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Glossary

ACCOR: a language corpusACH: Association For Computing In The HumanitiesACL: Association For Computational LinguisticsACL/DCI: Association For Computational Linguistics' Data Collection InitiativeADPCM: adaptive di�erential pulse-code modulation (PCM)AI: Arti�cial Intelligence; also Articulation IndexALBAYZIN: a language corpusALLC: Association for Literary and Linguistic ComputingAM: acoustic modelANDOSL: Australian National Database of Spoken LanguageANN: arti�cial neural network, also NNAR: autoregressive (model)ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agency (U.S.), predecessor of DARPAARS: a language corpusASCII: American Standard Code for Information InterchangeASR: automatic speech recognitionASR: automatic speech recognitionATIS: Air Travel Information Service (task)ATLAS II: Japanese-English translation system by FujitsuATM: asynchronous transfer modeATR: a language corpus

BMFT: Bundesministerium f�ur Forschung und Technik, German Federal Ministryfor Research and Technology

BNC: British National Corpusbps: bits per secondBRA: Basic Research ActionsBRAMSHILL: a language corpusBREF: a language corpus

519

520 Glossary

C0: �rst cepstral coe�cientCAD: Computer-Assisted (or -Aided) DesignCADCAM: Computer-Assisted Design / Computer-Assisted ManufactureCAR: a language corpusCART: Classi�cation and Regression TreeCCG: combinatory categorial grammarCD-ROM: compact disk|read-only memoryCELP: code-excited linear predictionCFE: Caterpillar Fundamental EnglishCFG: context-free grammarCKY: Cocke, Kasami, and Younger (algorithm)CL: controlled languageCLAWS: Constituent-Likelihood Automatic Word-Tagging SystemCLE: core language engineCLR: Consortium for Lexical ResearchCMN: cepstral mean normalizationCMU: Carnegie Mellon UniversityCPU: central processing unit (of a computer)CSC: character shape codeCSLU: Center for Spoken Language UnderstandingCSR: continuous speech recognitionC-STAR: Consortium for Speech TrAnslation ResearchCUG: categorial uni�cation grammarCV: consonant-vowel phoneme sequenceCVC: consonant-vowel-consonant phoneme sequence

DARPA: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (U.S.), successor to ARPAdB: deciBelDBMS: data base management systemDBMT: dialogue-based machine translation (MT)DK: Dansk KorpusDP: dynamic programmingDPCM: di�erential pulse-code modulation (PCM)dpi: dots per inch (resolution quality)DRT: discourse representation theoryDSP: digital signal processingDTW: dynamic time warpingDoD: Department of Defense (U.S.)

EAGLES: Expert Advisory Group on Linguistic Engineering Standards

Glossary 521

EBMT: example-based machine translation (MT)ECI: European Corpus InitiativeEDI: electronic data interchangeEDR: electronic dictionary researchELRA: European Language Resources AssociationELSNET: European Network In Language And SpeechEM: expectation maximization algorithm, also estimate-maximizeEMIR: European Multilingual Information RetrievalESCA: European Speech Communication AssociationESPRIT: European Strategic Programme for Research and Development

in Information TechnologyETL: Electrotechnical Laboratory (Japan)

F0: Fundamental FrequencyFIR: �nite impulse response �lterFOPC: �rst order predicate calculusFSA: �nite state automatonFSM: �nite state machineFST: �nite state transducerFUF: functional uni�cation grammar frameworkFUG: functional uni�cation grammar

GIST: Generating InStructional TextGPD: generalized probabilistic descentGPSG: generalized phrase structure grammar

HAMT: human-aided machine translation (MT)HCI: human-computer interactionHG: head grammarHLT: human language technologyHMM: hidden Markov modelHPSG: head-driven phrase-structure grammarHz: Hertz (cycles per second)

ICAME: International Computer Archive of Modern EnglishICASSP: International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal ProcessingICR: intelligent character recognitionICSLP: International Conference on Spoken Language ProcessingIDS: Institut f�ur deutsche SpracheIIR: in�nite impulse response �lter

522 Glossary

ILC-CNR: Istituto di Linguistica ComputazionaleILSAM: International Language for Serving and MaintenanceINaLF-CNRS: Frantext of Institut National de la Langue FrancaiseINL: Instituut voor Nederlandse LexicologieInterlingua: language independent semantic representationIR: information retrievalISDN: integrated services digital networkISO: International Standards Organization

JEIDA: Japan Electronic Industry Development AssociationJ-RASTA: Relative Spectra PLP with Jah smoothing

LC: Lambek CalculusLCD: liquid crystal displayLDA: linear discriminant analysisLDC: Linguistic Data ConsortiumLD-CELP: low-delay code-excited linear prediction (CELP)LE: Language EngineeringLE-MLAP: Language Engineering Multilingual Action PlanLFG: lexical-Functional grammarLIG: linear indexed grammarLKB: lexical knowledge baseLM: language modelLPC: linear predictive codingLR: Left-to-right scanning, rightmost derivation parsingLRE: Linguistic Research and EngineeringLV-CSR: large vocabulary continuous speech recognition

MAHT: Machine-Aided Human Translation, see also HAMTMAP: maximum a-posteriori probabilityMAR: multivariate auto-regression (AR)MAT: machine-assisted translationMETEO: Canadian meteorological bulletin translatorMFCC: mel-frequency cepstral coe�cientMIT: Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMITalk: Dennis Klatt's MIT speech synthesizerMLDB: multilingual lexical data baseMLP: multi-layer perceptron (ANN)MMSE: minimum mean square errorMMSEE: minimum mean square error estimator

Glossary 523

MOS: mean opinion score/scoringMRD: machine-readable dictionaryMSR: multiple split regressionMT: machine translationMTDB: multilingual terminological data baseMUC: Message Understanding Conference

NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)

OGI: Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & TechnologyOGI TS: OGI Multilanguage Telephone Speech Corpus

PACE: Perkins Approved Clear EnglishPAHO: Pan American Health OrganizationPCA: principal components analysisPCFG: probabilistic context-free grammarPCM: pulse-code modulationPDA: personal digital assistantPDL: page description languagePECO: Pays d'Europe Centrale et OrientalePEP: Plain English ProgramPLP: perceptual linear prediction

RASTA: relative spectra perceptual linear prediction (PLP)RELATOR: a language corpusRM: Resource Management taskRPS: root power sumRST: rhetorical structure theory

SAM: Speech Technology Assessment MethodologySAM-A: Speech Technology Assessment Methodology in Multilingual ApplicationsSGML: Standard Generalized Markup LanguageSLS: spoken language systemSLU: spoken language understandingSNR: signal-to-noise ratioSR: speech recognition, also ASRSRI: Stanford Research InstituteSSC: speech synthesis from conceptSTI: speech transmission indexSUC: Stockholm-Umea Corpus

524 Glossary

SUNDIAL: a language corpusSUNSTAR: a language corpusSYSTRAN: SYSTRAN language translation system

TAG: tree adjunction grammarTED: Translanguage English DatabaseTEI: Text Encoding InitiativeTES: Telephone Enquiry SystemTFS: typed feature structureTI: Texas InstrumentsTIDE: Telematics Initiative for Disabled and Elderly people, sponsored

by the European CommissionTIF: terminology interchange formatTIMIT: Texas Instruments|MIT speech corpusTKE: terminological knowledge engineeringTREC: Text Retrieval Evaluation ConferenceTtS: Text-to-Speech

UKA: University of KarslruheUSPS: U.S. Postal ServiceUW: University of Washington (Seattle)

VC: vowel-consonant phoneme sequenceVERBMOBIL: a european language translation projectVLSI: very large scale integration (microchip technology)VQ: vector quantization

WOZ: Wizard of Oz (data collection method)WSJ: Wall Street Journal corpusWSJCAM0: Wall Street Journal, Cambridge, language corpus zeroWST: word shape tokenWWB: Writer's WorkbenchWWW: World Wide Web

XUNET: Xperimental University NETwork

ZIP: Zone Improvement Code (U.S. Postal Service)

Citation Index

Abe, K., 191, 225Abe, Mototsugu, 194, 216Abney, Steven P., 145, 148, 151, 488,

511, 513Abry, C., 361, 362Acero, Alex, 18, 57, 65Ades, Anthony E., 136, 144Adjoudani, A., 359, 360, 365Adriaens, G., 275, 277Ahmad, K., 462, 463, 469Ahmadi, M., 82, 105Aho, A., 420, 429Aikawa, K., 403, 429Akamine, S., 325Alimi, A., 99, 101, 106Allen, 346Allen, James F., 127, 144, 233, 236{238,

245, 250, 251, 253Allen, Jonathan, 111, 144, 189, 199, 205,

216, 344, 362Allen, T., 92, 101Allen, W. G., 358, 366Allerhand, M., 67Alleva, Fil, 33, 57Almeida, L., 372, 385Alshawi, Hiyan, 116, 127, 128, 137, 139,

144, 286, 318, 394, 395, 429Alvarado, V. M., 21, 57Amako, Y., 226Anastasakos, Anastasios, 33, 64Anastasakos, T., 19, 57Andersen, Ove, 314, 320Anderson, A. H., 452, 469, 474

Anderson, S., 185Andr�e, Elisabeth, 169, 187, 233, 253,

351, 369Andry, Fran�cois, 235, 238, 244, 245Angelini, Bianca, 452, 469Anger, F. D., 362, 363, 366Anigbogu, J. C., 83{85, 101Anttila, A., 152Antworth, E. L., 112, 145Aoki Waibel, N., 310, 327Appel, Andrew W., 112, 145, 421, 429Appelt, Douglas E., 137, 150, 165, 171,

180, 237, 245, 249, 265, 278, 421,429

Applebaum, T. H., 14, 57Arens, Y., 168, 182Ariki, Y., 26, 62Arnold, D., 286, 318, 486, 511Arnold, D. J., 116, 144Arnold, E., 486, 511Arntz, R., 459, 469Asada, H., 77, 82, 108Asadi, Ayman O., 416, 435Asher, N., 346, 366Asher, R. E., 62, 516Atal, Bishnu S., 45, 57, 199, 216, 372,

374, 379, 385, 387, 395, 429Atkins, B. T. S., 119, 120, 145, 150, 155Atlas, Les, 319, 405, 429, 512Atwell, E., 157Aubert, Xavier, 33, 58Aurnague, Michel, 345, 347, 362Austin, J. L., 235, 245

525

526 CITATION INDEX

Austin, Steve, 426, 429, 438Ayuso, D., 278

Bacchiani, M., 403, 429Bachenko, Joan, 207, 216Backofen, R., 144Bader, M., 452, 469Badler, Norman I., 349, 356, 359, 362,

367, 368Bahl, Lalit R., 28, 37, 58, 133, 145Bahler, L., 45, 62Bailly, G�erard, 196, 216, 217, 220, 224,

225, 362, 368Baird, H. S., 83, 101, 104, 509, 511Bajcsy, R., 348, 362Baker, James K., 138{140, 145, 395, 398,

399, 430, 451, 473Balkan, L., 486, 511Baltin, M, 152Baltus, C. M., 75, 107Bamberg, P., 307, 318Bard, E. G., 469, 474Baret, O., 88, 91, 104, 107Barnard, Etienne, 6, 60, 314, 315, 318,

324Barry, W., 471Bartkova, K., 192, 216Bartneck, N., 83, 107Bartsch, R., 153Barwise, J., 124, 127, 145Bass, L., 364Batchelder, E. O., 316, 318Bateman, D. Charles, 432Bateman, John A., 161, 164, 166, 175,

179, 180Bates, M., 127, 145, 161, 183Batter, J., 363Baum, Leonard E., 139, 145, 398, 430Bayer, T., 82, 101, 107Bayya, A., 62Bear, John, 150, 429

Beckman, M., 319, 512Beckman, M. E., 197, 223Beesley, K. R., 112, 152, 316, 318Bela��d, Abdel, 81, 83{85, 101Belkin, N. J., 259, 277Bellegarda, Jerome R., 18, 28, 58Bellik, Yacine, 353, 362Bellman, R. E., 424, 430Belogonov, G., 303, 318Ben, J. I., 102Bengio, Y., 27, 58Benkerimi, K., 120, 157Bennet, P., 149Beno�t, Christian, 196, 216, 217, 220,

224, 225, 359, 362, 365, 368Benson, R., 183Berger, A., 36, 58Bergeron, P., 359, 362Bergler, S., 147Berkley, D. A., 338, 363Berkling, Kay M., 314, 315, 318Bernsen, N. O., 354, 363Bernstein, J., 473Berouti, M., 380, 385Berwick, Robert C., 145, 148, 151Bickley, C. A., 199, 225Bierman, A., 319, 512Bilange, E., 234, 235, 245Billi, R., 307, 324Bimbot, Fr�ed�eric, 498, 511, 512Bischo�, Bradford, 357, 358, 367Black, A. W., 156Black, Ezra, 114, 131, 138, 139, 142, 145,

146, 148, 488, 489, 511, 513Blanchet, M., 65Blanchon, H., 293, 319Block, Hans Ulrich, 171, 180Blonder, G. E., 334, 363Bobrow, D., 234, 245Bobrow, R., 127, 145

CITATION INDEX 527

Bocchieri, E. L., 27, 58Bod, Rens, 138, 146Bodo�, David, 367Boguraev, Bran, 120, 156, 457, 469Boie, R. A., 334, 363Boitet, Christian, 288, 293, 295, 319Bokser, M., 77, 84, 102Bolc, L., 187Boll, S. F., 18, 68, 373, 380, 381, 385,

387Bolt, R. A., 353, 363Bonafonte, A., 473Booth, Taylor L., 139, 146Boser, B., 413, 434Boudy, J., 18, 65Bouma, G., 116, 146Bourbeau, L., 290, 319, 323, 486, 515Bourlard, Herv�e, 412{415, 430, 437Bouwhuis, D. G., 253, 363Boyle, E. H., 469, 474Bregler, Christoph, 357, 358, 363Breiman, Leo, 208, 216Bremer, J., 280Bresnan, J., 116, 118, 146, 151, 170, 180Bridle, John, 415, 423, 430Bri�ault, 345Brill, E., 480, 512Briscoe, E. J., 118, 120, 139, 142, 143,

146, 147Briscoe, Ted, 141, 157, 456, 457, 469Broglio, J., 260, 277Brooke, N. Michael, 356, 363, 367Brooks, F., 334, 363Brown, P. F., 28, 40, 58, 285, 319, 392,

430Brugnara, Fabio, 24, 452, 469Bryant, M., 153Brynjolfsson, E., 255, 277Budin, Gerhard, 459, 461, 462, 469{471,

473, 474

Bunke, H., 511Buo, Finn Dag, 327B�urckert, H. J., 346, 367Burdea, G., 334, 363Burges, C. J. C., 89, 102, 108, 518Burnett, Daniel C., 470Busemann, S., 170, 180, 369Bush, M., 319, 512Butler, C., 180Butterworth, B., 212, 216Butzberger, J., 33, 66, 132, 133, 155Bylander, E., 238, 245

Cabr�e, T., 459, 470Caeyers, H., 514Calder, J., 159, 172, 180, 188Callan, J., 260, 277Calzolari, Nicoletta, 455, 458, 470, 473,

474Campari, Irene, 346, 365Campbell, Ruth, 369Campbell, W. N., 193, 198, 216Campia, P., 264, 277Capman, F., 496, 512Carballo, J. P., 171, 187, 261, 280Carberry, Sandra, 212, 216, 217, 233,

236{238, 246, 248Carbonell, J. G., 286, 319, 323Carcagno, D., 290, 319Carlson, R., 192, 217Carpenter, Bob, 116, 118, 119, 137, 146,

147Carr�e, R., 452, 470Carroll, John, 139, 142, 146Carter, D. M., 144Carter, David, 139, 144, 286, 318Casacuberta, F., 471Casey, R. G., 77, 78, 82, 102, 108Casey, Richard G., 77Cavner, W. B., 316, 319

528 CITATION INDEX

Cawsey, Alison, 163, 180, 211, 212, 217,233, 246

CCW, 510, 512Cerf Danon, H., 307, 319Chandioux, J., 284, 290, 319Chandler, B. J., 293, 319, 327Chang, Chao Huang, 225Chang, Jyun Shen, 204, 217Chang, L., 90, 102Chang, Nancy, 224Chapman, D., 238, 246Charpentier, F., 199, 223, 245Che, C., 21, 59Chen, D., 439Chen, H. H., 416, 435, 439Chen, J. H., 372, 379, 385Chen, Keh Jiann, 203, 217Chen, M. Y., 89, 102, 415, 430Chen, Shun De, 204, 217Chen, Z., 104Cheng, Jeannette, 177, 184, 212, 221Cherry, C., 330, 363Chevalier, M., 287, 319Chiang, Tung Hui, 203, 221Chiaramella, Y., 261, 277Childs, L., 279Chollet, G., 496, 498, 512Chomsky, Naom, 134, 420{422, 430Choukri, K., 245Chow, Y L., 432Chow, Y., 18, 68Chu Carroll, Jennifer, 212, 217Church, Kenneth W., 113, 114, 147, 205,

206, 208, 217, 265, 277, 400, 431,445

Ciravegna, F., 264, 277Clark, H. H., 237, 239, 246Coccaro, N., 323, 327Cocke, J., 148, 285, 319, 392, 430Cohen, A., 219

Cohen, E., 76, 102Cohen, J. R., 9, 21, 59, 319, 403, 431,

512Cohen, Michael M., 359, 360, 363, 365,

437Cohen, Phil R., 223, 229, 234, 237{240,

246, 248, 250, 252, 502, 503, 512,516

Cohen, Robin, 212, 217Cohn, Anthony, 347, 363Coi�et, P., 334, 363Coker, Cecil H., 199, 205, 217, 223Cole, P., 149Cole, Ronald A., i, 1, 9, 17, 59, 60, 314,

