5681 5685.output

* GB786089 (A)

Description: GB786089 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Improvements in or relating to carbon black furnaces and sections thereof,and methods of constructing the same

Description of GB786089 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 786,089 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April 1, 1955. No 9530155. Application made in United States of America on April 8, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 51 ( 2), B 27 B; and 90, K 4. International Classification:-CO 1 b, F 23 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Carbon Black Furnaces and Sections thereof, and Methods of Constructing the Same We, PIILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY, a Corporation organised under the laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of Bartlesville, Oklahoma, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to carbon black producing furnbces In another aspect it relates to a method of constructing such furnaces. The production of carbon black by the so-called furnace method has become well known in recent years Two types of furnaces which have been developed for this use are described in Specifications Nos 621,031 and 679,818 These furnaces are characterized, generally, by an elongated cylindrical reaction chamber which is defined by a refractory liner that is surrounded by a quantity of heat insulating material The reactant materials are introduced into a "precombustion" section attached upstream from an "af terreaction" section Quenching means are provided in the after-reaction section or downstream therefrom Both the config-uration of the precombustion section and the

position of the quenching means influence the properties of the resulting carbon black The commercial carbon black producing furnaces of the types described in the above-mentioned specifications often are of considerable size and as such require large quantities of refractories which makes their construction and replacement expensive When these furnaces become worn or when leaks occur. such faults usually are localized at one or two points Heretofore, the replacement, of an entire furnace because of a fault which may have occurred at only a single point lPrice has resulted in a considerable waste of time and materials. In accordance with the present invention there are provided improved sectionalized carbon black producing furnaces 50 and a method of making such furnaces. These furnaces include a precombustion section into which the reactant materials are introduced Downstream from the precombustion section there is connected 55 an after-reaction section which either includes, or is followed by, a quench section The latter two sections are each defined by a cylindrical body of refractory material which forms a central passage 60 The quench section is provided with one or more radial ports through which water or other fluids can be introduced into the central passage Both these latter sections are constructed with the aid of a center 65 ing jig which includes a base plate to which is bolted an annular flange An upright cylindrical shell is welded to the flange to define the outer wall of the section A centering support is placed 70 within the shell and a plurality of precast refractory sectors is fitted about the support to form a hollow cylinder coaxial of the shell The region between the refractory cylinder and the shell is filled 75 with a castible refractory The top of this castible refractory is leveled and a second annular flangee is welded to the top of the shell to complete the section The centering support is removed after the castible 80 refractory has hardened The sections thus formed can readily be bolted to one another to form an after-reaction section of the desired length for a particular furnace The quench sections are formed 85 by drilling holes through the side walls. These sections can be assembled to form furnaces of desired configurations, andc individual sections can be replaced withoul; disturbing the remainder of the furnace 90 786,089 Accordingly, it is an object of thi invention to provide a simplified methoi of constructing carbon black produein E furnaces of precast and castib 11 refractories. Another object is to provide a section alized furnace whereby individual sectionl can be readily be removed for repair anc replacement.

