city, whereas

in PMC, almost 60 percent of the wards have higher densities than the prescribed norm.

Population densities are higher in the old city wards, and wards along major transport

corridors.

4.4.5 Spatial Distribution of the Population in Pune

Table 4.4 gives Zone wise Spatial distribution of population in Pune. The spatial

distribution of population has been examined, based on the ward densities in PMC. The

average ward population is 1,92,642 varying from 1,00,059 in Dhole Patil Ward to

2,51,100 in Bibwewadi Ward. The densities are high in the core city.

The area in the centre of the city, which primarily is the old city, is densely

populated. The Bhavani Peth ward located right in the centre of the city has the highest

density followed by its two neighboring wards Vishrambagh Wada and Kasaba Peth.

This area includes Laxmi road which is the hub of the city. Tulsibagh, a major market, is

also located in this area.

The city appears to be growing in the southeast and southwest directions. As per

the 2005 population estimates, the Tilak Road ward on the southwest side of the city is

experiencing a rapid growth of 50%. The Karve Road is also growing at the rate of 32%.

In the southeast direction, the Bibwewadi ward with its proximity to the Solapur bypass

is growing at a rate of 38% followed by Hadapsar at 26%.

73

Table 4.4 Zone-Wise Spatial Distribution of Population in Pune.

--Ward Name Area Population Density/Hectare

Aundh 44.63 1,79,886 40

Yerawada 30.75 1,51,425 50

Hadapsar 28.01 2,05,009 73

Watje Karvengar 12.04 1,16,985 97

Sangamwadi 21.72 2,13,718 98

Bibwe Wadi 22.43 2,39,53.~ 107

Tilak Road 18.14 2,11,103 116

Dole Patil Road 8.48 1,00,059 118

Ghole Road 12.78 2,01,527 158

Sahkamgar 9.92 1,61,665 163

Karve Road 10.05 2,04,316 203

Vishrambhag Wada 3.61 2,51,100 696

Kasaba Peth 2.8 2,39,370 855

Bhavani Peth 2.32 2,18,306 941

Total 227.68 2,697,001 118 Source;ESR and Census 2001

4.5 EDUCATION

4.5.1 Pune as the Oxford of the East.

Though Pune did not develop as fast as Mumbai, it has gradually emerged as a

seat of modem liberal education and research. The formation of the Deccan College, the

Agriculture College and later an engineering college were the initial hallmarks of this

development. Pune earned the reputation of a prestigious seat of learning and hence

Pundit lawaharlal Nehru called Pune as the Oxford of the East. This Historical legacy

still survives and preponderance of different kinds of educational and research activity

continues to be one of the principal factors in Pune's urban growth.

74

Today the city has six universities, which include 600 functional colleges and

Post Graduate departments in their fold. The seeds of Pune's importance as a knowledge

capital were sown in the middle of the 19t~ century.

Pune is host to several educational institutions of repute. It also serves as the base

for specialized centers for computing (CDAC and NIC), banking (NIBM), insurance

(national Insurance Academy) and astronomy (IUCAA).

The automotive research association and several research institutions of defense

services like the Armament Research and Development College and the College of

Military Engineering are said to be the pride of Punes.

4.5.2 Educational and Research Hub

As the educational and research hub, Pune has shown excellent perfonnance. It

includes Primary and Secondary Educational Institutes, University Education,

Engineering and Management Institutes along with the Research Institutes.

A. Primary and Secondary Institutions

Schools in Pune are either run by the PMC, in which case they are called

Municipality schools, or privately by trusts and individuals. Private schools have been

preferred by a majority of city residents because of better facilities. These schools use

either Marathi or English as the medium of instruction. All private schools are affiliated

either with the Maharashtra state SSC board or the all-India IndianC<;;r't:ifi<::at<;;Qf

S<;;<::9ndaryE.dYG.ati9nHCS.E.) and C~.sE. boards. Prominent among Pune schools are

Loyola High School, St Vincent's High School, St Josephs High School Pashan,

St.Marys High School and the Rewachand Bhojwani Academy, Camp, which has been

featured on BBC World recently for its style of education, which is off the beaten track.

B. University Education

All colleges in Pune are affiliated to the University of Pune.The University of

Pune was established in 1948.

In addition to the statutory universities, Pune boasts of 5 Deemed Universities -

Deccan College (Archaeology and Linguistics), Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth (Sanskrit,

Indology, Ayurveda and Social Sciences), Ookhale Institute of Politics and Economics,

Bharati Vidyapeeth, PICI and Symbiosis Intemational University and Dnyaneshwar

Vidyapeeth. In 2008, the University of Oxford announced that it plans to establish the

75

Qxford ~Vl}i\f~[~ityJndia 13usLn~~1>.C::~n![~ (OUIBC) at Pune. This will be Oxford Saiq

13lJ~jn~~~SGhQQI's first offshore facility.