317, 319, 324, 413, 431, 450, 451,470, 473, 502, 503, 512

Coleman, J., 223Collier, R., 198, 219Colognese, A., 277Condon, W., 356, 364Connon, T. M., 14, 69Cooper, R., 124, 145, 147Copestake, A., 120, 147, 157, 456, 469Cotterill, R., 106Coulmas, Florian C., 71, 102Coulthard, R. M., 235, 253Council, National Research, 486, 512Coutaz, J., 353, 364Cowan, Jack D., 93, 103, 158, 433Creecy, R., 108, 518Crettez, J P., 88, 105Croft, W. B., 259, 277Cuperman, Vladimir, 372, 385Cutting, D., 113, 147

d'Alessandro, C., 196, 198, 199, 218, 224Dagan, Ido, 135, 147Dahlb�ack, N., 234, 236, 246Dahlgren, K., 278Dahlgren, N. L., 50, 67, 471

CITATION INDEX 529

Dale, Robert, 161, 163, 173, 181{183,186, 187, 214, 217, 218, 247, 250,270

Dalsgaard, P., 314, 320Danieli, M., 242, 244, 247Dansereau, J., 287, 319Daoud, J. F. A., 512Darroch, J. N., 36, 59Daubechies, I., 15, 59David, P. A., 255, 277Davidson, D., 122, 147Davies, A., 462, 469Davis, J. R., 213, 218, 228, 247Davis, J. W., 147Davis, S. B., 13, 59, 403, 431De Beaugrande, R., 462, 470de Haan, P., 146, 153, 156de Marcken, C., 142, 147De Mori, Renato, 24, 27, 40, 58, 59, 64de Paiva, V., 157, 469De Rose, S. J., 113, 147De Smedt, K. J. M. J., 214, 218de Souza, Clarisse Sieckenius, 177, 186de Souza, Peter V., 18, 28, 58de Vries, B., 59de Vries, F. J., 126, 159Dean, 346Debili, F., 304, 320Dedina, Michael, 205, 218DeGennaro, S., 307, 319DeJong, G. F., 267, 277Dekker, P., 159Delin, Judy, 233, 247, 284, 320Della Pietra, S., 36, 58, 319, 430Della Pietra, V. J., 40, 58, 319, 430Deller, John R., Jr., 357, 364Demedts, A., 307, 318Dempster, A. P., 19, 59, 139, 148Demuth, K., 68Den, Y., 172, 181

Dengel, A., 79, 102Denker, J. S., 102, 434Dent, Lisa, 217Deprettere, E., 372, 386des Tombes, L., 286, 318Descout, R., 452, 470DeSmedt, K., 173, 174, 181Diagne, A. K., 516Diaz, J., 452, 471Dickmann, L., 516Digalakis, Vassilios, 28, 60, 66, 155Dobroth, K. M., 235, 250, 502, 515Dodd, Barbara, 369Doddington, George R., 66, 451, 471Doherty Sneddon, G., 474Doherty, G. M., 469Doshita, S., 370Dowty, David R., 151, 155Draskau, J., 459, 473Duda, R. O., 21, 60, 83, 102, 397, 431Dugast, C., 33, 58Dutoit, T., 199, 218Dwehus, D., 157Dymetman, M., 171, 172, 181

EAGLES, 501, 513Eagon, J. A., 398, 430Earley, Jay C., 132, 133, 148, 406, 431Eckert, W., 69Edmonds, P. G., 239, 247Ejerhed, Eva, 445Ekman, Paul, 356, 364Elder, J., 318Elhadad, M., 164, 165, 181, 212, 218Elman, J. L., 417, 431, 433Elworthy, D., 113, 148Emele, M., 116, 148EMIR, 304, 320Endres Niggemeyer, B., 266, 278Ephraim, Yariv, 18, 32, 60, 66, 380{382,

385, 386

530 CITATION INDEX

Erber, N. P., 359, 364ERCIM, 363Erell, A., 18, 60Erman, L., 356, 364ESCA, 55, 60Esk�enazi, Maxine, 470{472Etchemendy, J., 127, 145Evans, D., 261, 278Evans, S., 514

Fagan, J. L., 260, 278Falavigna, D., 469Falkedal, Kirsten, 486, 513, 515Fallside, F., 213, 226, 414, 437Fang, J., 405, 429Fant, Gunnar, 194, 218Fanty, Mark, 6, 60, 413, 417, 431, 451,

470Farvardin, Nariman, 330, 368Farwell, D., 286, 320Faure, C., 86, 96, 101, 102Favata, J., 103Fawcett, R. P., 164, 181Feiner, S. K., 169, 182, 350, 364Felber, H., 459, 471Fellbaumn, K., 515Ferguson, G., 144Ferreti, M., 319Filipsson, Marcus, 213, 220Finin, T., 251Finkler, W., 253, 369Finn, Kathleen, 356, 364Fiscus, J. G., 8, 22, 50, 67, 471, 502, 516Fisher, C. G., 356, 364Fisher, W., 50, 67, 451, 471, 473, 516Fitzpatrick, Eileen, 207, 216Flammia, G., 58Flanagan, James L., 59, 196, 218, 329,

332, 338{340, 342, 363{365, 372,383, 386

Flannery, B. P., 427, 437

Fleck, M., 154Flickenger, D., 118, 119, 148, 511, 513Fluhr, Christian, 301, 304, 320Fong, Sandiway, 136, 148Foote, Jonathan, 474Forman, G., 90, 102Formentini, U., 365Forney, Jr., G. D., 424, 431Fossey, R., 83, 101Foster, D., 185Fourcin, Adrian J., 452, 471, 472, 495,

513Francis, W., 446, 447, 471Franco, H., 437Frank, A. U., 346, 365, 366Franke, J., 107Fransen, Jeroen, 452, 474Fraser, A. G., 336, 365Fraser, N. M., 234, 243, 247Frege, G., 125, 148Friedman, Jerome H., 208, 216Frohlich, D., 247Fu, K. S., 399, 431Fudge, Eric, 206, 218Fujisaki, H., 193, 218Fujisaki, T., 138, 142, 148, 198, 218Fulford, H., 469Furui, Sadaoki, 14, 42, 44{48, 50, 54, 55,

60, 61, 65, 66, 68, 150, 332, 365,372, 385, 386, 516

Furuse, O., 285, 320

Gale, William, 224, 265, 277Galen, Van, 96, 102Gales, M. J. F., 18, 19, 61Galinski, Christian, 459, 460, 462, 471Galliers, J. R., 492, 493, 497, 513Garcia, Oscar, 319, 357, 365, 512G�ardenfors, P., 126, 148Gardent, C., 171, 182Garofolo, J. S., 67, 451, 471, 516

CITATION INDEX 531

Garrod, S. C., 469Garside, R., 113, 114, 142, 145, 148, 153,

488, 511Gaudin, 461, 471Gauvain, J. L. S., 18, 19, 61, 308, 314,

315, 321, 322, 452, 471, 472Gawron, J. M., 282, 322Gay, L., 185Gazdar, G., 119, 149, 170, 182Gdaniec, C., 511, 513Geach, 148Geist, J., 91, 103, 108, 510, 518Gelatt, Jr., C. D., 426, 434Geller, D., 24, 61Gerbino, E., 242, 244, 247Gerdemann, D. D., 172, 182Gershenfeld, N. A., 414, 440Gersho, Allen, 385Ghitza, Oded, 21, 61Giachin, Egidio, 241Gibbon, Dafydd, 221Gilbert, G. N., 234, 247Gilbert, N., 235, 243, 247Giles, C. Lee, 103, 158, 435, 439Gilliom, Laura A., 219Gish, Herbert, 9, 59, 435Gisotti, A., 81, 105Giuliani, D., 469Glass, James, 6, 69, 308, 321Glover Stalls, B., 278Goddeau, D., 41, 61Godfrey, Jack, 441Go�, B. Le, 360, 365Goldberg, D. E., 92, 103, 426, 431Goldberg, E., 319Golding, Andrew, 205, 218Goldman, E., 370Goldman, N., 165, 182Goldman, Robert, 153Goldschen, Alan J., 356, 357, 365

Goldstein, Moise, 357, 358, 370Gonzalez, J., 319Goodine, D., 308, 321Gopalakrishnan, Murali, 431Gopalakrishnan, P. S., 58Gordon, Peter C., 212, 219Gornostaev, J., 364Gorski, N., 107Gouadec, D., 459, 472Goudie Marshall, K., 471Govindan, V. K., 81, 103Govindaraju, V., 74, 103Graf, W., 187Graham, Susan L., 132, 149Granstr�om, B., 192, 196, 217, 219Granville, Robert, 214, 219Gray, Jr., A. H., 14, 65Greatex, R., 289, 326Greaves, J., 183Green, Nancy, 233, 248Greenbaum, S., 448, 473Greenberg, Steven, 15, 61Greene, B. B., 113, 149Greene, B. G., 500, 515Greenwood, A., 191, 223Gretter, R., 469Grice, H. P., 122, 149, 228, 248Gri�n, C., 47, 61Gri�n, D., 372, 386Grishman, Ralph, 278, 279, 455, 511, 513Groenendijk, J., 125, 126, 149, 151, 155,

250Grolier, 448, 472Grosz, Barbara J., 152, 183, 211, 212,

219, 222, 227{230, 232, 233,237{239, 248, 249, 251

Grother, P. J., 108, 518Guiard Marigny, T., 359, 360, 365Gupta, N. K., 261, 280Gupta, Vishwa N., 152

532 CITATION INDEX

G�usgen, H. W., 362, 363, 366Gutenberg, 72Guti�errez, R., 101Guyomard, M., 234, 235, 245, 248Guyon, Isabelle, 90, 95, 103, 415, 438

Haddock, J. Nicholas, 116, 149, 159, 188Haeb Umbach, R., 24, 61Hager, Joseph, 364Hahn, U., 267, 278Haigh, R., 138, 157Hakoda, K., 193, 219Halle, M., 421, 430Haller, Susan M., 214, 219Halvorsen, Per-Kristian, 255Hamada, H., 191, 223Hamburger, H., 267, 279Hammond, B., 108, 518Hammond, D. L., 319Hanauer, S. L., 395, 429Hanks, P., 277, 400, 431Hansen, John H., 364Hanson, B., 14, 57, 319, 512Hanson, Stephen Jos�e, 93, 103, 158Haralick, R. M., 509, 515Hardcastle, W. J., 452, 472Harland, G., 452, 471Harman, Donna, 259, 278, 305, 321, 482,

484, 513Harrison, Michael A., 132, 149Harrison, P., 275, 280, 488, 511, 513Hart, J., 198, 219Hart, P. E., 83, 102, 397, 431Hartley, Anthony, 233, 247, 284, 320Hartson, H. R., 517Haskel, B., 330, 367Hauptmann, A. G., 238, 253, 327, 353,

365Hausser, R., 157, 485, 514Hayes, P. J., 267, 280Hazan, V., 471

Hazen, Timothy J., 314, 315, 321Hecker, M. H. L., 514Heeman, P. A., 144, 239, 248Heidorn, G., 114, 151Heidorn, G. E., 142, 151Heikkil�a, J., 152Heinrich, P., 316, 321Henderson, D., 434, 438Hennecke, Marcus, 357, 365Henton, C., 359, 366Herkovits, A., 345, 366Hermansky, Hynek, 6, 14, 20, 21, 62, 64,

319, 403, 404, 431, 512Herzog, O., 185Hess, M., 261, 278Hieronymus, James L., 314, 322, 395,

433Higgins, A. L., 45, 62Hild, Hermann, 357, 358, 363Hindle, Donald, 53, 62, 114, 131, 133,

135, 136, 138, 141, 142, 149, 150,154, 208, 219, 277, 511, 513

Hinrichs, E. W., 172, 182Hintikka, J., 155Hinton, G. E., 427, 434, 438Hirsch, H. G., 14, 20, 62, 64, 431Hirschberg, Julia, 205{208, 212, 213,

218, 219, 223, 224, 226, 228, 232,233, 247, 248

Hirschman, Lynette, 9, 17, 59, 241, 243,244, 248, 252, 317, 319, 451, 472,475, 502, 503, 512

Hirshberg, J., 225Hirst, G., 134, 154, 239, 248Hix, D., 517Ho, T. K., 85, 88, 103Hoard, J., 275, 278Hoard, James E., 274Hobbs, Jerry R., 120, 137, 150, 211, 219,

227, 230, 233, 249, 266, 278, 421,

CITATION INDEX 533

429H�oge, M., 493, 514Hohmann, A., 493, 514Holden, N., 293, 319, 327Holdsworth, J., 67Hollan, Rene, 133, 152Holmes Higgin, P., 469Holstege, M., 82, 103Holt, P., 278Holzhauser, K., 278Hon, Hsiao Wuen, 28, 62, 403, 432Hopcroft, J. E., 419, 432H�oppner, W., 164, 187Horacek, Helmut, 177, 182Horiguchi, K., 323, 327Horne, Merle, 213, 220Horsfall, H. J., 319, 327Horton, D., 364Horty, J. F., 119, 158House, A. S., 316, 321, 504, 514House, Jill, 213, 220Houtgast, T., 505, 514, 518Hovy, Eduard H., 161, 163, 166{168,

175, 177, 180{183, 232, 233, 247,249, 250

Howard, R. E., 434Huang, C., 318Huang, Thomas, 356, 364Huang, X., 18, 19, 26, 28, 33, 57, 62, 63,

293, 321Hubbard, W., 434Hudson, Richard, 136, 150Huettner, A., 185Huitric, H., 368Hull, J. J., 73, 76, 84, 88, 89, 102, 103,

108, 518Hunnicutt, M. Sharon, 111, 144, 189,

199, 205, 216Hunt, Melvyn J., 11, 15, 16, 21, 62, 63,

403, 432

Hunter, W., 92, 101Hutchins, W. John, 486, 514Hwang, C. H., 144Hwang, M. Y., 28, 57, 63

Iida, E. S., 285, 321Iida, H., 237, 238, 253, 285, 320, 321Ikeda, H., 370Impedovo, S., 81, 86, 103, 104, 106, 402,

432Ince, Nejat, 518Ingebretsen, R. B., 69Ingle, N. C., 316, 322Ingold, C., 318Ingria, R., 145, 511, 513Inn, Y. J., 82, 103Inoue, H., 221IPM, 268, 278Isabelle, P., 171, 172, 181Isahara, H., 487, 491, 516Isard, S. D., 198, 216, 469Ishii, K., 509, 514ISO, 492, 514Isotani, R., 323Israel, David, 150, 237, 252, 429ITU, 501, 514Iwahashi, Naoto, 193, 220, 224Iwanska, L., 265, 278IWNLG, 180, 249Iyer, R., 40, 64

Jack, M., 62Jackel, L. D., 102, 434Jackson, Eric, 137, 150Jacobs, J., 390, 433Jacobs, Paul S., 137, 150, 171, 183, 227,

249, 261, 263, 264, 278, 279Jacobson, Guy J., 112, 145, 421, 429Jacobson, M., 101Jain, A., 310, 327, 417, 433, 439Jain, Neena, 315, 324

534 CITATION INDEX

Jameson, A., 166, 173, 183, 187, 369Jan, E. E., 365Janet, S., 103, 108, 518Janssen, Rik D. T., 431Janssen, Th., 151, 250J�arvinen, T., 114, 150Jayant, N. S., 330, 368, 372, 374, 379,

386Je�erson, G., 235, 249, 252JEIDA, 291, 322Jekosch, U., 500, 501, 514, 517Jelinek, Frederick, 33, 37, 40, 58, 64,

131, 133, 135, 138, 140, 142, 145,146, 148, 150, 157, 319, 398, 399,424, 430, 433, 511

Jenkins, J., 364Jennings, N. R., 240, 249Jensen, K., 114, 142, 151Jerome, P., 363Johansson, S., 153Johnson Laird, B., 280Johnson, C. Douglas, 112, 151, 421, 433Johnson, Mark, 136, 151Johnson, R., 149, 158Johnston, J., 379, 386Jones, B., 141, 151Jones, D., 326Jones, K., 495, 514Jones, Marlene, 212, 217J�onsson, A., 234, 236, 246Jordan, M., 414, 433Joshi, Aravind K., 116, 133, 136, 151,

348, 362, 406, 407, 433, 438Juang, B. H., 15, 17, 64, 386, 396, 397,

403, 416, 433, 437

Kadambe, Shubha, 314, 322, 395, 433Kahan, S., 81{83, 101, 104Kaiki, Nobuyoshi, 191, 193, 220, 224Kaiser, J., 404, 435Kakusho, O., 226

Kalman, L., 149Kalmanek, C. R., 336, 365Kambhatla, N., 413, 433Kameyama, Megumi, 150, 429Kamp, Hans, 125, 126, 151, 230, 231,

250Kamp, Y., 413, 430Kanai, Junichi, 81, 104, 106, 507, 508,

510, 515, 517Kandel, S., 362Kanungo, T., 509, 515Kaplan, A. E., 365Kaplan, Ronald M., 112, 118, 137, 151,

152, 154, 204, 220, 409, 410, 419,421, 433, 434, 436

Karis, D., 235, 250, 502, 515Karlgren, H., 152, 159, 181{183, 225,

319, 321{323, 326, 434Karlsson, Fred, 111, 113, 152Karttunen, Lauri, 111, 112, 116, 151,

152, 155, 204, 220, 410, 434Kasami, T., 406, 434Kasper, R., 394, 434Kassel, R. H., 451, 472Kasturi, R., 79, 104Kato, Hiroaki, 193, 220Kato, T., 144Kautz, H., 236, 238, 250Kawahara, H., 429Kawai, H., 198, 218Kay, Martin, 112, 116, 118, 132, 152,

282, 285, 287, 294, 322, 421, 433,434

Ke, Shu Jin, 217Kehler, Andrew, 228, 250Keidel, W. D., 330, 366Kelledy, F., 280Kemp, T., 327Kempen, Gerard, 161, 173, 174, 181,