A further object is to provide a jig foi use in constructing carbon black producing furnaces. According to the invention there is provided the method of constructing a section of a carbon black producing furnace which comprises forming a hollow cylindrical member of precast elements of refractory material, positioning said meniber within a generally cylindrical hollow metal shell, and filling the region bet-ween said member and said shell with a eastible refractory material. According to the invention there is also provided a carbon black producing furnace section comprising, a hollow cylindrical member formed of a first refractory material, a metal cylinder enclosing said member in spaced relation therewith, an annular flange secured to each end of said metal cylinder, and a quantity of a second refractory material filling the space between said member and said metal cylinder. The invention also provides the method of constructing a carbon black producing furnace having an elongated cylindrical passage surrounded by a quantity of refractory material which comprises forming a plurality of similar sections by disposing hollow cylinders formed of preeast elements of refractory material within generally cylindrical hollow metal, shells, disposing castible refractory materials between said hollow cylinders and said shells, curing said eastible refractory material, and joining said sections to one another whereby the interiors of said hollow cylinders form an elongated cylindrical passage. The invention finally provides a carbon black producing furnace comprising, a precombustion section formed of a refractory material having a generally cylindrical chamber therein, a first inlet port in one end of said chambler coaxial of said chamber, at least one second inlet port adjacent the side wall of said chamber whereby fluid introduced into said chamrbller through said second port enters said chamber tangential to the side wall of said chamber, and at least one section constructed as described above connected to said precombustion chamber adjacent the second end of said chamber, said sections being coaxial of one another. s Other objects, advantages and features 1 of this invention should become apparent g from the following detailed description 3 taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: 70 Fig 1 is a view, shown partially in 3 section, of an assemubled carbon black iproducing furnace constructed in accordance with the present invention: Fig 2 is a sectional view taken along 75 line 2-2 in Fig 1; Fig 3 is a sectional view taken along line 3-3 in Fig 1 Fig 4 is a view, shown partially in section, of a second embodiment of earbon 80 black

liroducing furnace; Fig 5 is a sectional view taken along line 5-5 in Fig 4; Fig 6 is a view of the eenterini Jig, in dis-assembled position, employeed to 85 construct certain of the individual sections of the furances of Figs 1 and 4: Fig 7 is a detailed view of a portion of the jig of Fig 6; Fig S is a seetional view taken aloniggo line 8-8 in Fig 7: and Fig '9 is a sectional view of the assembled jig supporting, a Surnace seetion. Referring' now to the drawing in detail and to Figs 1 2 and 3 in particular, there 95 is shown a carbon black producing furnace which comprises a precombustion section 10, a pair of after-reaction sections 11 and a quench section 12 Precombustion section 10 is formed of a 100 cylindrical metal shell 13 which eneloses a hollow refractory yvlindrical liner 14 The region betwyeen shell 13 and liner 14 is filled with a mass of refractory 15. Annular flanges 17 andl 18 are welded to 105 the respective ends of shell 13 A circular plate 19 extends across one end of shell 13 and is bolted to flange 17 A conduit extends through a central opening in plate 19 into the interior of section 10 110 A nozzle, not shown, is adapted to extend through conduit 20 to supply reactant materials to the interior of the furnace. A plurality of passages 22 extend thlrough the side wall of section 10 to permit the 115 introduction of gases into the furnace in directions generally tangentially to the inner wall of liner 14. After-reaction sections 11 are formed of metal shells 253 of diameter substantially 12 equal to that diameter of shell 13. Annular flanges 26 and 27 are welded to the respective ends of sections 11 to eniable these sections to 'te attaed to one another and to sections 10 and 12 hollow refrae 12 tory cylinders 2 R are eclyosed by shells 23 and the rei Onis bletweejn evhlindeis 2 q and shells 23 are J Hled xith masses or refractory 29 The iimeiei' =ianvieters,f cylinders 28 are sllubttilllv the same 13 786,089 as the inner diameter of cylinder 14 so that a uniform diameter central passage is formed through sections 10 and 11. Quench section 12 is generally similar to sections 11 and corresponding elements arc designaled by like primed reference numerals Section 12 differs from section 11 in that a plurality of radial passages 32 is formed in the side wall, through which conduits 33 extend to introduce water or other fluid into the furnace to quench the reaction products -A circular plate 34 having a central opening therein is bolted to flange 27 ' A conduit 35 is attached to plate 34 to define the outlet passage from the furnace Conduit 35 is in turn attached to conventional cooling and carbon black separating means, not, shown, which are disposed downstream from the furnace. The carbon black producing furnace thus far described operates upon