C. Engineering and Medical college

Engineering colleges in Pune graduate up to 10,000 engmeers m vanous

disciplines every year, especially serving the burgeoning software and IT industry. The

COEP, established in 1854, is one of the oldest colleges in Asia.

Established medical schools such as the Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC)

and Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College (BJMC) train students from all over

Maharashtra and India and are amongst the top 10 medical colleges in India.

D. Management Schools

S ymbjQ~i~ Jm,titlJt~ .. QL M<m;:tg~IIlent SllJqi~~ (S IMS ),SymbiQ~i~Jn~tjtlJtt::Qf

I~l~GQmM@(;lg~men! (SITM), SymhiQ~is Jn~tjtlJl(:Qf. Jnt~m;:tliml(;ll 13lJ~in~~~ (SIIB),

SymbiQ~i~Jn~litlJl~ QfJ3.lJ~jn(:~~M(;ln;:tgt:!ltlent (SIBM), Tht::Jn~ljtlJlt:!QL Mqn;:tgt:!m~nt

.Dt::\ft:!lQPms!l1,t<mQ.RS!~~;:t!::Gh (IMDR), The Sinhgad Institute Of Management, IhS!

QS!pm:::tm~ntQ[M;:tn<!gt::m~ntSGi~nct::~, Ul1iversityof PUll~ (PUMBA), BalCljiJnstitlJt~Qf

MQdt::mM;:tP.<.!gS!m~ntll](BIMM,Pune),formerly known as Indian Institute of Modem

Management(IIMM,Pune),1ndira Institute of Management (11M, Pune). The [[N.G.

Naralkar Institute are some of the reputed management schools in the city, N;:ttimml

In~lJr;:tnGS!AG<.!dS!mySGhQQLQfM;:tP.<.!g~nwnt (NIA SoM) gives unique training to

government and non-government insurance students. Government Institute of

Agricultural Banking is one of a kind institute giving education in agricultural financial

management.

E. Foreign Languages Learning Centers

Pune is the largest center for Japanese learning in India and the JLPT exams are

held in Pune annually (December). The Japanese language training is provided by the

University of Pune among others. Other languages like German (Max Muller Bhavan)

and French (Alliance Francaise de Poona) are also popular amongst Punekars. Some high

schools optionally train students ill French, German and Russian from the 8th grade

onwards.

76

F. Research Institutions

Pune is home of diverse research institutions of national importance. These

institutions are National Chemical Laboratory and the Centre for Materials for Electronic

Technology, centre for development of Advanced Computation, Jnt~L:UniY~r$.ityC~ntl':~

forA~trQnQmYC:lJ1d .... A~trQPbysic~, the N ati()n<.ll ... Cel1tr~ .. fQl':Radi()AstfQPhysic~,

Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute [BORI] , the NaJiQnaLC~ntr~fQrC~JlSGi~m:'~C:lJ1Q

[Wil] (Symbiosis Institute For Computer Studies and Research.

The Cs:.ntmLWat~LC:lJ1dPQw~rR~s~'m:hStCltiQn (CW & PRS), the (NCltiQflal

Jn$.lJrC:lJ1G?AcaQ~my), NatiQnClIJn~titlJtS!QfaClnkMC:lJ1ag~m~l1t (NIBM), NIC [National -

Informatics Centre] the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology the Agarkar Research , ... " ................................................................................... - ......... , .................................... , ......................................................... -.-.

In~tHlJt~ and the AlJ1QmQliy~R~~t::arc:I:tA~soGjatj()n()LlnQiCi (ARAI) are located in Pune

and conduct fundamental research for the benefit of India's millions. The NCiliQnaLAIPS

Re$.~arc:hJn$.titlJts! is in Bhosari, a suburb of Pune. The National Center for Cell Science,

an institute for research in animal cell biology is situated in the Ul1iY~r$.itYQLPlJn~ while

the NaJi()flalJn$.tHlJt~QLYifQlQgy (NIV) under government of India is located in Pune

Camp. Pune also houses a premier industrial research lab IataR~$.~arGhP~Yt::lQPme.nt.

<:mQr:>t::~ignC~ntr~, a research unit of Tata Consultancy Services, working in the areas of

computer science and modeling/simulation for materials processing9•

4.5.3. Literacy

Pune has a literacy rate of 77% as per the last census. Males have a higher literacy

rate at 81.4% compared to 72.2% for females. However, the gap between literacy rates

for males and females has narrowed, compared to that prevailing in 1991. 50% of the

population growth has been on account of migration. This probably has an adverse effect

on the city's sex ratio. Pune has 916 females for every 1000 males as per Census 2001.

This ratio was 928 females per 1000 males as per the 199] Census.

4.6 PUNE AS CULTURAL CAPITAL OF MAHARASHTRA STATE

Pune is a modem, progressive and vibrant city. Pune is Maharashtra's cultural

capital and the form of Marathi spoken in Pune is considered to be the standard form of

the language. Pune is a vibrant cultural city and people from multiple religions and

speaking different regional languages reside here. It also hosts various national festivals

and cultural events throughout the year. People of Pune have wide interests in various

77

Arts, Literature, Music, Spiritualism and Food. In recent years it has also been a leader in

IIillJ.~.S: and I~~hnQ movements, alongside Goa and Mumbai. The city is well known for

its British Raj "bungalow architecture" and the Gar.den... CiJies Movement layout of the

Cantonment in the early Twentieth Century.