183, 184

CITATION INDEX 535

Kenny, Patrick, 133, 152Keppel, E., 319Keuss, P., 101, 102Khoroshilov, Alexander, 303, 318Kiefer, B., 394, 434Kimura, F., 89, 104King, Margaret, 286, 322, 486, 491, 515Kinny, D., 253Kirkpatrick, S., 426, 434Kitani, T., 279Kitoh, A., 226Kittredge, Richard I., 177, 183, 287, 319,

322Klare, G. R., 486, 517Klatt, Dennis H., 144, 145, 192, 196,

198, 199, 207, 216, 220, 430Klatt, L. C., 198, 220Klaus, H., 501, 515Klavans, J., 511Klein, Ewan, 116, 118, 146, 149, 159,

170, 182, 188Klein, J., 516Klix, H., 501, 515Knight, K., 167, 183Knorz, G., 280Koehler, J., 20, 64Koenig, E., 116, 146Kohn, P., 62Kohonen, T., 413, 434Kompe, Ralf, 58, 241, 251Konig, Yochai, 363Korelsky, Tanya, 175, 177, 183, 186Koskenniemi, Kimmo, 112, 114, 152,

204, 220, 422, 434Kowaltowski, T., 112, 154, 421, 435Kowtko, J. C., 469Kraft, V., 200, 221Kraus, Sarit, 229, 233, 237, 239, 248Krause, J., 280Krieger, H. U., 116, 153

Krifka, M., 125, 153Kroch, A., 152Kroon, P., 372, 386Krotkov, E., 362Krupka, G., 264, 278, 279Kryter, K. D., 505, 514, 515Kubala, Francis, 33, 64, 68, 155Kucera, H., 446, 447, 471Kugler, M., 469Kuhn, G., 414, 434Kuhn, R., 24, 40, 59, 64Kuhn, T., 69Kukich, K., 124, 154, 163, 183Kulikowski, S., 316, 322Kummert, Franz, 251Kundu, A., 89, 102, 415, 430Kupiec, J., 113, 147, 153Kurematsu, A., 323Kuwabara, H., 216Kuznetsov, B., 318Kwasny, S., 142, 153

Lachapelle, P., 359, 362Ladd, D. Robert, 206, 221Ladendorf, D., 434La�erty, John D., 41, 64, 135, 138{140,

142, 146, 150, 153, 319, 430Lai, J. C., 58Laird, N. M., 19, 59, 139, 148Lallouache, M. T., 359, 361, 362Lam, S. W., 83, 104Lambek, Joachim, 136, 153, 409, 434Lamel, Lori F., 308, 314, 315, 321, 322,

450{453, 471, 472Landauer, T. K., 303, 322Lander, Terri, 470Landman, F., 149Landsbergen, J., 285, 323Lang, Bernard, 132, 140, 153, 410, 434Lang, K. J., 414, 434Lang, M., 248

536 CITATION INDEX

Lari, K., 138, 143, 153Laroche, J., 199, 221Larsen, N. J., 108, 518Lascarides, Alex, 178, 183, 233, 250, 346,

366Lashley, K. S., 97, 104Lau, R., 36, 40, 64Lavid, Julia, 177, 182Lavie, A., 323, 327Le Cun, Y., 102, 413, 434Leblanc, H., 147Leclerc, F., 106Lecolinet, E., 86, 88, 91, 104, 105Lecourtier, Y., 88, 105Lee, C., 370Lee, C. H., 18, 19, 61Lee, Kai Fu, 18, 19, 24, 28, 62, 69, 432Lee, Y. C., 435, 439Leech, G., 113, 142, 145, 148, 153, 473,

511Leen, Todd K., 413, 433Leermakers, R., 407, 435Lef�ebvre, C., 15, 21, 63Le�erts, R., 261, 278Lehrberger, J., 290, 323, 486, 515Leich, H., 199, 218Len, M., 291, 327Lenning, Matthew, 152Leonard, R. G., 450, 472Lesser, V., 356, 364Levelt, W., 214, 221Levesque, H. J., 229, 237{240, 246Levin, B., 120, 145Levin, E., 399, 416, 435, 437Levin, L., 309, 323Levine, Earl, 369Levine, John, 186Levinson, S., 122, 153, 236, 241, 250,

319, 395, 398, 435, 512Levy, L. S., 136, 151

Li, Kung Pu, 314, 315, 323Li, Wei Chuan, 204, 225Li, Y., 509, 515Liang, S., 82, 105Liberman, Mark Y., 103, 112, 159, 193,

204, 206, 217, 221, 225, 448, 472,511

Lickley, R. J., 55, 65Liddy, E. D., 260, 267, 279Li�enard, J. S., 196Light, M., 144Ligozat, G�erard, 343, 347, 366Liljencrants, J., 194, 218Lim, J., 19, 65, 372, 373, 386Lin, J., 21, 59Lin, Ming Yu, 203, 221Lin, Q., 218Lindop, J., 144Lipo�, S. J., 379, 387Lippmann, R. P., 15, 65, 414, 415, 435Litman, Diane J., 212, 219, 232, 237,

238, 250Littman, M. L., 303, 322Litwinovitz, P., 359, 366Liu, F. H., 19, 65Liu, Shing Huan, 203, 217Liu, Xian Zhong, 217Liu, Y. D., 416, 435Ljungberg, M., 253Lleida, E., 473Llisterri, J. R., 473Lloyd, S. P., 398, 435Lochbaum, Karen E., 229, 239, 250, 251Lockwood, P., 18, 65Loeckx, J., 153, 434Logan, J. S., 500, 515Lopresti, D., 509, 515Lorette, G., 88, 96, 101, 102, 105Lowerre, B., 425, 435Lubensky, David M., 415, 416, 435, 436

CITATION INDEX 537

Luca, P. G., 81, 105Lucchesi, C. L., 112, 154, 421, 435Lu�, P., 247Lund, B. A., 67, 516Lyon, R. F., 21, 60, 65

Maarse, F. J., 96, 107Macarron, Alejandro, 368MacDonald, John, 357, 359, 367MacQueen, C., 90, 105Madams, P., 212, 226Maeda, S., 193, 221Magerman, David M., 131, 142, 146, 154Magnenat Thalmann, N., 359, 366Maier, Elisabeth A., 164, 178, 180, 182,

186Mak, M. W., 358, 366Makhoul, John, 19, 57, 64, 385, 402, 404,

435Malah, D., 381, 382, 385, 386Mamdani, E. H., 240, 249Mandel, M., 318Mandler, E., 107Manganaro, L., 318Manke, Stefan, 363Mann, William C., 161, 164, 175, 180,

183, 184, 186, 221, 231, 249, 251Manning, C. D., 394, 435Mantas, J., 81, 84, 105Maragos, P., 404, 435Marburger, H., 348, 369Marchal, A., 452, 472Marcus, Mitchell P., 131, 133, 142, 154,

511, 513Mariani, Joseph, i, 334, 366, 470, 472,

495, 514Marinescu, M., 187, 280Marino, J. B., 473Mark, D. M., 346, 366Markel, J. D., 14, 65Markov, A. A., 398, 436

Markovitch, Shaul, 147Markus, Shaul, 135, 147Marsh, E., 267, 279Marshall, I., 113, 154Marshall, W. T., 365Martin, A., 67Martin, F. A., 15, 65Martin, James R., 178, 184Martin, N., 144Martin, Paul, 150, 249Maruyama, H., 293, 323Maruyama, Y., 194, 221Mase, Kenji, 357, 366, 367Massaro, Dominic W., 359{361, 363, 366Mast, Marion, 241, 251Matan, O., 89, 102Matsui, T., 44{47, 61, 65, 66, 510, 515Matsumoto, H., 194, 221Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M., 164,

179, 183, 184Mauldin, M., 279Maxwell, John T., III, 137, 154, 409, 436Maybury, Mark T., 211, 221, 350, 364,

366Mayer, R., 514May�eld, L., 323McAllister, J. M., 469McAulay, R., 372, 387McAvinney, P., 353, 365McClelland, J. L., 438McCord, Michael C., 136, 154McCoy, Kathleen F., 175, 177, 184, 212,

221McDermott, D., 344, 346, 366McDonald, David D., 163, 177, 179,

183{185, 214, 222McGee, M. Wood, 319McGill, M., 303, 325McGurk, Harry, 357, 359, 367McKeown, D., 67

538 CITATION INDEX

McKeown, Kathleen R., 124, 154, 161,163, 165, 169, 175, 177, 182{185,210, 212, 222, 231, 251, 319, 350,364, 512

McKevitt, P., 348, 367McNair, A., 327, 439McNaught, J., 458, 470McRoy, Susan, 133, 154, 214, 222Meijs, W., 146Meisel, W. S., 397, 436Melby, A. K., 297, 323, 462, 473Mel'�cuk, Igor A., 136, 154Mellish, Chris S., 177, 181, 182, 186,

187, 218, 264, 279Meltz, M., 105Meng, Helen M., 22, 66Mercer, David, 146Mercer, Robert L., 58, 135, 138, 145,

150, 157, 319, 430Merchant, R., 277, 279Mergel, D., 32, 66Merhav, N., 32, 66Merialdo, B., 40, 64Mermelstein, Paul, 13, 59, 152, 403, 431Mersereau, Russell, 357, 368Mertens, P., 198, 218Meteer, M., 163, 166, 185Meteer, M. M., 173, 185Meteer, Marie W., 177, 178, 185Meyer, P., 14, 20, 62Miller, B., 144Miller, George A., 167, 185, 305, 323,

457, 473Miller, J., 469Miller, M., 101Millien, E., 64Mimura, Katsuhiko, 224Minsky, Marvin, 416, 436Mitamura, T., 279Mittal, Vibhu, 182

Mizoguchi, R., 226Moens, M., 345, 367Mohamadi, T., 359, 362Monachini, M., 458, 473Monaghan, Alex, 206, 222Montague, R., 124, 155Montgomery, C., 278Moore, Johanna D., 163, 166, 175, 176,

178, 180, 185, 188, 210{212, 214,222, 223, 228, 233, 251

Moore, R. C., 187, 488, 516Moore, R. K., 19, 69Moore, Robert, 150Moortgat, Michael, 136, 155Moreno, A., 452, 473Moreno, Pedro J., 65, 333, 368Morgan, D. P., 414, 436Morgan, J. L., 68Morgan, Jerry, 223, 246, 248, 250, 252Morgan, N., 14, 20, 62, 64, 319, 404,

412, 414{416, 430, 431, 437, 512Mori, S., 84, 86, 87, 105, 106, 402, 437Morimoto, T., 310, 323Morrill, Glyn, 149, 159, 188Moser, Megan, 212, 222, 223Moulines, E., 194, 199, 200, 221, 223,

225Muraki, K., 285, 324, 325Murveit, H., 28, 33, 60, 66, 132, 133, 155Mustonen, S., 316, 324Muthusamy, Yeshwant K., 314, 315, 324,

451, 473Myaeng, S. H., 260, 279

Nadas, A. J., 58Nadeu, C., 473Nadler, M., 81, 82, 105Nagao, M., 285, 324Nagata, M., 323Nagy, G., 77, 82, 84, 102, 105, 509, 515,

516

CITATION INDEX 539

Nahamoo, D., 58Nahas, M., 368Naik, Jayant M., 46, 66, 415, 435, 436Nakagawa, Seiichi, 316, 325, 326Nakajima, S., 191, 223Nakamura, S., 194, 216Nakayama, 317, 324Nakhimovsky, A., 346, 367Narayan, S., 432Nartker, T. A., 85, 106, 515, 517Nebel, B., 346, 367Nedderho�, M-J., 407, 436N�eel, F., 253, 363Nerbonne, J., 477, 516Netravali, A., 330, 367Netsch, L. P., 46, 66Netter, K., 144, 434, 477, 516Neuberg, E. P., 316, 321Neumann, Bernd, 348, 367Neumann, G�unter, 170{174, 185Neumeyer, L., 19, 66Newlands, A., 474Newman, P., 316, 324Ney, H., 32, 58, 61, 66, 307, 324, 425, 436Nguyen, Long, 64, 133, 155Nie, J., 261, 277Niemann, Heinrich, 27, 69, 248, 251Nigay, L., 353, 364Nilsson, Nils J., 33, 66, 134, 155, 399,

436Nirenburg, S., 286, 318, 319, 322, 324Nishida, T., 357, 367, 370Nishino, T., 148Noel, Mike, 451, 470Nohl, C. R., 102Noll, A., 66Noll, P., 368, 372, 379, 386Nomura, H., 319, 487, 491, 516Nomura, Y., 226Nonnecke, B., 105

Nord, L., 196, 219Norvig, P., 322Noumi, T., 510, 515Novak, Hans Joachim, 179, 185Novick, David G., 319, 512Novoselov, A., 318Nunberg, G., 120, 141, 155Nusbaum, Howard, 205, 218

Oberlander, Jon, 178, 183, 233, 250Oberlander, M., 107Occhinegro, S., 104, 432O'Donnell, R., 261, 280Ogino, S., 323O'Gorman, L., 104Ohshima, Y., 22, 66Ohta, Y., 226Oja, E., 413, 436Okumura, A., 285, 325Olive, J., 225Olive, J. P., 191, 223Olshen, Richard A., 216Omohundro, Stephen, 138, 158, 357,

358, 363Omologo, M., 469Oostdijk, N., 114, 146, 153, 155, 156Oppenheim, A., 19, 65, 373, 386Osborne, R., 157Osgton, W., 356, 364O'Shaughnessy, Douglas, 48, 67, 207, 223O'Shaughnessy, Douglas, 152Oshika, Beatrice T., 324, 470, 473Ostendorf, Mari, 40, 55, 64, 68, 319, 512Osterholtz, L, 439Ostler, N., 120, 155Ottaviano, L., 81, 104, 402, 432Ouh Young, M., 334, 363Oviatt, Sharon L., 319, 502, 503, 512,

516

Paesler, A., 66

540 CITATION INDEX

Paice, C. D., 266, 267, 279Pallett, David S., 8, 22, 50, 67, 471, 473,

495, 502, 516Palmer, M. S., 227, 251, 474Pao, C., 244, 248Paoloni, A., 512Papert, S., 416, 436PARC Understander Group, The, 234,

245Paris, C�ecile L., 161, 163, 175, 176, 178,

180, 182, 184{186, 211, 212, 214,221{223, 233, 247, 249, 251, 284,320, 325

Parke, F. I., 359, 360, 367Partee, B., 125, 155Parthasarathy, S., 199, 223Pashchenko, N., 318Passoneau, Rebecca J., 227, 232, 250,

251Patrick, E. A., 397, 436Patterson, R. D., 21, 67Paul, Douglas B., 33, 65, 67, 133, 155,

426, 436, 451, 473Pavlidis, T., 81{83, 86, 88, 101, 104, 106,

107, 402, 437Pearson, J., 59Peckham, J., 241, 242, 251Pedersen, J., 147Peinado, A., 471Pelachaud, Catherine, 356, 367Pentland, Alex, 357, 366, 367Pentus, M., 409, 437Pereira, Fernando C. N., 130, 131, 138,

139, 143, 155, 156, 171, 172, 187,249, 251, 264, 279, 310, 325, 368,394, 410, 437, 438

Perrault, C. R., 236{238, 245, 246, 251Perrault, F., 181Perry, J., 127, 145Perschke, S., 286, 322, 325

Petajan, Eric, 357, 358, 365, 367Peterson, P. M., 21, 68Petheroudakis, J., 111, 156Petrie, Ted, 139, 145, 398, 430Phillips, C. B., 349, 362Phillips, I., 515Phillips, M., 69, 321Piau, Alain, 432Picheny, Michael A., 58Picht, H., 459, 460, 469, 471, 473Pieraccini, R., 399, 437Pierce, J. R., 330, 367Pierrehumbert, Janet B., 193, 198, 212,

219, 221, 223Pisoni, D. B., 515Pitrelli, J., 197, 223Placeway, Paul, 155, 429Plainfoss�e, A., 171, 182Plamondon, Rejean, 86, 91, 96{99, 101,

103, 106, 107Platt, S. M., 359, 368Poch, D., 452, 473Podilchuk, Christine, 330, 368Podlozny, Ann, 150Poesio, M., 144Polanyi, R., 235, 252Polguere, A., 319Pollack, I., 359, 369Pollack, Martha E., 188, 211, 222, 223,

228, 233, 246, 248, 250{252Pollard, Carl, 116, 118, 136, 156, 170,

186Pollard, E., 319Polos, L., 149Pols, Louis C. W., 200, 225, 500, 501,

516, 517Polzin, T., 327Ponamal�e, M., 245Poritz, A. B., 424, 427, 437Portele, T., 200, 221

CITATION INDEX 541

Porter, J. E., 18, 62, 68, 381, 387Posner, M., 248Prasad, K., 357, 365Prawitz, Dag, 132, 156Press, W. H., 427, 437Prevost, S. A., 213, 223Price, P., 55, 68, 319, 451, 473, 512Prieto, N., 471Primeau, E., 359, 366Prince, Alan, 206, 221Pritchett, Brad, 134, 156Proakis, John G., 357, 364Proctor, C. E., 241, 253Pro�tlich, H. J., 253, 369Przybocki, M. A., 67, 516Pullum, G., 182Pulman, Stephen G., 122, 144, 156Pustejovsky, J., 120, 147, 156, 392, 437Pye, David, 474

Quatieri, T., 372, 387, 435Quirk, R., 448, 473

Rabiner, Lawrence R., 15, 16, 25, 27, 64,68, 196, 218, 340, 357, 368, 370,402, 403, 416, 433, 437

Radasao, P., 320Rambow, Owen, 175, 183, 186Ramesh, Padma, 314, 325Rao, A., 253Rao, Ram, 357, 368Raskin, V., 286, 324Ratcli�, D., 36, 59Rau, Lisa F., 137, 150, 227, 249, 267, 279Rau, M. D., 316, 325Rayner, M., 311, 325Reape, M., 172, 180Rebecca, C. N., 410, 437Reddy, D. R., 430Reichenbach, 344Reichman, R., 235, 252