the principles described in Specification No. 621,031, and reference is made to this specification for a detailed description of the operation of such a furnace to produce carbon 'black. In Figs 4 and 5 there is shown a second type of carbon black producing furnace The precombustion section 40 of' this second furnace includes first and second hollow coaxial abutting refractory cylindrical liners 41 and 42 The downstream end of liner 42 is enclosed by a metal shell 43 which is attached to or made integral with a larger diameter shell 44 which encloses liner 41 The region between liners 41 and 42 and shells 43 and 44 is filled with a refractory 45. An annular flange 47 is welded to the end of shell 44, and an annular flange 48 is welded to the end of shell 43 A circular metal plate 49 is bolted to flange 47 so as to extend across the end of section 40 A 45,onduiit 50 extends through a central opening in plate 49 to define a passage for a nozzle, not shown, which supplies reactant materials to the interior of section 40 A plurality of passages 52 extends through the side wall of section to direct the introduction of gases into the interior of section 40 in directions generally tangentially of the side wall of liner 41 A quench section 53 is attached to the downstream end of chamber 40. Quench section 53 corresponds generally to section 12 of Fig 1 and like reference numerals are employed to designate corresponding elements An outlet section 54, which corresponds to section 11 of Fig. 1, is attached to the downstream end of quench section 53 An end plate 34 is disposed across the second end of section a 4 and an outlet conduit 35 is attached thereto. By replacing quench section 53 with a second section 54 and by providing quenching means in outlet conduit 35, a furnace which is basically of the type shown in Specification No 679,818 is 70 formed Thus, by formiing the several quench and after-reaction sections of uniform diameter, it is possible to interchange these sections as desired to form furnaces of various configurations which 75 produce carbon blacks having distinetive properties. The jig illustrated in Figs 6, 7, 8 and 9 is employed in constructing these individual sections This jig comprises a flat 80 base plate 60, which has a plurality of leveling screws 61 extending downwardly therethrough A cylindrical rod 62, having a longitudinal keyway 63 therein, is secured to and extends upwardly from 85 plate 60 A circular plate 64, having a central opening 65 therein, is adapted to rest on base plate 60 such that rod 62 extends through opening 65 A centering guide 67 is provided to rest on plate 64 90 Guide 67 comprises a hollow rod 68 having an inner diameter slightly larger than the diameter of rod 62 A set screw 69 extends through rod 68 to

engage keyway 63, thereby retaining the centering guide 95 in alignment with base plate 60 An annular plate 70 is attached to the lower end of rod 68 Plate 70 supports a plurality of upright bars 72 which are pivotally attached to rod 68 by hinges 73 100 As shown in detail in Figs 7 and 8, hinges 73 each comprise a plate 74 welded to rod 68 and bar 75 which it attached to a bar 72 at one end by a pin 76 and to plate 74 at its second end by a pin 77 105 Bars 72 extend slightly beyond the edge of plate 70 when these bars rest on plate An annular plate 80, Fig 6, is secured to a rod 81, which has a keyway 82 therein, by a frame assembly 83 Rod 110 81 extends coaxial of plate 80 and is such diameter as to fit into the top of rod 68. A second set screw 88 in rod 68 engages keyway 82 to align plate 8 f) with respect to guide 67 115 Plate 64 is provided with two groups of spaced bolt holes 84 and 85 Corresponding holes 84 a and 85 a are drilled in base plate 60, holes 84 a being of sufficient diameter to receive the heads of bolts, not 120 shown in Fig 6, which are passed through holes 84 Bolt holes 84 b are drilled in annular plate 80 in the same relative spacings as holes 84 occupy in plate 64. An annular flange 86 is welded on plate 125 64 inside the bolt holes 84 and 85. The construction of the furnace sections is illustrated in Fig 9 Flange 26 is first attached to plate 64 by bolts 90 which pass through holes 84 of plate 64 and 130 786,089 corresponding holes in flange 26 This assembly is then bolted to base plate 60 b)y bolts 91 which extend through holes Saa 85 and corresponding holes in flange 26 Cylindrical shell 25 is then inounted on top of flange 86 inside flange 26 Guide 67 is mounted on rod 62 and locked in position by set screw 69 Following this. flange 27 is secured to plate SQ by bolts 9:3 which extend through holes 84 b) and corresponding holes in flange 27 This assembly of flange 27 and plate SO is then attached to thle base assembly by inserting rod 81 in rod 68 Flange 26 is secured to shell 25 by a weld 93 and flanie 27 is secured to shell 25 by wtv lelds 96 and 97. A first layer of preeast curved refractory sectors 100 is placed on plate 64 outside bars 72 of uiiide 67 These sectors form a portion of cylinder 2 ' The individual sectors 100 are flat on the bottom edge and provided with grooved upper edges to make lap joints wvitb a second layer of curved precast refractory sectors 101 which is placed upon the first layer As shown in Fig:, the individual sectors 100, 101 are of such confiin Lration as to be joined to one another by tongueand-groove,joints Any desired number of sectors 100, 101 can be employed in each laver As shown in Fig 3, four sections 101 are preferred when it is desired to -use four quench passages 32 in quench section 12 Each layer of sectors is oftset from the adjacent layers so