A. Culture and Festivals.

It was in Pune in 1894 that Lokmanya Tilak initiated the concept of

the"Sarvajanik Ganeshotsav" - the collective communal celebration of the festival of

Lord.

During this time, the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation organizes -

the month-long PlJn~F~~liYc:ll which hosts classical dance and music recitals, a film and

drama festival, automobile rallies and some traditional sports and Sawai Gandarve music

festival. In December, Pune hosts the Sawai Gandharve music festival.

B. Theatre

Pune has given birth to or attracted a body of organization for the Marathi literati.

Marathi Theatre is an integral part of Marathi culture. Both - Experimental and

Professional Theatre - receive whole-hearted patronage from the Marathi community.

Marathi theatre forms an integral part of the culture ofPune.

C. Entertainment

Pune has many multiplexes and cinema theatres, showing the latest BQIIJ'W'QQQ

and Hollywood movies. These multiplexes are situated in various parts of the city.

MM5!t.hj movies are screened at Prabhat and CjtyPriQ~.

4.7 Economic Aspects

This part covers the per capita income, work force and the employment along

with the industrial development, trade and Commerce, transport and I.T. sector.

4.7.1 Per Capita Income of Pune

In order to estimate the size of the city's economy, the sales tax collection of the

city was taken as proxy and extrapolated with the stat GDP; this analysis indicates that

the size of Pune's economy in 2003-2004 wculd have been about Rs.12,671cr with an

estimated population of over 27.35 lakhs in that year.

Table 4.5 Indicates city per capita income of Pune.

78

Table 4.5

Per Capita Income of Pune City.

Year· City GDP (Crores) Population (Lakhs }TPer capita income (Rupees) 1999 10,632 23.53 45,168 2001 10,235 24.44 41,871 2003 11,013 25.28 43,384 2005 10,574 26.36 40,111 2007 12,671 27.35 46,313

Source: National accounts stastistics,CMIE NAS

It is observed from the table 4.5 that the Per Capita Income in Pune was Rs y'

46,313 in 2007 which increased from Rs 45,168 in 1999.

4.7.2 Contribution ofPune to Tax Collection of Maharashtra

Table 4.6 indicates the contribution of Pune to Tax Collection of Maharashtra.

It is observed from table 4.6 that Pune has 4 percent contribution to the tax

collection of Maharashtra state during the period 1999 to 2007.

Table 4.6 Contribution of Pune to the Tax Collection of Maharashtra.

Maharashtra

Year GSDP Sales Tax Ratio of Tax

Ratio of tax ( Rupees

Collection GSDP to Collection in collection in Pune

(Rupees sales Tax ( Pune Crores)

Crores) Ratio) (Rupees) to Maharashtra

1999 243,178 10,384 23:42 453.98 4:36

2001 238,875 12,080 19:77 517.58 4:27

2003 265,582 12,047 22:05 499.55 4:14

2005 295,191 13,940 21: 18 499.35 3:57

2007 310,000 15,997 19:38 653.86 4:08 -.

Source:PMC Record

79

4.7.2 Work Force Participation

The workforce participation rate as per the Census 2001 (main and marginal

workers) in PMC is 34.08 percent, up by 2.20 percent as compared to 31.88 percent in

1991. In the absence of a detailed break-up of sector/category-wise workers for 200 I, the

figures for 1991 have been used to examine the composition of the workforce. Table 4.7

presents the category-wise workforce composition in PMC, as per the 1991 and 2001

Census. The observations of Table 4.7 are given below:

Table 4.7 - or orce artlclpatlOn .. W kF P

Sr. Category Persons % Persons %

No 1991 census 2001 census

Main worker

I cultivator 3,19 0.62 4,717 0.61

II Agricultural labourers 3,554 0.66 5,529 0.71 "-

III Livestock, forestry, fishing, etc.

3,643 0.68

IV Mining & quarrying 412 0.08

V.(a) Manufacturing & processing 9,061 1.68 25,430 3.28 in household industries

V.(b) Manufacturing & processing 137,374 25.46 other than HH industries

VI Construction workers 58,176 10.78

VII Trade & commerce 115,795 21.46

VIII Transport, storage &

43,941 8.14 comm ..