Reiter, Ehud, 177, 186Reithinger, N., 164, 186Remde, J. R., 199, 216, 372, 385Renals, Steve J., 416, 437, 474Restrick, R. C., 365Revuz, D., 112, 156Reyes, Allan A., 314, 325Reyle, U., 125, 126, 151, 231, 250Rhyne, J. R., 502, 517Rice, S. V., 85, 106, 508{510, 515, 517Richard, G., 199, 224Richardson, D., 92, 103Richardson, Stephen M., 403, 432Richter, Helmut, 221Riddesma, S., 105Rieck, S., 69Riley, Michael D., 193, 208, 224, 325,

368, 394, 437Rilo�, E., 278Rinsche, A., 487, 517Rist, Thomas, 187, 253, 369Ritchie, G. D., 112, 156Robin, J., 165, 181, 184, 212, 222Robinson, J., 158Robinson, K., 21, 67Robinson, T., 414, 437, 464Robinson, Tony, 452, 474Rocha, J., 88, 107Roche, Emmanuel, 112, 156, 410, 438Roe, David B., 310, 314, 325, 333, 368,

440, 512Rogers, M., 469Rogina, I., 327Rohlicek, R., 64Rollinger, C. R., 185Roossin, P. S., 319, 430Rooth, Mats, 135, 136, 150Rose, C. P., 323, 327Rosenberg, A. E., 48, 68Rosenberg, Charles, 204, 224

542 CITATION INDEX

Rosenfeld, R., 36, 40, 64R�osner, D., 164, 181, 186, 247, 284, 325Rosner, M., 158Rossi, M., 470Roth, M., 143, 157Roukos, Salim, 35, 64, 146, 150, 404,

435, 511Rubin, D. B., 59, 148Rubin, G. M., 113, 149Rubinstein, R., 83, 107Rubio, A., 452, 471Ruehl, H. W., 62Ruge, 261, 279Rumelhart, D. E., 427, 433, 438Russell, G. J., 112, 156Rustin, R., 322Ruzzo, William L., 149

Sacks, H., 235, 252Sadek, D., 237, 252Sadler, V., 293, 325Safranek, R., 386Sag, Ivan A., 116, 118, 136, 156, 170,

182, 186, 221Sagayama, S., 323Sager, J. C., 459, 474Sagerer, G., 248Sagisaka, Yoshinori, 189, 191, 193, 194,

220, 223{225Saintourens, M., 359, 368Saito, H., 327, 439Sakai, S., 321Salber, D., 364Salisbury, M. W., 353, 368Salton, Gerard, 303, 325SAM partners, 501, 517Sampson, G., 138, 141, 148, 156, 157Samuelsson, C., 394, 438San�lippo, Antonio, 118, 120, 157Sanmugasunderam, Amar, 217Santorini, B., 511, 513

Sato, H., 193, 219Sato, S., 285, 326Scha, R., 235, 252Schabes, Yves, 116, 136, 138{140, 143,

151, 156, 157, 407, 409, 410, 438Schaefer, U., 116, 153Schafer, Ronald W., 16, 68, 357, 368,

402, 437Schank, R. C., 182Schauble, Peter, 259Scheglo�, E. A., 235, 239, 252Schenkein, J., 252Schenkel, M., 415, 438Schiel, Florian, 453, 472Schirra, J., 349, 368Schmidbauer, O., 439Schmitt, J. C., 316, 326Schmitz, Klaus Dirk, 463, 474Schomaker, L., 95, 103Schreuers, D., 275, 277Schroeder, M. R., 372, 379, 385, 387Schroeter, J., 15, 68Schubert, K., 286, 326Schubert, L. K., 127, 144Sch�uller, G., 111, 157Schultz, T., 327Schurmann, J., 83, 107Sch�urmann, J., 77, 107Schutz, J., 286, 326Schwartz, Richard, 18, 57, 64, 68, 133,

155, 380, 385, 426, 429, 438Schwarz, 261, 279Sco�eld, C. L., 414, 436Scott MacKenzie, I., 90, 102, 105Scott, Donia, 177, 186, 230, 233, 247,

251, 284, 320, 325Searle, John R., 228, 235, 236, 241, 252Segarra, E., 471Seino, Takashi, 314, 325Sejnowski, Terrence, 204, 224, 364, 370

CITATION INDEX 543

Sell, G. R., 398, 430Sells, Peter, 151, 433Sene�, Stephanie, 21, 68, 69, 137, 157,

241, 243, 252, 321, 472Seni, G., 74, 107Seth, S., 77, 105Shaked, V., 173, 185Shank, Roger, 283, 286Shapiro, Stuart C., 108Sharman, R., 142, 157Shaw, J., 154Shekhawat, A., 74, 103Shieber, Stuart M., 116, 131, 133, 151,

157, 158, 171, 172, 174, 178, 186,187, 391, 409, 433, 438

Shih, Chilin, 203, 204, 224Shikano, K., 216Shirai, K., 50, 54, 55, 68Shivaprasad, A. P., 81, 103Shlien, S., 83, 107Shneiderman, B., 234, 252Shriberg, E. E., 55, 68Shridhar, M., 89, 104, 105Shukat Talamazzini, E. G., 27, 69Sibun, Penelope, 147, 185, 212, 224, 317,

326Sider, I., 279Sidner, Candace L., 211, 212, 219, 224,

228{230, 233, 237{239, 248, 252,253

Sigurdson, J., 289, 326Sikkel, K., 407, 438Silsbee, Peter, 356{358, 368, 369Silva, F., 372, 385Silva, O. Da, 366Silverman, H. F., 21, 57, 319, 383, 387,

512Silverman, Kim, 212, 224Simner, M., 106, 107Simon, J. C., 86, 88, 103, 104, 107, 402,

432Sinaiko, H. W., 486, 517Sinclair, J. McH., 235, 253Singer, Elliot, 314, 315, 328Singer, H., 403, 429Sira, S., 79, 104Siroux, J., 235, 241, 245, 248, 253Slaney, Malcolm, 60Sleator, Daniel, 41, 64, 135, 136, 140,

153, 158Sloboda, T., 439Slocum, J., 327Sluyter, R., 386Smeaton, Alan F., 259, 261, 279, 280Smith, E. T., 253Smith, Steve, 357, 358, 369Somers, H. L., 149, 293, 326, 486, 514Sondhi, M. Mohan, 15, 68, 150, 372, 385,

386, 516Sonenberg, E., 229, 253Sonheimer, N., 142, 153Soong, F. K., 48, 68Sorin, C., 192, 216, 500, 517Sotillo, C. F., 469, 474Sotscheck, J., 515Soudoplato�, S., 245Soules, G., 430Sparck Jones, Karen, 152, 222, 228, 248,

266, 267, 278, 280, 478, 492, 493,497, 513, 517

Spencer, Bruce, 217Spiegel, M. F., 500, 517Spitz, J., 319, 502, 512, 518Spitz, Lawrence A., 314, 317, 326Sproat, Richard W., 112, 158, 196,

202{208, 221, 224, 225, 325, 368,437

Srihari, Rohini K., 71, 74, 75, 107Srihari, Sargur N., 71, 73, 78, 83, 84,

102, 103, 107, 108

544 CITATION INDEX

St. Dizier, P., 156Stabler, Edward P., Jr., 136, 158Stallard, D., 145Stede, M., 284, 325Steedman, Mark J., 136, 144, 213, 223,

345, 367Steeneken, Herman J. M., 416, 439, 504,

505, 514, 518Ste�ens, P., 470Steinbiss, V., 58Stelmach, G. E., 96, 102Stenard, C. E., 102Stenstrom, A., 153Stern, Richard M., 17{19, 21, 57, 65, 69Sternefeld, W., 433Stevens, K. N., 199, 225Stevenson, Suzanne, 133, 158Stickel, Mark E., 120, 150, 227, 233, 249Stock, O., 181, 247Stockham, T. G., Jr., 14, 69Stoddard, S., 105Stokhof, M., 125, 126, 149, 151, 159, 250Stolcke, Andreas, 138, 158Stone, Charles J., 216Stopp, E., 349, 368Stork, David, 357, 358, 365, 369Strauss, M., 64Strzalkowski, Tomek, 171, 187, 261, 280,

511, 513Stylianou, Y., 199, 221Su, Keh Yi, 221Suchman, L. A., 239, 253Sudnow, D., 249Suen, C. Y., 84, 87, 91, 96, 105{108, 402,

439Suhm, B., 309, 323, 327Sullivan, T. M., 21, 69Sumby, W. H., 359, 369Summer�eld, Quentin, 356, 357, 359, 369Sun, G. Z., 416, 435, 439

Sundberg, J., 200, 225Sundheim, Beth M., 482Surendran, A. C., 340, 365Suthers, Daniel D., 163, 177, 187Sutton, S., 470Svartvik, J., 473Swartout, William R., 161, 180,

183{186, 221, 249Syock, O., 181Szabolcsi, Anna, 221

Takahashi, M., 151Takeda, K., 191, 193, 220, 225Takezawa, T., 310, 323Tanaka, M., 193, 226Tanenblatt, M., 184, 222Tannen, D., 252Tapanainen, P., 422, 439Tappert, C. C., 91, 108, 402, 439Tashiro, T., 323Taylor, M. M., 253, 363Tebelskis, J., 327, 439Teich, E., 180Teil, D., 334, 366Teitelbaum, Ray, 140, 158Temperley, Davey, 64, 136, 153, 158Tenny, Carol, 145, 148, 151Teukolsky, S. A., 437Thalmann, D., 363, 366Thalmann, N. M., 363Thomason, R. M., 158Thompson, Henry S., 452, 469, 474, 475,

493, 518Thompson, Richard A., 139, 146Thompson, Sandra A., 175, 183, 231, 251Thuring, J. P., 97, 108Thurmair, G., 261, 279, 286, 326, 469Tidhar, G., 229, 253Tillmann, Hans G., 472Tjaden, B., 67Tohkura, Y., 429

CITATION INDEX 545

Tokuda, L., 103Tombre, K., 79, 108Tomita, Masaru, 132, 151, 154, 158, 286,

293, 319, 326, 327, 410, 439Tomkins, A., 515Tong, G., 64Tong, L. C., 297, 326Touretzky, D. S., 119, 158, 433, 435, 439Traber, C., 193, 225Tramus, M. H., 359, 368Trancoso, Isabel, 371, 452, 474Traum, David R., 144, 233, 253Tremain, T., 372, 387Trenkle, J. M., 316, 319Tseng, Gwyneth, 203, 226Tsujii, J. I, 144, 293, 326Tsujimoto, S., 77, 108Tsujimoto, Y., 82, 108Tsuzaki, Minoru, 193, 220Tubach, J. P., 225Turner, R., 127, 158Tyson, Mabry, 150, 158, 429Tzoukermann, Evelyne, 112, 159, 204,

225

Uchida, H., 285, 286, 326Ueda, Yoshio, 316, 326Ullman, J. R., 83, 108, 419, 420, 429, 432Umeda, N., 192, 225Under, C., 364Unicode Consortium, The, 73, 108Uszkoreit, Hans, i, 109, 116, 146, 158,

159, 170, 187, 389

v. Stechow, A., 390, 433Valbret, H., 200, 225Valderrama, M. J., 101van Benthem, J., 153, 362, 363, 366Van Bezooijen, R., 200, 225Van Compernolle, Dirk, 21, 69, 380{382,

387

van der Gon, J. J. Denier, 97, 108van der Horst, K., 514van Eijck, J., 126, 149, 159van Emde Boas, P., 153Van Ess Dykema, C., 323van Even, S., 318Van Leeuwen, D. A., 416, 439van Noord, Gertjan J. M., 170{172, 174,

185, 187Van Santen, J., 196, 225Van Santen, J. P. H., 193, 198, 200, 225Van Slype, G., 486, 518Vandeloise, C., 345, 369Vander Linden, Keith, 247, 320Varga, A. P., 19, 69Varile, Nino, 457, 474Vasconcellos, M., 291, 327Vaxiviere, P., 79, 108Vecchi, M. P., 434Velho Lopes, Roseane R., 301, 327Veltman, F., 126, 146, 149, 159Vendler, 344Vennemann, Th., 433Verhave, J., 505, 518Vetterling, W. T., 437Viaud, Marie Luce, 359, 367, 369Vidal, E., 437Vidick, J. L., 277Viegas, E., 156Vieu, Laure, 345, 347, 362Vijay-Shanker, K., 133, 136, 151, 407,

410, 433, 434, 438, 439Vila, L., 345, 346, 369Vinter, A., 101, 102Vintsyuk, T. K., 425, 439Vitale, Tony, 205, 225Viterbi, A. J., 399, 439Vogl, T. P., 108, 518Von Hahn, W., 164, 187Voorhees, E., 261, 280

546 CITATION INDEX

Voutilainen, A., 113, 152, 159, 422, 439

Waegner, N., 143, 146Wahl, F. M., 108Wahlster, Wolfgang, 169, 173, 183, 187,

232, 233, 253, 312, 327, 348, 351,369

Waibel, Alexander H., 24, 69, 306, 310,319, 323, 327, 339, 363, 370, 414,417, 434, 439, 512

Wakahara, T., 108, 439Walker, Don, 455, 474Waltz, D., 367Wang, Liang Jyh, 204, 225Wang, Michelle Q., 208, 226, 516Wang, P. S. P., 86, 108Wanner, L., 180Ward, Wayne H., 4, 137, 159, 253Warwick, Colin, 90, 91, 108Wasow, Tom, 151, 433Watanabe, H., 293, 323Watanabe, T., 515Waters, K., 359, 370Watrous, R. L., 414, 434Webber, Bonnie Lynn, 152, 222, 248,

345, 362, 370Wedekind, J., 172, 187Wehrli, E., 293, 327Weigend, A. S., 414, 440Weinert, R., 469Weinstein, C. J., 320, 512Weintraub, M., 18, 19, 60, 66, 155Weir, C., 142, 154, 251Weir, David J., 151, 407, 433, 439Weiss, N., 430Werner, E., 253Werner, P., 253White, J. S., 487, 518Whitelock, P. H., 149Whitelock, P. J., 293, 327Whitney, R. A., 180

Wilfong, G., 395, 440Wilkes Gibbs, D., 237, 239, 246Wilkinson, R. A., 91, 108, 510, 518Wilks, Y., 180, 286, 320Williams, C. E., 504, 514Williams, M., 277Williams, N., 278Williams, R. J., 438Wilpon, Jay G., 64, 340, 370, 397, 400,

440, 512Wilske, D., 470Wilson, C. L., 108, 518Winsoft, 297, 327Witkam, T., 286, 325, 327Witten, L., 212, 226Wojcik, R., 275, 278, 280Wojcik, Richard H., 274Wolf, C. G., 502, 517Wolf, Jared J., 145, 430Wol�, Greg, 357, 358, 369Womser Hacker, C., 280Wong, K. Y., 77, 108Wood, M. McGee, 149, 293, 327Woo�tt, R., 235, 247Woszczyna, M., 310, 327, 439Wright, N., 437Wright, S. E., 461, 469, 471, 473, 474Wu, Zimin, 203, 226

Xie, F., 382, 387

Yahia, H., 359, 369Yamada, A., 349, 370Yamamoto, K., 105, 511Yamamoto, T., 349, 370Yamaoka, T., 237, 238, 253Yamashita, I., 515Yamashita, Y., 193, 226Yarowsky, David, 205, 224, 226Yato, F., 323Yergeau, P., 106

CITATION INDEX 547

Yoshimuro, M., 515Youd, Nick, 213, 220Young, R. Michael, 178, 188Young, S. J., 18, 19, 61, 138, 143, 153,

213, 226, 241, 253Young, Sheryl R., 238, 253, 267, 280Younger, D. H., 132, 133, 159, 406, 440Yuan, B., 403, 432Yuhas, Ben, 357, 358, 370

Zaenen, Annie, i, 109, 116, 120, 155,220, 434

Zahorian, S., 320, 512Zahorjan, J., 90, 102Zajac, R., 116, 148Zampolli, Antonio, 150, 441, 455, 457,

474Zavaliagkos, G., 64Zeevat, H., 118, 159, 170, 180, 188Zelenkov, Y., 318Zernik, U., 277Zhang, C., 67Zheng, Ying, 217Zhou, J., 102, 430Zhuang, J., 334, 363Ziegler, D. V., 316, 327Zierl, M., 111, 157Zissman, Marc A., 314, 315, 328Zock, Michael, 181, 182, 186, 187, 218Zoltan Ford, E., 502, 518Zue, Victor W., i, 1, 6, 22, 41, 61, 66, 69,

252, 314, 315, 320, 321, 512Zwarico, A., 362Zwicky, Arnold M., 151, 155

Index

3{D model, 79

abduction, 178, 228, 233, 391reasoning, 120

accent, 192, 196, 197, 202, 206, 208, 213,450, 454, 500

parameters, 202placement, 213

acceptors, 394ACCOR, 452, 465, 519ACH, see Association for Computing in

the HumanitiesACL, see Association for Computational

LinguisticsACL/DCI, 447, 519acoustic

confusability, 307correlation, 415degradation, 17, 360di�erences, 193environment, 9, 450evidence, 130feature space, 396features, 24, 396generator, 500information, 356model, 20, 33, 35, 307, 315models, 24, 519patterns, 395phonetic labels, 190phonetic studies, 442phonetic units, 197robustness, 34

signal, 24, 35source, 356transcript, 197variability, 5, 17

ACQUILEX, 457action expression, 238active focus, 242adaptation of vocal characteristics, 194adaptive, 9, 350

beamforming, 383di�erential pulse code modulation,

376, 377, 519�lter, 383step size, 427VQ, 379

additive background noise, 380additive-multiplicative modeling, 193adequacy, 487

evaluation, 486, 493adjacency pairs, 235ADPCM, see adaptive di�erential pulse

code modulationadverbs, 135AECMA, 274aerospace industry, 274a�xes, 118aggregation, 177agonist, 97AI, 50, 228, 343, 391, 392, 505, 519AIJ-SI, 228Air Travel Information Service, 8, 10,