that the joints are not in alignment Layers of like sectors 102 and 103 are added to extend cylinder 28 to the top of flangae 27 the top surface of sectors 103 being flush with flange 27 These several sectors can be retained in place surrounding guide 67 by paper tape or twine which is wrapped around each layer After the precast sectors are thus positioned, the region between these sectors and shell 25 is filled with a castible refractory material 29. Material 29 is tamped in the annular interspace and the top is smoothed flush with the top of flange 27 Plate 64 can 7 e coated with wax prior to the insertion of refractory material 29 to prevent this miaterial from adhering to plate 64 after the section is completed Wi'hen sufficient time has elapsed for refractory material 29 to harden the jig is dis-assembled and the lower surface of flange 26 is welded to shell 25 at the region previously occupied by flange 86. Precast sectors 100-103 and refractory material 29 can le fornied of any desired commercially available refractories Excellent results hrave been obtained -when sectors 100-103 were formed of a rmaterial known in the art as "Mulifrax", Registered Trade -Mark, manufactured by the Carborundin-ii Co and material 29 was "Alfrat BI 3, Registered Trade Mark, also manufactured 1, the Carhorlundum Co. Other suitable precast refractory mater ials which can he employed are lknovwn in the 70 art as Carl Rfrax egistered Trade 1 l Mark, Fefrax" Registered Trade Mark. "Crystallite A- Tlade Mark and silli mainite" T Ihe iinportant physical requiremeats of these materials are heat resis 735 tanee spall antd (crake resistance, and erosion or abrasion resistance The castible refractory can be any material having hligh heat resistance and low thermal conductivity The completed 80 section is air-dried in ain upright position sufficient time for the eastible refractory to harden Tlis ean be of the order of forty-eight hours, for example when "Alfrax EI" is employed The section can 85 thlen be mounted in a furnace and the temperature elevated from 2005 F to 600 F until steaming is completed The section is then ready for uriin 2 at elevated temperatures b increasin the tempera 90 ture from 600-F to 15001 F at all increase of 250 F per hour for example. If it is desired to employ the thus forimed section as a quench section in a furnace, passages:12 are drilled in the 95 wall to receive spray condu 1 its:3: Alternatively, removable rods can be inserted in the mold assembly prior to the insertion of the castible refractor\- The individual sections are joined to one another by bolts 100 which pass through flang-es 26 and 2777 It is preferred to emnploy a small quantity of refractory cement to seal the edges bet-ween aljnttino Q seetions As illustrated in Fiu' 1 fla-nes 106 calln he 105 welded to the inner surfaces of the metal shells adjacent one or both

ends, if desired These flanges tend to block the flow of gases along the inner surfaces of the metal shells if leak S should develop in 110 the refractories. Frorn the foregoing descrintion it should be apparent that there is prolvided in accordance with this invention an improved carbon 'lack producing 2 r furnace 115 and a nmetlhod of constructing same The advantages of sueh an assembly include: economy of construction in that a skilled brick layer is nfot required a saving in the time required for construction ease 120 of handling, the individual sections, and economy in replacing worn sections. While this invention has been described in conjunction with a present preferred embodiment it should be apparent that 125 the invi-ention is int limited thereto.