IX Other services 164,266 30.45

I Sub-total main workers 539,541 31.09 775,619 30.55

2 Marginal workers 13,708 0.79 89,531 3.53

3 Non-workers 1,181,922 68.12 1,673,323 65.92

Grand total population 1,735,171 100 2,538,473 100

Source: census of India, 1991 and 2001

80

Of the total workforce, over 30 percent is employed in other services indicating

the string presence of the service sector in Pune, which includes the IT sector. The

manufacturing and processing industry, which employs about 25 percent of the

workforce, is again a strong indicator of manufacturing economic activity. Almost 22

percent are employed in trade and commerce activities. From 1991 to 2001, the

percentage of non-workers declined from 68 to 66 percent indicating the generation of

employment opportunities. The non-workers constitute about 66 percent of the

population and include housewives (female population makes for about 48 percent) and

students (students below 19 years of age account for around 42 percent of non-workers); -

thus the unemployment rate in Pune is to be very marginal.

4.7.4 Ward wise projection of Growth

For ward-wise projections, wards were applied with different growth rates

based on existing population density and employment over the decades such as for 2011,

2021, 2031 etc, considering overcrowding and out-migration issues, which are given in

Table 4.8

1) PMC population will grow to 5.63mn by 2031

II) PMC Employment will grow to 2.36mn by 2031 to have workforce participation

rate of around 42 percent

IIJ) PMC average population density in 2007 will be 12173 persons/sq.km in 2011

13718 Persons/sq.km. In 2021 will be 18064 persons/sq.km. and in 2031 will be

23.103 persons/sq.km.

IV) Population density will be more than twice of population density in 2001.

V) PMR population will grow to 11.41 mn. by 2031

VI) .PMC employment will grow to 4.85Mn by 2031 to have workforce participation

rate around 43 percent lO•

81

Table 4.8 Projected Population and Employment

Region Population

Employment (million) (million)

2007 2011 2021 2031 2007 2011 2021 2031

Pune municipal 2.97 3.34 4.4 5.63 1.11 1.35 1.78 2.36 corporation

Pune 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05

cantonment

Khadki:: 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.04 0.04 o.as 0.05

cantonment

Pimpri-chinchwad

1.42 1.74 2.75 4.1 0.54 0.72 1.26 1.89 municipal corporation

Rest of the pmr 0.7 0.79 1.07 1.39 0.25 0.29 0.39 0.5

Total Pune metropolitan 5.31 6.11 8.48 11.41 1.98 2.44 3.52 4.85 region (PMR)

.. Source: ComprehensIve MobIlIty Plan for Pune CIty AnalYSIS

4.7.5 Industry

The Growth of PMC is being driven by various industry segments. Table 3.9

gives details on major existing and proposed industrial establishments in and around

PMR. Except Kharadi Knowledge Park, which is located within PMC limits, all other

industries are located outside PMC in PMR or close to PMR towards North-west, North

and North-East. PCMC houses a majority of the industrial development, which are given

in Table 4.9

The observation from Table 4.9 is given below.

PCMC MIDC: PCMC saw a spate of industrial development following the up of

explosive units at Khadki during world war II. The next milestone was the entry of

Kirloskar oil engines ltd. into the city in the forties with which PCMC emerged as a

known hub for diesel engine manufacturers. In 1960, MIDC set up a huge industrial

estate at Bhosari. It was in fact this development, which is made PCMC the hometown

for production. This development of PCMC an auto-hub has been particularly evident in

82

the period 1960-1990. The MIDC in PCMC is an active industrial hub, hosting close to

3,200 units in production. With many highly rated clients such as Bajaj, Tata Motors,

DGP Hinoday, Philips India Ltd. and Centura Enka to its credit, the PCMC MIDC has

been instrumental in facilitating the development of the small and medium enterprises in

the area that are today suppliers to big estahlished players' there. Given the proximity of

PMC and PCMC, some of the suppliers to the players in PCMC have set up industrial

operations in the PMC areas such as Hadapsar or Kondwa. In fact, one finds a lot of

spilling over between the two corporation limits, whether in terms of industry logistics,

talent pool or commercial business support system.

Table 4.9 Industries in Pune Metropolitan Region.

Zon i ng(Pac kag Distance

Industrial area Completio Area e Scheme of From

Sector n Status Incentives Pune

Ha PSI Km.

Pimpri chinchwad MIDC 100% 1,225 A 18 Auto,auto comp0f!~

Rajiv Gandhi Info Tech 100% 87 A 15 IT,ITES

Park Hinjewadi Phase I Rajiv Gandhi Info Tech Park Hinjewadi Phase II 80% 218 A 16 BT (SEZ)

Rajiv Gandhi Info Tech 0% Land

Acquisition 350 A 16 IT,ITES Park Hinjewadi Phase III

in Process

Rajiv Gandhi Info Tech Proposed 400 A 16 IT,ITES

Park Hinjewadi Phase IV

Kharadi knowledge Park 100% 27 A PMC Software

Talawade Info Tech Park 60% 75 A 18 IT Talegaon Floriculture

NA -- B 37 Floriculture Park ~~gaon Industrial 40% 925 C 55 White Goods

Area

Chakan Industrial Area 40% 258 C 30 Auto, Auto

Comgonents Jejuri NA 118 C 48 Mixed Profile

Bharat Forge SEZ Proposed 1,800 40 Auto,auto -- components

(Source: Maharashtra IndustrIal Development Corporation.)