123, 211, 241, 243, 308, 311, 400,451, 497, 519

548

INDEX 549

Aktionsart, 344ALBAYZIN, 452, 465, 519ALE, 116ALEP, 116algorithm complexity, 371alignment, 454all-pole model, 403ALLC, see Association of Literary and

Linguistic Computingallomorph, 111allophone, 27ALPAC, 486alphabet, 72, 419, 504alphanumeric code, 460ALT/JE, 290alternate pronunciations, 6alternative answers, 424AM, see acoustic modelsAmbassador, 297ambiguity, 25, 96, 115, 304

characters, 93intrinsic, 92resolution, 392scope, 351sentences, 500

American, see English, Americanamplitude, 55

spectra, 395analogical reasoning, 205analogies, 460analysis, 449

-by-synthesis, 372grammatical, 488-synthesis, 194

analytical approach, 88anaphora, 135, 214, 231, 242, 351, 449ANDOSL, 453, 465, 519animated graphical simulation, 349animation, 214AnimNL project, 349

ANN, see arti�cial neural networkannotated

phrase-structure grammar, 110, 117surface structure, 114training material, 142

antagonist, 97ANTLIMA, 349APASCI, 452Apple, 446application domains, 86application-speci�c metric, 508appointment scheduling, 312apposition, 135appropriateness, 486Aquila, 298AR, see autoregressiveArabic, 297, 298archive, 375, 446Ariane

/a�ero/F-E, 290-G5, 291

ARPA, see U.S. Advanced ResearchProjects Agency

ARS, 452, 465, 519articulation, 199, 359, 379

model, 189poor, 308representation, 372

Articulation Index, see AIarti�cial intelligence, 463, see AIarti�cial neural network, 6, 27, 74, 88,

94, 315, 357, 373, 392, 404,412{417, 441, 519

feed-forward, 193, 424recurrent, 414time-delay, 414

AS-Transac, 290ASCII, 73, 88, 89, 202, 519Asian languages, 203ASR, see automatic speech recognition

550 INDEX

assessment, 476, 495, 496, 504de�ned, 499

Association of/forComputational Linguistics, 442, 519Computing in the Humanities, 442,

519Literary and Linguistic Computing,

442, 519asterisks, 420ASURA, 310asynchronous transfer mode, 336, 519ATIS, see Air Travel Information ServiceATLAS, 285, 286, 289{291, 519ATM, see asynchronous transfer modeatomic nonterminal symbols, 390atomic symbols, 116ATR, 310, 453, 465, 488, 519AT&T, 310, 400

Bell Labs, 51, 90, 130, 202, 445EO, 92GIS, 92

attentional state, 231attribute value structure, 408attributes, 484audience, 266audioconferencing, 375audiovisual symbols, 460auditory

frequency selectivity, 21masking, 377model, 21, 22, 403processing, 372

augmented phrase structure grammar,310

Australian Research Council, 453Australian Speech Science and

Technology Association Inc., 453authoring, 352

aids, 257, 494automata, 112, 390, 419

pushdown, 131theory, 394

automaticabstracting, 266checkers, 275experiments, 508indexing, 79language identi�cation, 314learning, 24lipreading, 357summarization, 169summarizing, 266, 268term extraction, 462text generation, 175translation, 281, 333

automatic speech recognition, 4, 24, 34,49{54, 56, 93, 132, 135, 194, 238,241, 242, 332, 340, 396, 397, 399,402, 405, 413{417, 423, 442, 478,490, 495, 497, 502, 519, 523

accuracy, 478continuous, see continuous speech...evaluation, 478robust, 17

autonomous agents, 361autoregression, multivariate, see

multivariate...autoregressive, 46, 519

model, 14auxiliary verbs, 206

banking, 84check reading, 76, 78, 86

Bark scale, 403Baum-Welch procedure, 427Bayes, 138

classi�ers, 94rule, 396

BBN, see Bolt Beranek and NewmanBDSONS, 452beamforming, 383

INDEX 551

Belgian, 304belief, 124, 125

revision, 126system, 230

benchmark, 500bibliographic records, 259BIG5, 202bigram, 31, 33, 36, 84, 315, 316bilinear expressions, 193bimodal intelligibility of speech, 361binary constraint network, 346binaural system, 21bit rate, 371bits per second, 376, 519black box, 482, 483blind equalization, 45BMFT, see German Federal Ministry for

Research and TechnologyBNC, see corpora, British National

CorpusBoeing Company, 275Bolt Beranek and Newman, 51Boolean system, 259bootstrap, 243boundary, 113

constituent, 489bps, see bits per secondBRA, 457, 519Bramshill, 452, 465, 519breakdowns, 175BREF, 452, 465, 519British, see Englishbroadband background noise, 381burstiness, 40

in speech, 380business letters, 77business news, 264

C-STAR, see Consortium for SpeechTrAnslation Research

C0, see cepstral coe�cient

CAD, see computer aided designCADCAM, see computer aided design,

computer-assisted manufactureCAIP Center, 339calibrate, 505call routing, 2, 332Canada, 462Candide, 487Canon, 50canonical

parse, 141representation, 111

CAR, 452, 465, 520Carnegie Mellon University, 51, 310, 520CART, see classi�cation and regression

treeCAT, 289catalogues, 493categorial

grammar, 136homonymy, 113uni�cation grammar, 116, 520

Caterpillar Fundamental English, 274,520

Caterpillar Tractor Company, 274CCG, see combinatory categorial

grammarCD, see compact discCD-quality, 378CD-ROM, 331, 374, 443, 454, 461, 520CEC, 241, 242, 444

DG-XIII, 442, 457LRE-RELATOR, see Relator

ceiling e�ect, 505Celex Lexical Database, 442cellular, 8, 56, 372, 377CELP, see code-excited linear predictioncensus forms, 76Center for

Language Technology, 50

552 INDEX

Spoken Language Understanding,450, 451, 465, 520

central-limit theorem, 98cepstral coe�cient, 13, 14, 520

mel frequency scale, see mel...cepstrum, 13, 20, 44, 332, 396, 403

mean normalization, 20, 520CFE, see Caterpillar Fundamental

EnglishCFG, see context free grammarchains, 88channel

1D, 3372B, 337characteristics, 9coding, 372, 379e�ects, 404errors, 375noise, 375

characterbuilding, 82learning, 83recognition, 73, 83, 85, 88, 510recognition, optical, see optical

character recognitionshape code, 317, 520

chart, 172, 460-based agenda driven strategies, 172

checkers, 493cheeks, 356chemical structure diagram, 77Chinese, 72, 90, 203, 204, 298, 510Chomsky hierarchy, 235, 390chrominance, 330chronological order, 353chunking, 141CIC, 90, 92CIENTEC, 301CKY, see Cocke, Kasami, and YoungerCL, see controlled languages

clari�cations, 237CLARITECH, 261clarity, 243class

conditional density function, 397model, 40, 75names, 462of user, 494

classi�cation, 412and regression tree, 28, 208, 520system, 461task, 484

classi�er, 93CLAWS, see Constituent-Likelihood

Automatic Word-tagging SystemCLE, see Core Language Engineclean speech spectral magnitude, 380client system, 490clipping, 381closed set, 484CLR, see Consortium for Lexical

Researchclustering, 28, 40, 397CMN, see cepstrum, mean normalizationCNRS, 450co-occurrence, 303

smoothing, 37coarticulation, 17Cobuild, 457cochlea, 403Cocke, Kasami, and Younger, 406, 407,

520COCOSDA, 444, 501code-excited linear prediction, 340, 372,

377, 378, 520codebook, 46, 404coded modulation, 379coded speech, 501coding, 371, 378, 402

algorithms, 374

INDEX 553

distortion, 374Hu�man, 372waveform, see waveform, coding

cognition, 462aspects, 398-oriented, 229processes, 49

COGRAM, 275coherence, 211, 229, 230, 268, 346, 351collaboration, 210, 214, 229, 233, 240colocation, 75, 445, 448comb, 91combination of results, 85combinatorics, 192, 423combinatory categorial grammar, 136,

407{409, 520COMET, 169, 350, 351command

and control, 4retrieval, 96sequencing, 96

common lexical databases, 444common sense, 285, 287

knowledge, 178COMMUNAL, 164communication

units, 460communication and networking, 378communication delay, 371, 376communicative action, 236communicative acts, 351compact disc, 333compactness in lexical description, 120comparative evaluations, 487comparator, 357compensation procedure, 18competence grammar, 174compilation methods, 394complex hidden structure, 130complex noun phrases, 206

complexity, 376, 389, 407compound nouns, 307comprehension, 487

tests, 500compression, 257, 336, 374computational

complexity, 383grammar, 445linguistics, 109, 135, 172, 173, 271,

343, 420physics, 200requirements, 135semantics, 122

computer aided design, 349, 520computer-assisted manufacture, 79,

520computer science, 49computer-assisted

human translation, 461technical and scienti�c writing, 461

computerized document analysis system,81

computing resources, 424concatenated phoneme models, 47concatenation, 419concatenative synthesis, 192, 198, 199,

500concatenative unit indices, 202concept, 443, 459concept-oriented approach, 462conceptual

categories, 209network, 459relationships, 459

concordances, 446concretion, 350conditional independence, 139, 417conditional probability, 139conditioned exception control, 193conference-registration task, 417

554 INDEX

conferencing, 331con�dence, 10con�guration space, 130con�rmation feedback, 503confusability, 307confusion

between phonemes, 504matrix, 507

conjugate gradients, 427connected digit recognition task, 416connectionist

architecture, 96methods, 392, 393network, 204

connectivity, 125, 335consensual voting, 81consonant, 356consonant-vowel-consonant, 504, 520Consortium for

Lexical Research, 447, 464, 520Speech TrAnslation Research, 310,

311, 520constituent combination, 130Constituent-Likelihood Automatic

Word-tagging System, 113, 520constraint, 86

-based categorial framework, 170-based grammar, 116, 133, 137, 139-based linguistic model, 116-based theories, 171grammar, 113, 114logic programming, 391propagation method, 346resolution techniques, 178

constructional properties, 445consumers, 479content

aggregation, 165-carrying terms, 261planning, 351

selection, 175words, 202, 206

context, 52, 227, 242, 462dependent acoustic modeling, 6factors, 266-free grammar, probabilistic, see

probabilistic...free grammar, 41, 75, 132, 264,

406{410, 417, 520free skeleton, 137freeness, 407sensitive grammar, 4sensitive rewriting rules, 421sensitive summarizing, 269

contextualadequateness, 191analysis, 89di�erences, 191factors, 345information, 92processing, 84resolution, 128rules, 77, 78variations, 5

continuousgestures, 355problems, 423speech, 414speech recognition, 4, 8, 33, 415,

479, 520contrastive intonation, 213control automaton, 131control rules, 189controlled languages, 274{276, 520controlled vocabulary, 301conversational

analysis, 241control, 503repair, 51

convolutional noise, 380

INDEX 555

coordination, 135Core Language Engine, 116, 117, 128,

286, 520core rules, 143coreference, 485

markers, 116corpora, 264, 265, 394, 441, 443, 446,

450, 458, 508analysis, 446, 458annotated, 445, 479Bank of English, 114bilingual, 305British National Corpus, 113, 447,

453, 464, 519Brown Corpus, 38, 446, 447Canadian Parliament bilingual

corpus, 303Chinese National Speech Corpus,

453, 466development, 483evidence, 448handtagged, 113IR, 480King Corpus, 451MT, 480multi-language corpus, 451Normal Speech Corpus, 452, 467of errors, 272of naturally-occurring text, 483OGI TS, 314, 315, 317, 523public domain speech, 450shared, 485speech, see speech, corporaspoken language, 453, 480, 498Susanne Corpus, 141Switchboard, 9, 442tagged, 445telephone speech, 451test, 480, 484TI-DIGITS, 442, 450

TIMIT, 442, 451, 524training, 36, 137{139written language, 445, 480

corpus-basedapproach, 190, 194, 195methods, 192statistical approach, 208

CorrecText, 271correlation, 402corrupted transcription, 399cosine transform, 13cost estimate, 134count re-estimation, 37coverage, 38, 131, 135, 140, 141CPU, 86, 520Cran�eld IR testbed, 304Critique system, 271cross references, 231cross-modal expressions, 351CSC, see character shape codeCSELT, 465CSLU, see Center for Spoken Language

UnderstandingCSR, see continuous speech recognitionCT2, 377cue phrases, 212, 232, 267CUG, see categorial uni�cation grammarcurrency exchange, 310cursive handwriting recognition, 72, 74,

86, 87, 91, 94, 96, 334, 414curvilinear abscissa, 97curvilinear velocity pro�le, 97, 99cut-and-paste analyzers, 111CV, 520CVC, see consonant-vowel-consonant

Dagstuhl, 266Dandelion, 179Danish, 452DARPA, see U.S. Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency

556 INDEX

dataanalysis, unsupervised, 413collection, 448-driven, 177, 447-driven content selection, 177entry, 2, 4, 84-oriented grammar, 135stereo, 20unfolding, 93

databaseaccess, 137content display, 168management system, 296, 520multilingual lexical, see multilingual

lexical data basemultilingual terminological, see

multilingual...query, 123, 128question-answering, 234storage, 375

datagloves, 353dB, 13, 22, 520DBMS, see database management

systemDBMT, see dialogue-based machine

translationde facto standard, 494deaccented, 206decision

support, 352tree, 82, 94, 208

declarative formalisms, 117declaratively speci�ed grammar, 173decoding an acoustic pattern, 423DECOMP, 111deconvolution, 14decorative fonts, 74deductive process, 409deep generation, 175, 178deep structure, 41, 171

de�nite description, 229de�nitions, 460, 462deformable templates, 357dehooking, 93deictic aspects, 345delay, 424delay-and-sum beamformer, 383delayed strokes, 93deleted interpolation, 37deletions, 92delta

�C0, 14cepstrum, 44lognormal equation, 98lognormal model, 99

denotation, 123denotational semantics, 116dependency

grammar, 136links, 303relations, 304

depth-�rst backtrack strategy, 172dereverberate, 383derivation, 132

space, 139tree, 408

descriptive-acoustic methods, 200descriptors, 301determiners, 135Devanagari script, 72diacritics, 316

information, 204diagnostic analysis, 504diagnostic evaluation, 476, 486, 493dialogue, 52, 227, 229{231, 233, 234,

239, 241, 266, 450analysis, 230-based machine translation, 299, 520cooperative, 234features, 238

INDEX 557

uent, 498grammar, 235, 236, 238human, 234human-human, 234, 241, 242human-machine, 210manager, 242, 244natural spoken, 503phenomena, 239rational cooperative, 234speech recognition, 243spoken, see spoken dialoguestrategy, 243, 244system, 214, 230, 231, 244theory, 234theory of cooperative task-oriented

d., 234written interactive, 211

dictation, 24, 38, 392dictionaries, 138, 203, 204, 291, 307, 443

access, 422checking, 81glossaries, 445glossary tools, 445Longman's, 457machine-readable, 456, 457, 523Merriam-Webster, 456on-line, 204Oxford Advanced Learner's, 457Oxford English Dictionary project,

448published, 456transfer, 305

di�erential pulse-code modulation, 331,520

di�usion translation, 288digit, 504, 510

recognition, 450digital

answering machine, 375cellular service, 375

connectivity, 335signal processing, 378, 402, 404, 520wireless communication, 375

digitizing, 72, 91digressions, 235diphone, 199

concatenation, 359units, 199

disabled, see Technology Initiative forDisabled and Elderly People

disambiguation, 113, 141discourse, 55, 136, 168, 230, 266, 272

analysis, 241coherence, 230communities, 460comprehension, 268features, 213focus, 232generation, 233history, 214knowledge, 265level, 163, 346model, 351, 393number of relations, 232plan, 238processing capabilities, 265production, 231relations, 231, 232relations, nature of, 232representation theory, 125, 126, 231,

232, 520research, 227segmentation, 212, 227, 230, 233segments, nature of, 232specialized, 460structure, 164, 165, 211, 271understanding and generation, 233units, 265universe of, 123

discrete script, 86

558 INDEX

discriminant training, 412, 415dis uencies, 56, 241, 502disjunctive terms, 116distance, 45, 267distortion

masking, 374, 379model, 509

distribution, 135DK, 447, 464, 520DLT, 285document, 255

analysis, 81analysis and retrieval, 227class, 508�ltering, 508image analysis, 73, 75, 77images, 509indexing, 78layout handling, 81layout style, 507preparation, 2, 4production system, 270reconstruction, 258relevant, 483retrieval, 78, 259, 260, 262reuse, 257routing task, 482, 484storage, 257structure, 77understanding, 258

DoD, see U.S. Department of Defensedomain, 508

adaptation, 41-based approaches, 268knowledge, 263, 264modeling, 165, 166

domains, speci�c, 486dots per inch, 72, 520DP, see dynamic programmingDPCM, see di�erential pulse-code

modulationdpi, see dots per inchDR-LINK, 260DRA, 50Dragon Systems, 11DRT, see discourse representation theoryDS-3, 336DSP, see digital signal processingDTW, see dynamic time

alignment/warpingdual-language programming, 375dual-source excitation model, 372DUET, 286, 290duration, 55, 197, 315

control, 193model, 197, 198shortness, 206

Dutch, 307, 452, 453dyads, 191dynamic

adaptation, 18, 22model, 40parameter adaptation, 18predicate logic, 126programming, 33, 88, 93, 132, 140,

424, 425, 427, 496, 520semantics, 126, 127time alignment/warping, 46, 382,

520

e-mail, 258, 446, 501EAGLES, see Expert Advisory Group

on Linguistic EngineeringStandards

ear, 356hair-cell transduction, 21lateral suppression, 21model, 21

Earley algorithm, 406ease, 503

of learning, 493

INDEX 559

of use, 243, 493EBMT, see example-based machine

translationEC, 289echoes, 381, 505ECI, see European Corpus Initiativeeconomic factors, 491, 492EDI, see electronic data interchangeedit signal, 55EDR, see electronic dictionary researchEES, 163e�ciency, 492elderly, see Technology Initiative for