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* GB786090 (A)

Description: GB786090 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Improvements in or relating to disc brakes for railway vehicles


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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor:-GEOFFREY CARL JACKSON. Date of filing' Complete Specification: Mlarch 23, 1956. Application Date: April 2, 1955 No 9690 /55. Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957. Index at Acceptance-Class 103 ( 1), EIA(A 1: 2 D), E 2 NIA( 1: 3: 4 A 2: 5: O A), E 2 N 1 C 2 A, E 2 N 1 D( 2 B: 2 D: 5: 6 A: 601: 12:13), EPN 2 B( 4: 5), E 3 D. International Classification:-FO 6 d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Disc Brakes for Railway Vehicles. We, GIRLING LIMITED, a British Company, of Kings Road, Tyseley, Birmingham 11, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to improvements in disc brakes for railway vehicles and relates particularly to a brake of the type in which arcuate brake-shoes carrying friction pads adapted to be applied to a disc or discs rotating with a wheel or axle are mounted on opposed pivoted caliper levers of which the outer ends are separable by fluid pressure and mechanical means to apply the brake. According to one feature of the invention in a railway brake of that type the caliper levers carrying the brake shoes are pivotally mounted on the limbs of a yoke which is mounted on the vehicle or bogie frame for angular movement about an axis lying in the central plane of the brake disc or discs and radial with respect to the axis of the disc or discs, so that the yoke and the levers can accommodate themselves to angular displacements of the disc or discs in relation to the frame or bogie. Preferably the yoke has a second aligned bearing spaced radially outwards from its main bearing whereby the torque on the yoke when the brake is applied is effectively resisted. The brake shoes are pivoted to the inner ends of the caliper levers for angular movement about axes parallel to the axes of the levers and to the surfaces of the brake disc or discs, and the outer ends of the levers are adapted to be separated by a fluidlk -A pressure cylinder and by an alternative mechanical linkage. If the brake shoes co-operate with discs located on opposite sides of

a wheel the discs may conveniently be carried by the peripheries of resilient metal pressings which are secured to the wheel web and incorporate annular waves or corrugations permitting a limited radial movement of the discs relative to the wheel, the axial spacing of the braking surfaces of the discs being maintained by distance pieces located between the inner faces of the discs and passing through the web of the wheel. Alternatively the axial spacing between the braking surfaces of the discs may be maintained by ribs or fins cast on to the inner faces of the discs, the machined faces of these bosses or fins registering on corresponding machined surfaces on the wheel web. One practical railway brake in accordance with the invention is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is a side elevation of a bogie wheel and brake. Figure 2 is a plan of the wheel and brake with the outer portions of the wheel and brake discs in section. Figure 3 is a fragmentary view on a larger scale of one end of a brake shoe looking in the direction of the arrow in Figure 1. Figure 4 is a section on the line 4-4 of Figure 3. In the drawings, 10 is part of the frame of a bogie for a railway coach or wagon, and 11 is one of the wheels which is carried by an axle 12 rotatably mounted in the usual bearings. 786,090 786,090 Brake discs 13, 13 are mounted on opposite sides of and rotate with the wheel 1, and the outer faces of the discs are adapted to be engaged by friction pads 14 carried by shoes 15. Each shoe is of arcuate outline and has on its rear or outer face integral spaced lugs which render it extremely rigid The lugs receive a pin 16 by which the shoe is pivotally articulated to the inner end of a caliper lever The axis of the pin 16 is parallel to the surface of the brake discs and at right angles to a horizontal plane containing the axis of the wheel Each of the caliper levers 17 and 18 comprises two spaced complementary arms mounted on the top and bottom ends of a pin 19 which is rotatably received in a bush in the free end of one limb of a yoke 20, the pin 19 being parallel to the pin 16. The yoke 20 is of U outline in plan with parallel limbs spaced apart at a distance greater than the width of the wheel rim which is straddled by the yoke. a The yoke is pivotally mounted on a main bearing formed by a pin 21 passing through a bush or axially spaced bushes in the yoke midway between the limbs The ends of the pin 21 are held in spaced portions of a rigid bracket 22 fixed to the bogie frame, the axis of the pin lying in a plane midway between the braking surfaces of the discs 13 and being radial with respect to the axis of the wheel A further pivot pin 23 in axial alignment with the pin 21 is mounted in spaced lugs 24