A. Ranjangaon Industrial Area:

A recent study by Maratha Chamber of Commerce Industries and

Agriculture(MCCIA) reveals that in the past 5 Years, nearly 25 percent of the proposed

83

investments by medium and large scale manufacturing units in Pune are along the Nagar

road belt (Shirur taluka) at Supa, Sanaswadi or Ranjangaon. Ranjangaon MIDC is given

status of '5 star industrial area' and avails the benefits of 'C' PSI zoning. Ranjangaon is

getting to be popular as a White Goods hub, primarily because of the presence of players

like LG, Anchor Daewoo, National Panasonic and Whirlpool. Some South Korean

vendors of LF such as Nainko have also established operations of Ranjangaon. This has

helped in giving an MNC touch to the Ranjangaon MIDC.

B. Chakan Industrial Area: MCCIA study also states that an additional 15 percent of

proposals for setting up manufacturing operations are in Chakan MIDC. At a distance of

30km. from PMC and 20km. from PCMC, Chakan MIDC is suitable for its strategic

location. Due to its proximity to PC\1C MIDC, automobile and auto-related

manufacturing operations are been set up in Chakan MIDC.

C. IT Industries: PMC is emerging as a major IT centres with sprawling software parks

mushrooming all over the city and PMR area. According to the Software Technology

Parks of India (STPI), Software exports from Pune has increased by 48 percent, touching

the US$2 billion-mark, even surpassing Mumbai's exports. Today, PMR houses more

than 100 IT industries, one forth of which are multinationals, who are involved in

research and development, engineering services and embedded technology-related work.

The biggest IT Park in PMR is MIDC promoted Rajiv Gandhi Info Tech Park (Phase I

and II) at Hinjewadi, which has witnessed as spectacular growth. Currently spread over

305 Ha., it is likely to be expanded (additional 750Ha.) in the next few years. Followed

by Hinjewadi, Kharadi and Talawde IT Parks are also rapidly developing. In addition to

IT Parks developed by MIDC, and since GoM as permitted several private developers to

establish IT Parks, a series of IT parks are growing in Kharadi, Magarpatta, and Kalyani

Nagar etc.

The future driver of the Pune economy would be the IT sector. The major

software players in the country have a base in Pune; TCS, Wipro, Infosys, Mahindra

British Telecom, Mastek and PCS have significant presence in Pune. Global major

players like HSBC Global Technology, IBM, SASKEM, A V A Y A, T -Systems and Syntel

also have a major presence in the city. During the last eight years, this sector has grown

from RS.250cr to Rs.650cr. This sector is emerging as a huge employer and with an

industry. (11)

84

D. Medium and Small Scale Industries:

There are a sizeable number of medium scale industries in and around Pune,

which are engaged in the manufacture of a variety of products, induding automobile

parts, electrical and electronic spare parts and equipment, air compressors, garments,

leather, chemicals, soaps and detergents, paper and paper products, rolled steel and truck

and bus bodies.

Sr. No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8

Table 4.10 gives details ofSSI units

Year

1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006* Total Cumulative since Inception

Table 4.10 Small-Scale Industries (SSI)

.,'

Registered Units Investment (Rs.

Lakhs)

MSI SSSBE MSI SSSBE 99 274 53 68.88 104 655 56.24 431.08 138 53 47.69 37.19 151 66 49.83 44.45

--

253 87 89.61 52.58 445 64 183.69 37.34 293 77 157.69 56.84

1,483 1,276 637.75 728.36

2,203 2,646

Source: Directorate of Industries, Maharashtra.

Note: * Figures for FY 2005-06 are as on December 2005

Employment (Nos.)

MSI SSSBE 496 2,774

521 3,169 505 209 529 244 911 375

1,681 234 1,340 330 5,983 7,335

It is observed from Table 4.10 that there is substantial increase in the number of

SSI units in Pune, with the investment. These units provided the substantial employment

opportunities.

4.7.6 Trade and Commerce

A large portion of the city's population thrives on wholesale and retail trade and

commerce. The city serves as the regional wholesale market for food grains and other

commodities. It also serves as the market centre for agricultural produce such as green

peas, wheat, rice, pulses, oilseeds, maize, etc., which are cultivated in the rural hinterland.

Pune also functions as a distributing centre for agricultural implements, fertilizers, drugs

85

and medicines, iron and steel, cement and minerals, petroleum products and forest

produce such as timber, and readymade garments and textiles.

Currently, Central Business District (CBD)comprises areas of Camp (MG Road, East

Road), Swargate, Laxmi Road (Tilak Road, Bajirao Road), Kalyani Nagar, Shivajinagar,

Wakad Wadi, Deccan, FC Road, JM Road, and Ahmednagar Road (Figure 3.1O).Main

commercial activities observed in these areas are corporate officeslheadquarters for

manufacturing and service units, business process outsourcing centers, call centers,

baking, insurance, retail trading, shopping malls, entertainment, cinema theaters, health

services, educational institutions, hotels and restaurants etc.