Disabled and Elderly Peopleelectro-acoustic theory, 189electronic

data interchange, 257, 521dictionaries, 447dictionary research, 443, 447, 457,

521funds transfer, 332ink, 90publishing, 375

Electrotechnical Laboratory, 453, 465,466, 468, 509, 521

elementary strings, 408elliptical, 125, 128, 135, 242

sentences, 125utterances, 230

ELRA, see European LanguageResources Association

ELSNET, see European Network inLanguage and Speech

EM, 19, 94, 427, 521embedded transmission, 379EMIR, see European Multilingual

Information Retrievalempiricist, 447encyclopedias, 447end-to-end, 483

endoscopic surgery, 335engine service reports, 264engineering, 49

drawings, 80English, 50, 203, 204, 206, 208, 257, 264,

274, 275, 282, 284, 289, 290, 293,294, 296{298, 303{305, 307, 311,312, 316, 333, 351, 402, 443, 452,453, 456, 457, 459, 479, 481, 488

American, 193, 444British, 193, 452, 456

ENGSPAN, 291enhancement, 76, 371, 402entropy, 37envelope, 402environment, 354epistemological, 460, 461

studies, 462equalization, 45equivalence, weak, 407ERBA, 452, 466ergonomy, 299error

deletion, 496estimators, minimum mean square,

see minimum mean square errorestimators

handling, 503insertion, 496insertions, 92legitimate, 92minimum mean square, see

minimum mean square errormisrecognized characters, 507patterns, 503rejection, 507, 508residual, 507substitution, 92, 496, 507, 508, 510tolerance, 493transmission, 378

560 INDEX

unrecognized characters, 507ESCA, 453, 521Esperanto, 286ESPRIT, see European Strategic

Programme for Research andDevelopment in InformationTechnology

MULTILEX, 457estimate-maximize, see EMestimation procedure, 18ET-7, 457ETL, see Electrotechnical LaboratoryEU, 275, 444Euclidean distance, 15EUREKA GENELEX, 457EuroCocosda, 453, 466EuroDicautom, 298, 461EuroLang, 445

Optimizer, 296EUROM, 452, 466European

Commission, 486, 487Community, 445Corpus Initiative, 447, 464, 521Language Resources Association,

452, 466, 521Multilingual Information Retrieval,

304, 305, 521Network in Language and Speech,

452, 466, 521Strategic Programme for Research

and Development in InformationTechnology, 50, 179, 304, 451,452, 457, 462, 493, 495, 498, 501,521

Eurotra system, 286evaluable task, 482evaluation, 215, 269, 272, 475, 479, 481,

491, 495, 496, 508benchmark, 478

black box, 476comparative information, 477Consumer Reports paradigm, 477de�ned, 499diagnostic, 476, 477extrinsic, 476formative, 477, 480function, 133, 136, 138{140glass box, 476group, 493in-house, 492intrinsic, 476metric, 483, 485, 487objective methods, 194of adequacy, 475{477, 480of coverage, 477of parsing, 480of performance, 479of portability, 480procedures, 488proper, 475regression testing, 476, 477test sets, 479test suite, 477user, 492, 493versus human performance, 477

event reference, 228evidential tasks, 131example-based machine translation, 285,

299, 300, 520excitation, 379

signals, 199execution e�ciency, 493expectation, 503

-driven processing, 349maximization, see EM

Expert Advisory Group on LinguisticEngineering Standards, 442, 444,457, 493, 494, 501, 520

expert system, 210

INDEX 561

explanation, 168explanation, 460

-based learning, 394of errors to users, 272pedagogically adequate, 177

expressions, 356expressive power, 503extended text, 227extendibility, 486extracted facts, 483extragrammaticality, 143extraposition, 135eye, 330, 356

blink, 356brows, 356eyes-busy, 210

F0, see fundamental frequencyface/facial

and lip modeling, 361expressions, 52recognition, 339region, 358

fact, relevant, 483factorial analysis, 243factorization of derivations, 136false alarm, 484false implicatures, 352fault tolerant, 264fax, 72, 82, 84, 94, 257, 446feasible scenario, 346feature

-based system, 164comparison, 19extraction, 83, 93, 402logic, 391selection network, 164structure, 409terms, 116vector, 404

feedback, 93, 269

female voices, 194fenone, 28�ber-optic network, 336FIDDITCH, 208�delity, 486�lter, 13, 258

all-pole, 14bank, 403high-pass, 18linear, 17, 18

�nite alphabet, 419�nite state

approximation, 264automaton, 410, 521devices, 410grammar, 110, 132, 310, 311machine, 131, 416, 420, 521methods, 393model, 139n-gram grammar, 134network, 4, 112technology, 112, 393, 411, 420transducer, 112, 393, 410, 421, 422,

521Finnish, 204FIR, 521�rst order predicate calculus, 123, 124,

126, 521�xed collocations, 462�xed schemata, 231 exibility, 503 uency, 487 uent conversational speech, 341 uid dynamics equations, 200focus, 177, 212, 232, 241, 351, 500

of attention, 229, 231signaling, 165

font, 72consideration, 82customized, 82

562 INDEX

di�erentiation, 83family, 74identi�cation, 81lower-case, 510mixing, 81multifont environment, 85omnifont context, 83size, 508style, 508typeface, 508upper-case, 510

FOPC, see �rst order predicate calculusforensic applications, 42formal

language, 419theory, 390

logic, 344logical operations, 399philosophy, 343semantics, 110symbolic representation of meaning,

399formalisms, 390formant, 199

-based methods, 200parameters, 202

format, 266forms, 78

income tax, 78processing, 86

forward-backward algorithm, 37, 424,427

Fouriercoe�cient, 403descriptor, 88inverse transform, 403transform, 13, 390, 402

frame, 268language, 137

Framemaker, 296

France, 289, 290Frantext of Institut National de la

Langue Francaise, 447, 464, 522free conversation, 504free-text records, 259French, 50, 282, 284, 290, 296, 297,

303{305, 307, 308, 316, 345, 443,445, 452, 459, 481

frequencyanalysis, 403band, 13domain estimators, 380warping, 403

friendliness, 243front end interface, 215fruit ies like a banana, 448FSA, see �nite state automaton

weighted, 394FSM, see �nite state machineFST, see �nite state transducerFUF, see function/functional uni�cation

grammar frameworkfull text revolution, 268function/functional, 266

application, 408class, 488composition, 408constraint, 116elements, 345structure, 409uni�cation grammar, 116, 171, 521uni�cation grammar framework, 164,

521words, 206, 207

fundamental frequency, 55, 193, 197,198, 521

funding agencies, 491fusion, 329, 353, 357fuzzy

logic integrator, 357

INDEX 563

matching, 462system, 94

garden paths, 133Gaussian, 26, 416gazetteers, 264GB, 202GENELEX, 442general knowledge, 285, 287generalization, 130, 266generalized

phrase structure grammar, 170, 521probabilistic descent, 397, 521

Generating InStructional Text, 284, 521generation (of), 178, 266

alternative explanations, 214choice criteria, 165, 166di�erent genres/types of text, 168ellipsis, 173grammar, 213incremental, 174paraphrases, 173referential expressions, 173stylistically appropriate, 167theory, 161

genetic algorithms, 426geometric terms, 345geometric transformation, 83German, 50, 282, 290, 296, 304, 307,

316, 333, 351, 452, 453, 459alphabet recognition, 358Federal Ministry for Research and

Technology, 286, 312, 519Germany, 290gesture, 339, 353, 356

recognition, 355GIST, see Generating InStructional Textgivenness, 207Globalink, 487glottal

ow, 199

source model, 194waveform, 194

gouraud shading, 360government and binding, 136GPD, see generalized probabilistic

descentGPSG, see generalized phrase structure

grammargradient descent, 424, 427grammar, 109, 123, 130{132, 167, 170,

179, 271, 272, 291, 292, 356, 390,406, 407, 419, 422, 441, 448, 485

and style checking, 257, 447-based generation, 174checkers, 445checking technology, 271classes, 134engineering, 110, 117formalisms, 118, 407implicit, 131porting, 117reusability, 117slot, 136transformational, 136weak, 143

grammar, context-free, probabilistic, seeprobabilistic...

grammatical, 53, 448coverage, 172, 173description, 122deviations, 53heuristics, 291ill-formedness, 308structure, 502tagging, 304

Grammatik, 271grand-variance weighting, 15grapheme, 88, 204

to phoneme conversion, 196, 500graphic, 214, 272, 460, 462

564 INDEX

/pictorial description, 460symbols, 460

gray-scale image binarization, 76greedy algorithm, 203Greek, 307Grid, 92Groningen, 452, 466ground truth, 484Gutenberg loop, 77

hair, 356halftones, 77HAMT, see human-aided machine

translationhand con�guration, 353hand-built grammar, 140hand-crafted domain model, 265handball, 335hands busy, 210handwriting, 74, 86, 90, 339

addresses, 78analysis, 96characters, 334, 509deskewing, 93deslanting, 93generation, 96holistic recognition, 74manuscripts, 80recognition, 35, 86{88, 90, 91, 395,

413{415, 490analytical, 74o�-line, 91on-line, 91, 93

running, 76unconstrained handwritten language

processing, 87hardwiring, 177HCI, see human-computer interactionHCRC Map Task, 452head grammar, 407, 408, 521

head-driven phrase-structure grammar,116, 117, 136, 170, 521

head-position, 356head/modi�er relations, 114headed strings, 408hearer

background, 210goals, 210

hearing, 378, 379held-out data, 37heuristic, 178, 203

disambiguation rules, 142HG, see head grammarHICAT, 290, 291hidden Markov model, 6, 7, 22, 25, 26,

28, 30, 31, 33, 46, 47, 84, 88, 89,93, 113, 142, 143, 315, 316, 332,392, 393, 398, 399, 404, 414{417,427, 441, 521

AR, 416continuous, 26discrete, 26ergodic, 46, 316, 382frame-based, 6gaussian-mixture continuous, 47semicontinuous, 26tied-mixture, 47

hidden nodes, 412hierarchical control, 193hierarchical error function, 193hill-climbing algorithm, 349Hindi, 72HLT, 413{415, 417, 521HMM, see hidden Markov modelholistic approach, 88holography, 332homograph, 205homonyms, 307, 460hopes, 125HPSG, see head-driven phrase-structure

INDEX 565

grammarhuman

-aided machine translation, 288, 521behavior for multisensory inputs, 342-computerinteraction, 168, 241, 353, 477,503, 521

interface, 213, 227spoken interaction, 502virtual interface, 361

factors analysis, 338factors specialists, 200-human communication, 503language processing, 394language technology, 451processing capacity, 330translation, 289, 486, 487

HuMaNet, 338, 339hybrid, 485

approaches, 415system, 6, 89

hypermedia, 256knowledge bases, 463

hyperterminology, 463hyphenation routines, 445hypothesis, word, 24Hz, 376, 521

IBM, 92, 295IBM/Lancaster, 114ICAME, 446, 447, 464, 521ICASSP, 521ICR, see intelligent character recognitionICSLP, 521ideogram, 72idioms, 135IDS, see Institut f�ur deutsche SpracheIIR, 521ILC-CNR, see Istituto di Linguistica

Computazionaleillocutionary act, 235, 236

recognition, 238ILSAM, 275, 522image

processing, 76segmentation, 77signals, 330synthesis, 196

imagers, 257IMELDA, 15implementation complexity, 378implicature, 351INaLF-CNRS, see Frantext of Institut

National de la Langue Francaiseincremental generation, 173incremental processing, 173independent evaluation, 510indexing, 263, 267, 268indications of relationships, 462indirect utterances, 238individual plans, 228inductive learning, 195inference, 178, 228

-based approaches, 228capabilities, 179patterns, 124

in ectional, 307language, 39, 41tags, 112word forms, 112

information, 446access, 392delivery system, 210extraction, 258, 265, 421, 479, 483extraction task, 482, 485given/new, 212highways, 201management, 461, 462retrieval, 137, 258, 262, 301, 461,

478, 479, 522ad hoc task, 482

566 INDEX

documents, 483precision, 478telephonic, 196textual, 123value, 508

retrieval and analysis, 352retrieval and extraction, 447retrieval system, 448science, 461superhighway, 273theory, 400, 446

Information Science Research Institute,84

informational approaches, 228informativeness, 487InfoTerm, 297infrastructure, 161, 479inheritance, 118

default, 119type system, 116

initiative, 214, 242INL, see Instituut voor Nederlandse

Lexicologieinput

factors, 266modalities, 90noise, 378

INRS, 50instantaneous energy operators, 404Institut f�ur deutsche Sprache, 447, 464,

521Institute of Phonetics and Verbal

Communication, 453Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie,

447, 464, 522insurance claim processing, 258integrated circuit diagram, 79integrating sensory inputs, 329integration, 52

leaky, 14

intellectual property rights, 444intelligent

assistants, 210character recognition, 73, 521system, 210

intelligibility, 196, 200, 371, 373, 376,380, 381, 486, 504, 505

intelligible, 500intellimedia system, 350, 352intended meaning, 211intensional logic, 124intensity, 55, 197intention, 125, 232, 233, 283

approaches, 228information, 175role, 232speaker, 16structure, 211, 231

interaction history, 242interaction model, 242, 244interactive

natural language capabilities, 210spoken dialogue system, 211spoken language system, 212, 213system, 480translation, 294

interface, 502design, 502techniques, 502

Interleaf, 296interlingua, 285, 522internal evaluation, 509Internal Revenue Service, 78interpersonal pragmatics, 168interpretation, 109, 266, 282

of sentences, 124Interpreting Telephony Laboratories, 310interruption, 56intersymbol interference, 375Intertalker, 310

INDEX 567

intonation, 192, 203, 211{213, 450contour, 168features, 212, 213form, 210indicators, 228information, 212unit, 207

intractable, 137invariant under translation, 282inverse formatting, 77IPSI, 164IR, see information retrievalirregular verbs, 119ISDN, 337, 338, 375, 522ISO, 202, 462, 522ISO 9000, 492isolated handprinted characters, 76isolated-word, 8, 424

speech recognition, 4Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale,

441, 447, 464, 521Italian, 50, 296, 307, 445, 452, 457

machine dictionary, 442iterative procedures, 139iterative re-estimation, 143ITU-TS, 501

J-RASTA, 20, 522JANUS, 310Japan, 285, 333, 443, 453, 457, 510

Electronic Industry DevelopmentAssociation, 453, 465, 466, 487,491, 522

Japanese, 193, 264, 289, 290, 297, 298,333, 443, 457, 481, 509

Kana, 72Kanji, 72, 86, 87, 92

jargon, 274jaw, 356JEIDA, see Japan Electronic Industry

Development Association

JETS, 290JICST, 289JIS, 202joint

action, 239model, 239

intentions, 229

K-means, 94algorithm, 398

keyboard shortcuts, 296keyboard, popup, 90Kleene closure, 420knowledge

acquisition, 194, 264based system, 179, 286bases, 167engineer, 179engineering, 463incomplete, 346representation, 179, 391representation language, 137units, 460

KPML, 164KTH, 50

LADL, 112Lambek calculus, 409, 522land-use maps, 79language, 398, 447

context, 79corpus server, 447engineering, 275, 447, 462, 522generation, 169, 213generation system, 213ID, 281, 282, 314{316, 395, 402, 451independent techniques, 498model, 4, 10, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35{38,

40, 75, 95, 130{132, 134, 135,139, 140, 307, 315, 417, 522

of origin, 205

568 INDEX

processing, 391processors, 449representation, 35sensitivity, 271structure, 134understanding, 477

Language Engineering MultilingualAction Plan, 443, 452, 522

MLAP ET-10, 457Laplacian, 26large grammar, 411large vocabulary, 332

connected speech recognition, 130continuous speech recognition, 307,

308, 479, 522speech recognition, 133, 400

large-scale text structure, 266, 268laryngograph, 453lateral inhibition, 133lattice, 29

-theoretic notions, 118word, 33

layoutanalysis, 82segmentation, 82understanding, 77

LC, see Lambek calculusLCD, see liquid crystal displayLD-CELP, see linear prediction,

code-excited, low-delayLDA, see linear discriminant analysisLDC, see Linguistic Data ConsortiumLE, see language engineeringLE-MLAP, see Language Engineering

Multilingual Action Planlearning, 426, 503

automatic, 24grammar from example sentences,

426iterative, 27

methods, 394least mean square error, 412lemma, 111, 112, 114letter-based recognition methods, 89letter-to-sound rules, 204letters, see fontlevel of abstraction, 232lexical, 353, 448, 508

acquisition, 448ambiguity, 119, 120categories, 206category disambiguation, 142choice, 168, 502constraint, 264coverage, 172data base, multilingual, see

multilingual lexical data basedatabase, 261, 441decision, 500dependencies, 410, 411exceptions, 206frequency, 52functional grammar, 116, 137, 170,

409, 522grammar, 410information, 203, 410knowledge, 89, 455knowledge acquisition, 392knowledge base, 457, 522lookup, 202patterns, 485polymorphism, 121selection, 164, 165stress, 16, 55structure, 118tokens, 399transcription, 399, 400transcription accuracy, 400transducer, 112tree-adjoining grammar, 136

INDEX 569

valency, 394lexicographers, 129, 445lexicon, 74, 109, 112, 118, 165, 167, 173,

179, 207, 264, 296, 441, 443, 445,448, 455, 458, 508

architecture, 456construction, 110, 128large, 34size, 74

Lexicus, 92LFG, see lexical functional grammarlibraries, 446LIG, see linear indexed grammarlikelihood, 45, 396

scores, 315limited frequency transfer, 505limited functional exibility, 172LIMSI, 50, 450line curvature, 97line drawings, 77, 79linear

dimension reduction, 413discriminant analysis, 15, 522indexed grammar, 407, 408, 522interpolation, 36order, 175prediction, 372, 395code-excited, low-delay, 372, 377,522

perceptual, see perceptual linearprediction

prediction, code-excited, seecode-excited...