on the outer end of a curved rigid arm 25 of hollow box or inverted channel section integral with and extending radially outwards from the yoke, the pin 23 being rotatable in a bush in a lug 26 entering between the lugs 24 and secured to the bogie frame This second bearing takes the braking torque on the yoke at a substantial distance on the opposite side of the main bearing from the brake shoes and prevents overloading of the main bearing The curvature of the arm 25 provides clearance for the brake actuating mechanism 27 which is located between the outer ends of the caliper levers. The brake actuating mechanism comprises a fluid-pressure cylinder and piston assembly having its axis parallel to the wheel axis, the cylinder being pivotally x coupled to, the outer end of one caliper lever and the piston to the other The couplings are formed by pins 28 which are parallel to the pivot pins 19 of the caliper levers. If an hydraulic cylinder is used liquid under pressure can be supplied to it through a flexible hose 29 connected to a supply pipe leading to a master cylinder actuated by a vacuum or compressed air cylinder connected to the train braking system Alternatively, a pneumatic cylinder can be used and air under pressure can be fed to it from the normal train brake equipment. The ends of the caliper levers are also connected to mechanical means for applying the brake manually from a lever or hand 70 wheel In the arrangement illustrated a lever 31 is pivotally connected at one end to a bracket 32 on the bogie frame and at an intermediate point in its length is connected to the outer end of one caliper lever 75 by the pin 28 which connects the lever to the fluid-pressure cylinder The other end of the lever is pivotally connected to one end of a link 33 which is substantially parallel to the axis of the fluid pressure cylinder so A longitudinal slot 34 in the link adjacent to its other end slidably receives a pin 35 on one end of a lever 36 having at an intermediate point in its length another pin 37 slidable in a slot 38 in an extension of the 85 piston-rod of the fluid-pressure cylinder. The other end of the lever 36 is pivotally connected by a link 39 to one arm of a bellcrank lever 40 pivoted at 41 on a bracket 42 on the frame The other arm of the lever 90 is coupled by a meinber 43 to a pull-rod 44 leading to a hand brake lever or wheel. When a pull is applied to the rod 44 the linkage forces the outer ends of the caliper levers apart to apply the brake The slots 95 34 and 38 provide sufficient lost motion to allow the brake to be applied by the fluid pressure cylinder without affecting the mechanical linkage. Each of the friction pads 14 is bonded 100 or othenvise secured to a backing plate 50 which is of the same outline as the brake shoe and is detachably secured to the shoe so that a fresh pad can be readily fitted to replace a worn one For this purpose the 105 backing plates

are provided at each end with projecting central tongues 51 which are received between spaced lugs 52 on a clamping member 53 which is hinged to the shoe by a pin 54 and is retained in the securing 1 i 1 position by captive screws 55, the lugs 52 having cranked portions 56 which engage over the ends of the backing plate beyond the ends of the friction pad, as shown in Figures 3 and 4, and clamp the backing 115 plate against the face of the shoe By slackening the screws 55 and hinging the members 53 away from the shoe the pad and backing plate can be readily removed and another substituted without disturbing 120 any of the rest of the mechanism A layer 57 of rubber or other suitable material may be located between the backing plate and the face of the brake shoe. Each of the brake discs 13 is a cast-iron 125 ' ring which is cast on to the peripheral edge of an annular carrier 60 pressed from resilient sheet metal, the periphery of the carrier being provided with radial tongues of dovetail outline to form a key with the iron The 130