The figures presented in 4.11 ~"indicate that the bulk of employment originates

from these commercial establishments within the Pune city.

Table 4.11

Details of commercial Establishments in Pune City

-,

Employment Number % Number of % Category Employees Shops 11,718 30.35 28,866 21.87 Commercial 22,925 59.32 93,557 70.89 Hotels 3,976 10.28 9,237 6.99 Theatres 30 0.05 313 0.25 Totals 38,640 100.00 1,31,974 100.00

Source: Pune Municipal Corporation ESR-2005

It is observed from Table 4.11 that the percentage of commercial establishment in

Pune city is highest to the level of 59.32.1t is followed by shops (30.35%) hotels

(10.28%) and theatres (0.05%).

As far as the employment generation is concerned, the commercial establishment

provided jobs to 93557 persons (70.89%).Each commercial establishment provided job to

4.08 persons on the average. The shops provided job to 28866 persons (21-87) which

means the average of 2.46 person per shop. In Hotels 3976 persons are employed at the

rate of 2.32 persons per hotel. In theatre these are 30 workers (0.05%) having 313

employees (0.25) at the rate of 10.43 persons per theatre.

86

4.7.7 Transport Connectivity

Notably, even though Pune is the seventh largest city in India, it has the sixth

largest metropolitan economy and the highest per capita income in India, with the least

income disparity between the rich and poor. Pune currently has two sister cities, Bremen

in Germany and San Jose in California, USA. One more city in Israel is soon expected to

be added to this list.

The by,~in<:<sSPI99~S~QJltSQJJI9ing companies have also seen significant growth here, with

companies like CQnY~rgy~, InfQsysJJPQ, EXL, :WiprQ:ePQ, Next, and Mphasis setting

up operations here. Pune also houses the headquarters of the Bank of Maharashtra.

Pune has excellent road, rail and air connectivity with almost all important cities

in India. It is extremely well connected to most of the important cities in India like

Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Kolkata and Chennai. Pune has two main railways

stations, Pune Junction and Shivajinagar Station; most trains halt at Pune Junction. Pune

suburban trains also run from Pune Junction to the industrial towns of Khadki, Pimpri,

and Chinchwad etc. Pune now has an internationally deemed airport, with flights to

Singapore and Dubai. Domestic flights to most metropolitan cities in India are available.

The city is located at the confluence of the National Highways viz., NH-4 leading

to Mumbai in the north, NH-50 to Nasik and NH-9 to Solapur. State Highways SH-60

connects to Ahmednagar, SH-64 to Saswad, SH-39 to NDA and SH-57 to Pirangut.

Maharashtra district road MDR-60 connects Pune to Mulshi.

In addition, the westerly bypass connects the Pune Satara Road (NH-4) in the south to

Mumbai-Pune (NH-4) in the North. PMC is internally well connected through and

extensive road network comprising 11 major intercity roads.

The Government of Maharashtra has entrusted responsibility for creating a new

Pune International Airport project to MIDC.

A. Public Transport

Locally, the Pune municipal transport (PMT) is the major public transport service

and a convenient mode of transport.

Traffic is generally a problem, in the form of congestion, a wide variety of

vehicles, bad roads and a general disregard of traffic rules. Road accidents, quite often

fatal, are not uncommon in Pune because of all these factors combined.

87

B. Private Transport

The public transport infrastructure is currently highly strained. Thus the number

of personal cars and 2-wheelers in the city is staggering. According to one study in 2007,

there were then 400,000 cars and 1.6 million two-wheelers in the Pune urban

agglomeration. More than 200,000 vehicles are added to the traffic in Pune every year.

C. Travel Characteristics

While the preferred mode of travel (motorized in Pune is two-wheelers, the

predominant numbers of trips undertaken in the city are still pedestrian in nature followed

by cycling ~nd bus drives. 37% of the trips generated in the city are on foot, 18% by

cycling and a significant 22% by bus. However, the estimated numbers of buses, stage

carriers and contract carriers forming the public transport system of the city plying on the

roads on a given day is just 2% indicating the congestion of travel by public transport.

Auto rickshaws constitute 6% of the vehicles plying on the city roads. Alternatively, the

numbers of two-wheelers plying on the city roads is 71 % and four-wheelers 17%. This

situation also clarifies the shift from public transport to personal transport in Pune and the

high growth in the numbers of two-wheelers. Pedestrian movements also suffer the same

fate owing to the lack of adequate pedestrian facilities in the city. It is observed that more

than 40% of the roads in the city lack footpaths.

D. Transport Problems in Pune

The road infrastructure has not expanded in tandem with the increase in the

number of vehicles in the city. In the last four decades, the population of the city has

increased four times whereas the vehicle population has increased 87 times and the road

length has increased by only five times. With the projections indicating that PMC would

have a population of about 45lakhs by 2021 and 57lakhs by 2031, the road and

transportation infrastructure has to not only meet the existing demand but also cater to the

demand that will be generated by the increasing population and its faster urbanization ..