predictive coding, 14, 44, 357, 377,378, 403, 522

regressive analysis, 193Lingstat, 487LinguaTech, 297linguistic, 161, 343, 390, 461

analysis, 80

based, 260competence, 391, 392constraint, 75, 179, 263, 264context, 85, 391convergence, 502coverage, 391data, 343Data Consortium, 441, 443, 447,

451, 453, 457, 464, 466, 522departments, 49description, 460grammar, 135, 136, 138knowledge, 109, 179methods, 266motivated analyses, 449parameter speci�cations, 202Research and Engineering, 261, 284,

442, 451{453, 457, 494, 522resources, 441, 442, 444rules, 398structure, 231, 448theory, 272

linguists, 420lingware, 291link grammar, 41linked letter tree, 112lip

model, 359reading, 339, 358-sync, 361

liquid crystal display, 73, 90, 522LIRIC, 444literate, 395, 396LKB, see lexical knowledge baseLloyd-Max optimum quantizer, 398LM, see language modelLMT, 290local densities, 402locality, 132localization, 288

570 INDEX

locations, 263locutions, 165log, 403

likelihood, 205magnitude domain, 381-normal curve, 98spaced array, 383spectrum, 20, 403

logic, 123, 391deduction, 391equivalence, 174form, 170, 172, 174

LOGOS, 290Logos system, 486long distance

bigram, 41communication, 374dependencies, 409

loops, 402low bit rate digital communication, 374LPC, see linear predictive codingLR, see parsing, left-to-right, rightmost

derivationLRE, see Linguistic Research and

EngineeringDELIS, 457ONOMASTICA, 452, 466

Luhn's auto-extract, 266luminance, 330LV-CSR, see large vocabulary

continuous speech recognition

machine-aided human translation, 288, 295,

296, 298{300, 522assisted terminology, 493assisted translation, 288, 522-readable text, 266, 458recognition, 356translation, 110, 130, 167, 232, 285,

389, 392, 395, 445, 455, 456, 462,

491, 493, 508machine translation

evaluation, 481workshops, 480

Market and Technology StudyCommittee, 491

System Research Committee, 491MAGIC, 111MAHT, see machine-aided human

translationmail sorting, 84, 86MAJESTIC, 290Malay, 297Mandarin Chinese, 402, 443manually prepared, 509manufacturers, 491MAP, see maximum a-posteriori

probabilitymapping accuracy, 194MAR, see multivariate autoregressionmarine weather bulletins, 284markers, 344Markov, 135

chains, 88�rst-order hypothesis, 25n-chain, 398property, 424

masking, 403noises, 505properties, 372

Massachusetts Institute of Technology,50, 51, 522

MAT, see machine-assisted translationmaterials information system, 461mathematical logic, 123mathematical methods, 389, 391maximum

a-posteriori probability, 24, 373, 522entropy, 36likelihood, 396

INDEX 571

classi�er, 396estimation, 37training, 427

McGurk e�ect, 357mean noise power, 380mean opinion score, 376, 501, 505, 522meaning, 211, 282, 390, 399

as truth condition, 122meaningful words, 504medical information system, 213mel frequency scale, 13, 403

cepstral coe�cient, 403, 404, 522melodic model, 197mental states, 234Mercury/Termex, 297message

encryption, 374extraction, 394routing, 123-to-speech system, 209

Message Understanding Conferences,264, 267, 283, 480, 482{485, 523

METAL, 290, 291, 487metaphor, 460METEO, 284, 287, 290, 522MFCC, see mel frequency scale cepstral

coe�cientMicroMATER, 297microphone, 383

array, 21, 383electret, 339multiple, 18, 21

Microsoft, 92, 445Microtac, 487mildly context sensitive

formalisms, 136grammar, 133, 407, 409

MIND, 294minimum

mean square error, 21, 373, 522

estimators, 381, 382, 522prediction residual method, 397probability of error, 397

minitels, 289mips-per-milliwatt, 379misrecognized documents, 78MIT, see Massachusetts Institute of

TechnologyMITalk, 111, 189, 360, 522MITI, 444MITRE, 51, 475mixed initiative, 214mixture model, 40MLAP, see Language Engineering

Multilingual Action PlanMLCC, 442MLDB, see multilingual lexical data

baseMLP, 417, 522MLTB, 298MMSE, see minimum mean square errorMMSEE, see minimum mean square

error estimatorsmodal logic, 347modal tense logic, 344modality, 242, 353

of interaction, 227mode selection, 351model

acoustic, 35allophone, 27-based vocoders, 377errors, 423language, 29, 33of the uncertainty, 372source-channel, 35unit, 27word, 27

modem, 446moderate vocabulary speech

572 INDEX

understanding, 400modi�cation/concatenation of

pre-recorded singing voices, 200modular approaches, 418modular diagnostic evaluation, 500modulation, pulse-code, see pulse-code

modulationmomentum smoothing, 427monitoring, 352monologic discourse, 233morpheme, 122, 203

-allomorph pair, 112MORPHOGEN, 111morphology, 118, 131, 208, 310, 316, 448,

455, 508alternations, 111{113ambiguity, 113analysis, 40, 111, 112, 114, 115, 205,

299, 410, 422computational, 111derivatives, 204, 205disambiguation, 111, 114paradigm, 119processing, 393productive processes, 204properties, 111

Morpholympics evaluation, 485morphosyntax, 458

analysis, 261features, 455tagging, 114

morphotactics, 111MOS, see mean opinion scoremotor theories of perception, 96mouth, 356movement

coding, 96control, 96generation system, 99

moving images, 330

MRD, see dictionary, machine-readableMSR, see multiple split regressionMT, see machine translationMTDB, see multilingual terminological

data baseMUC, see Message Understanding

Conferencesmulti-band excited, 372multi-layer logistic perceptron, 427multi-level plan recognizer, 238multi-media documents, 256multi-media interface, 229multi-pulse, 372multi-pulse excitation, 377multi-word terms, 462multilingual, 178, 275, 281, 462

access to text databases, 301benchmarks, 501evaluation, 481lexical data base, 296, 298, 299, 522performance assessment, 498support tools, 298system, 199terminological data base, 296, 298,

523terminology, 459text, 233

multilocation games, 375multimedia, 169, 201

applications, 379discourses, 233information system, 329memos, 375

multimodalcommunication, 348environments, 343helpware, 352human-computer interface, 348interface, 355interface tools, 353

INDEX 573

system, 341, 503multipath interference, 375multiple beamforming, 340multiple split regression, 193, 523multipoint audio conferencing, 338multisentence

generation, 161paragraph planning, 169responses, 210

MultiTerm, 298multivariate autoregression, 47, 522multone, 28MUMBLE, 163musical noise, 381mutual information, 400

n-best, 53n-gram, 36, 37, 113, 205, 316, 317, 398,

399, 446, 508class model, 75grammar, 135part-of-speech model, 75word model, 75

namesforeign, 204personal, 204previously unseen personal, 204pronunciation, 205proper, 263

National Science Foundation of China,453

natural face, 360natural language, 49{54, 56, 179, 241,

259, 274, 281, 343, 348, 441, 488dictionaries, 421generation, 161, 170, 172, 179, 210,

231, 271, 272parsing, 172, 488processing, 111, 118, 259{262, 266,

268, 270, 390, 410, 416, 417, 420,

423, 445, 448, 455, 458, 475, 477,486, 497, 498, 508

broad coverage, 448semantics, 124, 344sentences, 130software, 276system, 234technologies, 257understanding, 170, 171, 211, 231,

451naturally-occurring text, 482, 485naturalness, 196, 197, 200, 242, 243, 374,

376nearest neighbor, 74, 397NEC, 310Nestor, 92network telephony, 376networking, 379neural network, see arti�cial neural

networkneuromuscular network, 98neuromuscular processes, 96new word uses, 120New York University, 457news stories, 75, 259, 263, 268, 283NHK, 289NIST, see U.S. National Institute of

Standards and TechnologyNL, see natural languageNLG, see natural language generationNLP, see natural language processingNN, see arti�cial neural networknoise, 498, 509

additive, 17, 18, 21co-channel interference, 23convolutional, 19high-intensity, 17removal, 402suppression, 373transient interference, 22

574 INDEX

noiseless coding, 379noisy, 450

-channel information transmission,392

characters, 81environments, 356, 357, 403measurement, 380speech, 373

nominal accent, 206non-dynamic logic, 126non-linear

dimension reduction, 413disturbances, 380documents, 256prediction, 416signal processing, 404

non-parametric voice conversion, 194noncausal, 382nonsense, 504

words, 16nonstationary, 417

speech signal, 383nonterminal, 132normalization, 44, 45

distance/similarity, 45parameter-domain, 45transformations, 83

normative transcript, 197Norsk Tekstarkiv, 447, 464notebooks, electronic, 99noun phrase reference, 126NP-hard, 346NSF, 444NTT, 50NTT Human Interface Laboratories, 42nucleus, 231

objective measures, 504, 505OCR, see optical character recognitiono�ce automation, 84on-line text, 263

open response tests, 504open set identi�cation, 42operator services, 502optical

character recognition, 35, 73, 74,76{79, 81, 86, 93, 257, 258, 290,317, 490, 507{510

isolated characters, 507performance, 507print degradation, 75

ow, 357information, 356scanning, 91source, 356

optimal search, 423optimization techniques, 392optimum sensory modes, 341Oracle, 296oral-cavity movements, 356ordering of prepositional phrases, 165Oregon Graduate Institute, 450, 451,

467, 523orthography, 73, 202, 209

representation, 35, 204out-of-vocabulary, 10outliner, 270output factors, 266overlap-add procedure, 380

PACE, see Perkins Approved ClearEnglish

packet losses, 378page description language, 257, 523page segmentation, 510PAHO, see Pan American Health

OrganizationPalm Computing, 92Pan American Health Organization, 291,

487, 523Pangloss, 167, 487paragraph images, 508

INDEX 575

Paragraph International, 92paralinguistic factors, 194parallel

documents, 284�nite-state transducer, 112processing, 341, 411

parameter, 11estimation, 18updates, 382

paraphrase, 301PAROLE, 452, 467Parseval system, 488parsing, 40, 130{132, 134{136, 139, 140,

264, 268, 271, 272, 390, 399, 406,447, 448, 480, 488

an errorful symbol string, 423broad-coverage, 488, 489deterministic, 133English, 488FSA, 394left-to-right, rightmost derivation,

41, 410, 522natural language, see natural

language, parsingpartial, 411, 445procedural, 131robust, 110, 141, 241shallow, 111, 114shift-reduce, 131skeleton, 114structured connectionist, 417techniques, 53technology, 411

part of speech, 206, 399, 448, 458assignment, 208model, 75tagging, 113, 206, 260, 392, 394, 445,

446part-whole, 457partial state of the world, 127

partial trace-back, 425partially disambiguated sequence, 142particles, 206past discourse, 210PATR, 116pattern

di�erentiation, 83matching, 485rules, 419techniques, 123, 373

recognition, 81, 393, 397pause, 55, 196, 197, 213Pays d'Europe Centrale et Orientale,

452, 523PC-Translator, 487PCA, see principal components analysisPCFG, see probabilistic context-free

grammarPCM, see pulse-code modulationPDA, see personal digital assistantPDL, see page description languagepeak clipping, 505PECO, see Pays d'Europe Centrale et

OrientalePEG, 114pen

-based systems, 100computing, 90-lift, 93trajectory, 93

Penman Upper Model, 166PENMAN/KPML, 164PENS�E, 290PEP, see Plain English Programperceptivomotor strategies, 96perceptual

limitations, 377linear prediction, 14, 15, 523studies, 193, 194system, 283

576 INDEX

perfect truth, 485performance

assessment, 495evaluation, 486

Perkins Approved Clear English, 275,523

perplexity, 4, 37, 38personal

communication services, 379digital assistant, 76, 94, 523

Personal Handyphone, 377personality, 356phase, 380

structure, 11philosophy, 344

of science, 461phonation, 199PHONDAT, 452, 467phone-to-viseme, 356phoneme, 4, 72, 191, 196, 197, 204, 232,

332, 392, 495, 504classes, 396confusions, 504context, 191duration, 197durations, 197, 198intelligibility, 500pairs, 191sequences, 202signal processing, 390to phoneme junctures, 199variations, 191

phonetics, 390, 395phonological, 170, 395, 450

rules, 199, 205phonotactics, 315, 395photocopy, 82photographs, 76phrase, 196, 213, 448, 500

accent, 197

accentuation, 203-based system, 163based multisentence text structure

generation, 163boundaries, 139break, 55pattern, 163structure, 409grammar, 131, 132, 136, 163grammar rules, 235rules, 116, 163tree, 113, 114, 406, 408

physical nature, 345physical properties, 504physiology, 21pictures, 256, 460, 462pitch, 315, 402

accent, 212level, 168prediction, 377range, 212, 213time/value pairs, 202

Pivot, 285, 290, 291, 487language, 302

pixel images, 93Plain English Program, 275, 523plan

-basedapproaches, 236model, 236models of discourse, 211theories of dialogue, 237

operators, 176recognition, 236{238

planning, 233component, 170problems, 239techniques, 228

pleasantness, 196PLNLP, 114

INDEX 577

PLP, see perceptual linear predictionPOINTER, 452, 467Polhemus coil, 334POLYGLOT, 452, 467polynomial space, 132polynomial time, 136polyphone, 27, 453polysemes, 120, 460pooling method, 485POPEL, 164portable, 9

information terminals, 379Portugese, 488positional di�erences, 191possible, 124

pronunciations, 205worlds, 127

post o�ce, 84postal addresses, 76, 78postal code, 510posterior probability, 412power consumption, 376, 379power spectral subtraction, 381power spectrum, 11, 14, 380pragmatics, 55, 136, 141, 178, 230,

270{272, 344, 395considerations, 345information, 230

pre-processing, 500precision, 131, 140, 483predicate argument relations, 448predicate argument structure, 41, 449predicate logic, 347, 391predictive power, 135predictive tasks, 131preference analysis, 215prepositions, 206presentation design, 351Princeton, 457principal components analysis, 15, 413,

523principle of compositionality, 125printed word recognition, 87Prior, 344privacy, 90probabilistic

context-free grammar, 142, 143, 523evaluation function, 139grammar, 139parsing, 131, 392processing, 392

probability, 30density function, 396distributions, 404estimation, 11maximum a-posteriori, see maximum

a-posteriori probabilitytransition, 31

pro�le, 494programming language, 391progress evaluation, 476, 493progressive search, 53prominence, 55, 206pronoun, 125, 128, 228, 229, 231

reference, 417speci�cation, 165

pronunciation, 202{204, 456network, 6

proof tree, 408property theory, 127proposed revisions, 272propositional attitude, 124, 126prosody, 52, 54, 56, 192, 194, 197, 201,

356, 395, 450, 454, 500characteristics, 500control, 191, 192information, 49, 315marks, 196modeling, 201phrase boundaries, 208

578 INDEX

phrase boundary decision, 208phrases, 203, 207, 208phrasing, 198, 207, 212structure, 193, 197symbols, 197

pruning, 133, 409, 425pseudo-letter level, 88psycholinguistics, 161, 200, 214, 390

modeling, 133realistic generation, 168tests, 500

psychologists, 200public domain, 443publishing system, 257pulse-code modulation, 331, 333, 376,

377, 523punctuation, 141purpose factors, 266

quadratic operators, 405qualitative physics, 343quality, 381

assessment, 492assurance, 463ratings, 504total quality management, 463

quantifying elements, 135quantifying noun phrases, 128quantization, 505quasi-logical form, 128query, 259

expansion, 261question-answering system, 231quiet, 450

radar chart, 492, 493rapid prototyping, 409RASTA, 14, 20, 523Ratcli�/Obershelp pattern matching

method, 84rationalist, 447

re-creation, 288re-usability, 172readability, 275reading machine, 501real world data, 343realism, 196realization, 161reasoner, 178reasoning about discourse, 232recall, 483, 504recognition, 402, 510

risks, 354small vocabulary, of telephony, 400

recognition, machine, see machinerecognition

recursion, 393recursive segmentation, 82redundancy, 87redundant speech material, 505reference, 282, 351

dependent items, 125methods, 496-point based classi�ers, 413resolution, 232semantics, 348

referring expressions, 228reformatting, 443reformulation rules, 304regional variants, 462regression, multiple split, see multiple

split regressionregular, 270

expression, 419language, 419, 420-pulse, 372excitation, 377, 378

relation, 422rei�ed logic, 344relation

is-a, 457

INDEX 579

relational database, 263relative entropy, 412Relator, 444, 452, 467, 523relevant, 483RELEX, 112reliability, 492

statistics, 454rendering, 256RENOS, 261repairs, 55, 235repeated words, 55representation, 344, 390

language, 109, 391reproducible, 508requirements speci�cations, 493Resource Management task, 8, 416, 451,

523response generation, 213RETRANS, 303returned, 483reverberation, 21, 383, 505

conditions, 383distortion, 340

reversibility, 171, 173reversible multilingual formalisms and

algorithms, 168rewrite

rules, 422system, 390

rhetorical, 232predicates, 175relations, 176, 177, 351structure, 175{178theory, 163, 231{233, 394, 523

rhyme tests, 504rhythm, 192risk, 481

minimum, 397RM, see Resource Management taskRoad Rally, 451

ROARS, 452, 467robust, 9, 242, 243, 413root power sum, 15, 523Rosetta system, 285rotation invariance, 97route, 258

description, 343, 347RPS, see root power sumRST, see rhetorical structure theoryrule, 500

-basedapproach, 190concatenation synthesis, 191disambiguator, 113formant synthesis, 200formant synthesizer, 199synthesis, 189, 191tagging, 113

inferrence, 115of grammar, 399of inference, 123probability, 138synthesizer, 500transducer, 112

Russian, 298

saliency, 55SAM, 495, 498, 501, 523satellite, 231Scandinavia, 446scanning, 72scene description, 343scopes, 135Scotish English, 452screening translation, 288SCRIBE, 452, 467script, roman, 86scriptors, 86search, 139, 423

admissible, 133, 134A�, 33, 82, 134

580 INDEX

beam, 32, 425best-�rst, 172branch-and-bound, 82error, 423exhaustive, 132fast match, 426methodologies, 259methods, 423procedure, 132, 136reduced search space, 133space, 132, 171, 172

secure voice communication, 378segment

boundaries, 228duration, 192time-frequency model, 372

segmentation, 55, 85techniques, 82

selection, 266content, 175criteria, 192

semantics, 49, 53, 55, 109, 118, 122, 141,170, 206, 230, 270{272, 344, 353,391, 393, 395, 398, 399, 407

categories, 488class, 344, 488constraint, 10, 276coverage, 127description, 122domains, 241framework, 231grammar, 53, 137-head-driven generation, 172information, 40, 455interpretation, 123and translation, 411rules, 170

knowledge, 458model, 165relations, 417

representation, 230structure, 170theory, 124, 127update, 126

Semeval system, 488semi-�xed sentence patterns, 462semiotic, 461SEMTEX, 164senone, 28sense

disambiguation, 458tagging, 458

sensorymodalities, 329realism, 329

sentence, 109analysis, 266distribution, 134form, 55generation, 163grammar, 110hypotheses, 131, 132level, 163parser, 132parsing, 265planning, 164, 165, 168pre�x, 130, 131processing methods, 264

sentential forms, 131separation, 76sequences of utterances, 227set-theoretic

constructions, 123denotations, 124

SGML, see Standard GeneralizedMarkup Language

shallow processing techniques, 268shallow recognizer, 264SHALT-J, 290shared resources, 451

INDEX 581

short function words, 206short-term spectrum, 402, 403short-time spectra, 381Shorten, 464Siemens AG, 310signal

distortion, 383estimation, 380fading, 375processing methods, 200redundancy, 374representation, 11-to-noise ratio, 18{22, 523

signaturerecognition, 99veri�cation, 96, 99

silicon memories, 375Simpli�ed English, 274, 275SIMPR, 261simulated annealing, 424, 426simulated distortion, 509singing, 200single-sentence generation, 161, 163, 169sinusoidal/harmonic, 372SISKEP, 297SITE

B'Vital, 291EuroLang, 295Sonovision, 298

situated testing, 502situation

context, 391semantics, 127theory, 127

sketch pad, 334skew, 82slant variation, 83slopes, 402SLS, 523SLU, 523

smoothing, 93, 381smoothness, 191SNR, see signal-to-noise ratioSocatra XLT, 487soccer matches, 348social context, 450Sociedad Estatal del V Centenario, 447sociology of technology, 461source

coding, 379meaning representation, 266representation, 266, 268text, 266extraction, 267

SPANAM, 290, 291Spanish, 204, 296, 297, 307, 316, 443,

452, 459, 481Spanish Reference Corpus Project, 464spare parts administration, 461spatial

information, 343layout, 86pattern, 414prepositions, 345reasoning, 345relations, 346volume selectivity, 340

speaker, 500adaptation, 6, 19adaptation technology, 194characteristics control, 194charateristics, 191-dependent system, 8emotion, 356, 500, 502enrollment, 4face, 359health, 48, 498identi�cation, 42, 442, 497identity, 16-independent, 4, 8

582 INDEX

-independent acoustic model, 6-independent recognition, 404intention, 16, 211-listener communication, 504mental states, 194non-native, 275recognition, 42, 315, 332, 376, 402,

451, 495, 497, 498state, 16variability, 17veri�cation, 42, 332, 339, 415, 497voice characteristics, 194

speakingpurpose, 194rate, 55, 450style, 454

spectral, 403, 413, 505characteristics, 191coloration, 21conversion methods, 194distance, 194distortion measures, 194envelope, 402equalization, 45estimation, 382magnitude coe�cient, 381magnitude estimation, 380, 381mapping algorithm, 194removal, 403subtraction, 380, 383variability, 25

spectrogram, 390spectrum �t scores, 425speech, 214, 256

accent, 498act names, 235act theory, 228acts, 236, 237, 241, 242indirect, 237

analysis, 402, 404

characteristics analysis, 189clean, 19cliticized, 206coders, 374, 376coding, 194, 379communication process, 395communication system, 504compression, 371, 374contaminated by noise, 371corpora, 23, 192, 450data, 443dialect, 17, 198, 450, 454, 498dis uencies, 498enhancement, 373, 380false starts, 34, 55, 141, 498generation, 168, 196high-quality, 20input, 498input system, 495non-native, 23output, 498Output Group, 501parts of, 488pauses, 380processing, 272, 402, 405production, 378quality, 371, 376rate, 17, 198read, 308recognition, see automatic speech

recognitionscoring, 498

recognition research, 49restarts, 141, 498spontaneous, 4, 10, 34, 141, 244, 308,

451, 498, 502spontaneous, characteristics, 503storage, 374synthesis, 162, 189, 191, 194, 201,

210, 211, 213, 228, 490, 501

INDEX 583

by rule, 189from concept, 213, 523from text, 332groups, 213system, 450technology, 194

tags, 40technology, 502telephone, 22transmission index, 505, 523understanding, 137, 241, 456, 495,

496variability of output speech, 194waveform, 11

SPEECHDAT, 452, 467speed, 424, 503SPELL, 452, 467spelling, 292

checking, 257checking by wordlists, 112correction, 445technology, 271

error, 272spoken

dialogue, 230, 241system, 241, 242technology, 244

input, 110language, 450acquisition, 194form, 214generation, 210, 211, 213human computer interface, 213ID, 314{317interface, 479processing system, 498system, 54, 211, 502, 503technology, 450technology workshops, 480understanding, 49{51

understanding system, 497Working Group, 501

newspaper, 501spontaneity, 503spontaneous, 50Sprakdata, 447SPRINT, 349SR, see automatic speech recognitionSRI International, 50, 51, 310, 523SSC, see speech synthesis from conceptstack-decoders, 426Standard Generalized Markup

Language, 297, 456, 462, 523standardization, 455, 500, 501standardized data sets, 510standards, 443, 454state association, 382stationarity assumptions, 382statistical, 447, 485, 497

adaptation, 83approaches, 203classi�ers, 94correlation analyses, 193cues, 267data-driven methods, 391decision rule, 396decision theory, 395induction, 143language modeling, 134, 394learning, 392machine translation, 392methods, 24, 88, 259, 265, 394modeling, 35, 190modeling techniques, 441optimization techniques, 192parsing techniques, 400properties, 395tagging, 113

statistically based, 260stereo display, 332, 335

584 INDEX

stereoconferencing, 375STI, see speech transmission indexstochastic

context-free grammar, 75, 139grammar, 315, 399language modeling, 142model, 6, 427process, 395system, 113tree-adjoining grammar, 139

stopword, 508, 510storage, 372story understanding, 343strategic generation, 161stress, 191, 192, 198

assignment, 500placement, 204

stroke, 402order, 91reordering, 93width variation, 83

structural, 508ambiguity, 141description, 406linguistics, 179matchings, 88relations, 212

structure-based model, 40STUF, 116style, 266, 271, 292, 500

analysis, 271stylus, 90, 334sub-sentential processing, 111sub-word model, 424subband, 383subject domains, 486subjective

evaluation scores, 193intelligibility tests, 504measurements, 380

sublanguage, 287subsumption hierarchy, 118SUC, 447, 464, 523su�x-stripping rules, 207summarization, 258summary

representation, 266text, 266, 267

summative evaluation, 476SUNDIAL, 50, 235, 241, 242, 452, 467,

523SUNSTAR, 452, 467, 524super-highway, 446suprasegmental, 233surface

cues, 268form, 111variability, 214

generators, 176, 178learning, 357parse tree, 41realization constraint, 175

surveillance task, 349SUSY, 290SUTRA, 164Swedish, 311, 452Sybase, 296syllable, 72, 196, 199, 495symbol, 447, 485

recognition, 77representation by, 460sets, 454

synergetic linear system, 97synonyms, 457, 460, 462syntax, 49, 55, 109, 118, 271, 272, 316,

395, 398, 399, 407, 450ambiguity, 502analysis, 299approximate analyses, 422bracketing, 190

INDEX 585

Comlex, 457constraint, 10correctness, 276coverage, 127error detection, 272form, 168generation, 170, 172, 173grammar, 53groupings, 207parser, 207representation, 111rules, 87shallow, 113structure, 16, 55, 122, 213, 399variation, 124

synthesis, 402, 500assessment, 501-by-rule, 501

syntheticface, 359, 360lips, 360speech, 212, 359, 500quality, 194signal, 196

systemdevelopment, 475, 479, 491integration, 479performance, 482, 500

Systemic Linguistics, 173SYSTRAN, 289, 305, 486, 487, 524

tabular algorithms, 132, 139tactical generation, 161, 174tactile interaction, 339tactile transduction, 334TAG, see tree adjoining grammartask, 354

adequacy, 493completion, 215complexity, 96domains, 333

-oriented grammar, 135, 137, 138tautology, 127TDL, 116, 117TECHDOC, 284technical

documents, 77, 274, 459evaluation by developer, 492evaluation by users, 492, 493translation, 290writers, 461writing, 459, 461

technology evaluation, 476Technology Initiative for Disabled and

Elderly People, 451, 524TED, see Translanguage English

Databaseteeth, 356TEI, see Text Encoding Initiativetelephone, 18, 376

bandwidth, 372Telephone Enquiry System, 212, 524teleteaching, 375TEMAA, 494temperament, 356template, 118

matching, 83vector, 404

tempo, 192temporal

anaphora, 346characteristics, 192entities, 345information, 343pattern, 414reasoning in AI, 345signal, 93structure, 346value, 345variability, 25

tense, 126

586 INDEX

term banks, 493term equivalents, 461term formation, 461terminological

analysis, 462entries, 462�les, 296knowledge engineering, 463, 524lexicons, 291resources, 462, 463translation, 302

terminological data base, multilingual,see multilingual...

terminologists, 461terminology, 292, 441, 443, 459, 475

database management program, 461databases, 459, 461interchange format, 462, 463, 524management, 459, 461, 462research, 461science, 459scienti�c, 462visualization modules, 463

TERMIUM, 461terrorist incidents, 283TES, see Telephone Enquiry Systemtesting, 508

databases, 508{510suites, 476, 486

TextEncoding Initiative, 297, 442, 447,

456, 462, 465, 524TEI A&I-7, 462

Retrieval Evaluation Conference,261, 264, 305, 480, 482{485, 524

text, 232, 256, 266, 508analysis evaluation, 482analysis technology, 482and images, 348cohesion, 231

corpora, 449, 458, 462creation, 270-dependent speaker recognition, 46entry, 84extraction, 447, 481generation, 163, 175, 179heuristics, 177-independent speaker recognition, 46input, 500interpretation, 230, 263, 265, 500medial adjuncts, 141organization, 175planner, 163planning, 161{163, 168, 175plans, 163, 167processing architectures, 264-prompted speaker recognition, 47retrieval, 482, 483, 508retrieval evaluation, 483revision, 271schemata, 175{177spans, 231structure, 168structurer, 163summarization, 130, 137to-Speech, 189, 191, 194, 196, 200,

202, 203, 205{209, 316, 501, 524to-speech synthesis, 168understanding, 482units, 109unrestricted, 141, 448unstructured, 259

texture analysis, 76TFS, see typed feature structureThai, 298theme, 232

development, 177signaling, 165

theoretical linguistics, 391theory-driven, 447

INDEX 587

theory-neutral, 442thesaurus, 261, 301, 461thesaurus descriptors, 462thought

units, 460TI, 524TI-DIGITS, see corpora, TI-DIGITSTIDE, see Technology Initiative for

Disabled and Elderly PeopleTIF, see terminology interchange formattilt, 81timber, 197time, 263

alignment, 31as an implicit parameter, 344 ies like an arrow, 448frequency analysis, 379maps, 346sequence matching, 393

timescales, unknown, 424timestamps, 354TIPSTER, 260, 261, 264TKE, see terminological knowledge

engineeringTNO Human Factors Research Institute,

504token-based encoding, 257tokenization, 38, 203

into words, 203of the input, 202

tone/tonal, 454characteristics, 192language, 16, 402

tongue, 356topic, 232

changes, 212spotting, 41, 442

topological map, 413TOSCA, 114Toshiba, 50

touch, 334modality, 329

touching printed characters, 74tractable grammatical formalisms, 136Trados, 295, 298tra�c scenes, 348training, 352, 423, 426, 508

data, 450examples, 412phase, 382, 383set, 397

trajectory, 90transaction success, 243transcribed speech data, 208transcription, 454, 498transducer, 394, 421transduction, 17transfer approach, 285transfer system, 286transition probability, 139transitional segments, 197Translanguage English Database, 453,

524translation, 123, 128, 274, 275, 281, 288,

290, 417, 461, 486aids, 494aids for, 281machine, 35, 289{296, 302{304, 477,

479, 486, 487, 490, 523, seemachine translation

machine translation system, 491, 492memories, 445, 493Translator's Workbench, 462, 493

Translation Workstation Project, 462transliteration, 204transmission, 17travel information, 311Traversal, 171TREC, see Text Retrieval Evaluation

Conference

588 INDEX

tree, 88-adjoining grammar, 116, 136,

407{409, 524bank, 142, 442, 445, 489hierarchy, 242-matching algorithm, 261regression analysis, 193structure, 261

trellis, 30, 132tress, 406tri-class model, 40trigram, 31, 33, 36, 40, 92, 315, 316, 399triphone, 442truth

conditions, 122, 123maintenance, 126truthfulness, 356

TtS, see Text-to-SpeechTUG, 117Turing, 409tutoring system, 210TWB, 493two-dimensional image, 73two-dimensional structure, 93two-level recognizer, 112two-level rules, 410, 422type, see fonttype deduction, 117Type System, 457typed feature structure, 116, 117, 119,

121, 456, 524typesetting cues, 82, 85typicality, 349typographical features, 83

U.S.Advanced Research Projects Agency,

211, 241, 243, 260, 308, 400, 444,451, 478, 479, 482, 483, 487, 491,493, 495{497, 519

Defense Advanced Research ProjectsAgency, 445, 493, 520

Department of Defense, 451, 520National Institute of Standards and

Technology, 314, 451, 468, 495,509, 510, 523

Postal Service, 468, 524UDPCS, 377unaccented, 206undecidable, 137underconstrained context-free grammar,

138undergeneration, 141underspeci�ed representation, 128Unicode, 73uni�cation, 116, 118, 164, 170

grammar, 116, 117, 391, 394, 408,409

formalisms, 117, 118unigram, 36, 39UNIPEN, 95Unisys, 51unit

model, 27selectionalgorithm, 192synthesis, 191

University (of)Amsterdam, 500College of London, 495East Anglia, 486Edinburgh, 475Geneva, 491Helsinki, 447, 465Karlsruhe, 310, 524Munich, 453Nevada, Las Vegas, 507, 510Umea, 445Washington, 468, 509

unmodeled events, 442

INDEX 589

usability, 492USC/ISI, 164user

authentication, 339ideal, 491model, 351needs, 493satisfaction, 215, 243state, 354

userspotential, 486

USPS, see U.S. Postal Serviceutility, 503utterance situation, 194UW, 524

valency, 119validity, 492variability, 74, 402, 497variable masks, 402VC, 524vector quantization, 27, 46, 47, 372, 404,

413, 524vector space model, 261, 303velocity pro�le, 96VERBMOBIL, 232, 286, 312, 452, 467,

524verbs of motion, 345very large vocabulary dictation, 9VEST, 310VHS, 331video, 256

conferencing, 337signals, 330telephony, 376

VINITI, 303virtual reality, 201, 329viseme, 356, 359visual information, 348visual memory, 211visually-impaired, 501

Viterbi, 31, 33, 84, 89algorithm, 424

VITRA, 348VLSI, 378, 524vocabulary

items, 442selection, 41size, 4, 38special, 274

vocalapparatus, 199folds, 11tract, 379, 450characteristics, 194lengths, 404

vocoders, 371, 374VODIS, 497voice

dialing, 2, 8disguise, 48-interactive system, 234mail, 376messaging services, 375modi�cation, 402quality, 194storage, 375

vowel, 356Voyager system, 308VQ, see vector quantization

Wall Street Journal, 451, 524Cambridge, 467, 524

waveform, 402coding, 371, 374

wavelet, 15Waxholm, 452, 465, 467weak heuristic and statistical methods,

264wide-context evidence, 205wideband

audio, 333

590 INDEX

speech coding, 375Wiener �lter, 382, 383Windows 3, 296Windows NT, 296Winger, 487WinText, 298WinTool, 297WIP, 169, 350, 351wireless

channel, 379communication of speech, 379

within-speaker variabilities, 5Wizard of Oz, 243, 524word, 72, 196, 199, 504

accent, 197accuracy, 508, 510con�dence scores, 82error rate, 7, 478, 502for Windows, 445fragments, 498frequency, 508hypothesis, 24isolated, 30lattice, 24, 132model, 27, 40, 75, 424ordering, 214processing, 446processing interface, 447processing program, 270processors, 257recall, 500recognition, 73, 81recognition errors, 241segmentation, 88sense disambiguation, 399, 449sense enumeration, 120sense extensibility, 119, 120senses, 488shape token, 317, 524spotting, 9, 451

unknown word boundary position,424

unknown word sequence, 424unknown words, 272use extensibility, 120

wordiness, 502WordNet, 167, 209, 305, 457work ow, 258work group support system, 258world knowledge, 266, 417World Wide Web, 259, 464, 465, 467,

501, 524WOZ, see Wizard of Ozwriter independent recognition, 91Writer's Workbench, 271, 524writing

by children, 99writing style model, 95written language, 214

generation, 210ID, 316recognition, 71, 402

written response generation, 211WSJ, see Wall Street JournalWST, see word shape tokenWWB, see Writer's WorkbenchWWW, see World Wide Web

Xerox, 116, 141Xperimental University NETwork, 336,

339, 524XUNET, see Xperimental University

NETwork

ZIP, 87, 524code recognition, 413

Zipf's law, 140

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