The existing public transportation system falls short while catering to the rising

demand. In the absence of reliable and extensive public transportation systems, the local

population has been increasingly resorting to personal ownership of vehicles to meet their

mobility requirements. Only 15% of the vehicle kilometers traveled in the city is

accounted for by public transportation 12.

88

4.8 Growth Trends And Projection

The researcher has discussed growth trends & projection in the following lines

4.8.1 Spatial Growth

Over the years PMC has grown in concentric rings. Future growth ofPMC will be

mainly governed by existing transport corridors, existing and future industrial

developments in and around PMC and the expansion of central business district (CBD).

Spatial growth of PMC will take place towards employment nodes; in areas which are

closer to these nodes and areas which gives immediate connectivity to these nodes. Along

with this, few areas in PMC will be further densified and will be overcrowded in terms of -

commercial developments while out migration is expected from already overcrowded

residential areas towards peripheral areas. A detailed discussion on spatial growth is

given below. Overall PMR growth directions will be in line with PMC, however, below,

potential areas within PMC are mainly furnished. Growth corridors of PMC are shown in

Figure 4.8. Also refer Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10 for PMR Industries and Future Growth,

and PMC CBD and Future Growth.

A. West,North-West and North-IT and Auto Hub.

PCMC MIDC is fully developed and will continue to attract PMC citizens for

jobs which are already created. Hinjewadi Phase I and II are attracting major investments

while Phase III and IV are in the planning stage. Hinjewadi Phase III has given a Special

Economic Zone (SEZ) status and is borne to attract number of multinational companies.

As already discussed in earlier sections Chakan MIDC is also attracting major investment

and is developing as an extension to PCMC MIDC. Bharat Forge has proposed an SEZ

just 45Km. North of PMC over an area of 1,800 Ha. to be developed majorly as auto and

auto component industries. All these existing and future industries developments are well

connected with PMC through old and new NH-4and Mumbai-Pune expressway through

city roads such as Pashan Road, Sus Road (SH-57), Baner Road, Karve Road and

Sinhagad Road. For future expansion of PMC in the West, North West, and North

potential areas will be Baner, Balewadi, Sutarwadi, Pashan, and Aundh ·where a majority

of residential growth is likely to take place. Though there is a spill over of developments

into PCMC area (in and around Waked) which are closer to Hindewadi and PCMC

MIDC, PMC is the preferred destination as there have better level of infrastructure

89

services. CBD expansion is expected in and around city roads leading to old and new

NH4 and expressway.

B. North-East-IT, BPO and White Goods Hub

North-East areas of Pune will receive equal attention for various developments

along with West, North-West and North areas. Towards North-East, Ranjangaon MIDC

with 'C'PSI zoning is attracting White Good's investments while areas of Kharadi,

Kalyani Nagar, Parnakuti, Bund Garden along Pune-Nagar Road are attracting IT and

BPO investments. This area has a proximity advantage to existing airport at Lohgaon -

while the proposed international'airport at Chakan can be easily be accessed from Pune-

Alandi Road. Along with these developments, Pune-Nagar Road is witnessing a high

commercial developments along it in the last few years. For future expansion of PMC in

the North-East potential areas will be Kharadi, Ramwadi, Wadgaon Sheri, Lohgaon,

Parnakuti, Kalyani Nagar, Yerwada etc. CBO expansion is expected in and around Pune­

Nagar Road.

c. South, South-East

Following West, North and North-East, South-East will be the potential area for

PMC spatial growth. Hadapser area has already seen a lot of spill over from PCMC

MIDC and many investors have established their manufacturing operations here.

Hadapser industrial areas have advantage of Pune-Solapur Road connectivity. This area

has also seen IT developments by private investors, where IT offices are developed as a

self-contained city (along with residential areas, schools, amenities etc.) Magarpatta

Cyber city is a good example of this. Southern areas of PMC will be further densified

taking advantage of connectivity to industnal areas in West and North through Mumbai­

Pune expressway. PMC's growth towards the extreme south and beyond its boundaries is

restricted due to hills and forests. For future expansion of PMC in the South and South­

East potential areas will be Hadapser, Ramtekadi, Mahamadwadi, Kondhwa etc. CBD

expansion is expected in and around Pune-Solapur Road.

90

D. South, South-West

Expansion in South and South-West areas will be triggered by Mumbai-Pune

expressway linle Areas of Kothrud, Watje, Karve Nagar, Wadgaon will continue to

receive attention for residential and commercial developments. These areas are already

developed in terms of infrastructure services and availability of various amenities

(education, health, banking services etc.) and hence preferred by many citizens. In the

South and South-West, spill over of developments beyond PMC limits is not expected in

future due to geographical restrictions such as Panshet and Khadakawasala dams, hills -

and forests. The area beyond PMC also lacks transportation linkages except for Pune-

Satara Road 13 •

Figure 4.1: PMC CBn and Growth

_ C.B.D. -

4.9 Key Issues

Based on the above review, the following issues have emerged with regard to the

demographic characteristic of Pune.

The population of Pune during the last four decades grew at an average annual

rate of ever 3.64 percent against the national average of 2.1 percent and state average of

about 3.3 percent. Given this trend and the strong economic activity in the Pune region,

91

Pune is bound to attract a lot of migrants. It is also observed that during the last decade,

50% of growth has been due to in-migration.

The migrant population is likely to increase the demand for housing, particularly

the EWS/low income groups (LJG). Ifhousing for these groups is not planned, slums are

likely to proliferate.

The positive feature of Pune is that parcels of vacant lands are available and

currently the densities are low, except in the core old city. Hence, there is no issue of land

availability, but the affordability is an area of concern.

The growth in population is also likely to stress the already stressed modes of -

public transport and' will impact other services; hence, planned efforts are required"'to

direct the growth in the right direction. Economic evolution shows both centripetal as

well as centrifugal trends. Growth of industries and other productive economic activities

are likely to happen away from the city, but would be closely dependent on it.

In addition to its inherent potential to develop, various policies and programs of

the Government of lndia are likely to give a boost to Pune's economy. For instance, the

establishment of Auto Cluster in Pune has the potential to create an additional

employment for over 10lakh persons over a period of 10 years; it is also estimated that

Pune will be a hub for BPO services too, which in the near future would generate another

50,000 direct employment. Such actions and investment would spur the city's economic

development and create a vast potential for indirect employment; it will also give a boost

to commercial activities in and around Pune.

The city would continue to be a major residential centre and a hub for business

administration establishments, retail and wholesale trade centers, and educational and

R&D institutions.

These possible developments will influence the city's future needs. The road

network that connects Pune with the emerging outskirts and industrial centers deserves

equal attention as its already fragile and inadequate civic infrastructure. Moreover, the

other township, located within its current administrative boundaries is economically

indistinguishable and display enormous interdependence.

Given this scenario, the Pune civic authority and other concerned departments

have to prepare themselves to improve its urban infrastructure, social infrastructure and

92

other economic infrastructure (entailing services like adequate and uninterrupted power

supply) to sustain and promote such vibrant economic activity.

In the prevailing competing economic environment which encourages states and

cities to challenge each other, other cities would t['1 to match the opportunities and

strengths ofPune and these would threaten Pune's growth. For example, though Pune has

been the traditional hub of auto components and manufacturing, in recent years, it has

been unsuccessful in attracting new ventures in automobiles. TamilNadu (Hyundai and

Ford), Kamataka (Volvo and Toyota) and Andhra Pradesh (Volkswagen) have emerged

as strong competitors in a very short span of time. The epithet 'Detroit of India' can no -

longer be true for Pune.

Though Pune was the first city in the country to nurture software technology,

exports of IT and IT enabled services are worth Rs. 6,500 crores, whereas Bangalore's

software and IT enabled services exports amounts to Rs. 27,000 crores. Hyderabad, a

relatively late entrant in the sector, also has software exports of over Rs. 7,000 crores.

But it still does not mean the end of the road for Pune. Pune, according to NASSCOM, is

probably the most attractive city in India on the parameter of skilled personnel. It is this

advantage that Pune has to exploit in a big way in the near future by providing high

quality urban infrastructurel4•

93

REFERENCES

1. lawaharlal Nehru National Renewal Mission (JNNURM): Comprehensive

Mobility Plan for Pune City: Pune Municipal Corporation: Wilbur Smith;

AIL&FS; Urban Infrastructure Services Limited, (2008).

2. lawaharlal Nehru National Renewal Mission (JNNURM): City Development

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5. lawaharlal Nehru National Renewal Mission (JNNURM): Comprehensive

Mobility Plan for Pune City: Pune Municipal Corporation: Wilbur Smith;

AIL&FS; Urban Infrastructure Services Limited, (2008).

6. lawaharlal Nehru National Renewal Mission (JNNURM): City Development

Plan 2006-2012 Voll Apr 2006: USAID; Technical Assistance by; CRISIL

Infrastructure advisory, (2006).

7. lawaharlal Nehru National Renewal Mission (JNNURM): Comprehensive

Mobility Plan for Pune City: Pune Municipal Corporation: Wilbur Smith;

AIL&FS; Urban Infrastructure Services Limited, (2008).

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Plan 2006-2012 Voll Apr 2006: USAID; Technical Assistance by; CRISIL

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10. Jawaharlal Nehru National Renewal Mission (JNNURM): City Development Plan

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Mobility Plan for Pune City: Pune Municipal Corporation: Wilbur Smith;

AIL&FS; Urban Infrastructure Services Limited, (2008).

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Plan 2006-2012 Voll Apr 2006: USAID; Technical Assistance by; CRISIL

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AIL&FS; Urban Infrastructure Services Limited, (2008).

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95