* GB786091 (A)

Description: GB786091 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Improvements in or relating to flexible couplings, dampers or the like


PATENT SPEUFICATlON Date of fili-nt Complete Specification: Mlacy 1, 1956. Applicafion Dale: April 4, 1955 No 9753155. Complete Speci cation Publish ed: N Xov 13, 1957, Index at Acceptance:-Class 80 ( 2), U 5 B 2, M 5 C( 1: 2 3). International Classifidatibn -FO 6 d.

COMPLETIE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Plegible Couplings, Dampers or the like. I, Louis PAUL Ckos ET, a British Subject, of 21 Dorchester Road, Fixby, Huddersfield, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be giaiited to me, and the method by which it is to be performed to be particularly described in and by the following statenient:This invention relates to imliprovements in flexible couplings, dampers and the like, of the kind comprising two cohcenttic members, two sets of blades which blades extend radially or more or less radially between the said members and also lonigitudifially, and which blades are connected altdftiately to one and the other of said doncefitric riflembers in the circumferential direction so as to form cells each defined in end view by the concentric members and adjacent blades, the blades being each engaged by dne or more pairs 6 f precompiessed blddks df rubber or synthetic rubber-like material located in the cells, so that one face of each block engages a blade of ohe 6 f the two concentric members and the opposite face a blade 6 f the other concejittid nichbet, the blocks being free fromi any locatinig bolts therein. An examiple of siich appatatuis is described in the Spedification 6 f Patefit Nd. 641,425 according to which the coupling or the like has its dells closed by end plates and the volume of the blocks is so selected that (a) spcde are left in the cells under no-load coniditions for ddfofihation of the blocks in the radial and/or akial directions and (b) when the blocks are subject to further compression when the doubling or the like is under load, completely fill the cells, the blocks iii the other cells are slightly compressed. Apparatus of this kind has proved very effective in practice as a result of which there is a demand therefore for applications involving very large sizes and speeds with lPrice 3 s 6 4 h S 6 i consequenit difficulty in providing rubber blocks which will carry all the loads invol Ved The tendency heretofore has beeh to maiitaiii the cells with approxiiately the same W/R diinciiidfial ratio for la-'gd couplinigs as for smilall couplings, where W = the axial length of the cell and R the radial depth of the cell The W/R ratio was usually about 2. According to the present invention at least two outer concenttic niembers are bolted togethet so that the cells iti one foiffr axial cohtiniuations of the cells in another, the akial length 6 f the composite cells beifig greatet than 3 R. Byi means of this construction the ifi 6 ffiilft of inertia of the coiipling dch be mfiaintaind at a 'minimum which is of cdisiderabld ifilpoftaine ifi dcuplings for dhe tiahiffiismidnf of high torque such

for inistance as ia fe Vetsifng rollinig hlls. The inviieitido Will now be furthie descfibed With trieferce to the adcofit Anyiflg dtawing which is h setidfal view 6 f a. flexible coupliing m-iad in' accdtdaidic with the invention. The coupling coiprise ain ifiniet anhular ffidhiber 10 amd two dtitet aninuilar if esinbdts 1 2 in t f the fmf dtiiffl, the coffibi Aed axial lenigth of Which is ap Pi 6 Ridiittly equal to the lenigth 6 f the innx ifierfibet These jieffi Bets are coiicdntric With each other anld carry blades which ate nlot shown bait are substantially the saii as showni in the Specificatido of Patent No 641,425 The outer member 11 has outwardly extending annular flanges 14, 13 at opposite ends, and the outer member 12 has similar flanges 16, 17 The adjacent flanges 15, 16 have bolt holes engaged by bolts 18 whereby the outer membets are secured t 6 gether whereby the cells in one outer member are continuous with the cells in the other outer member, these cells each containing four rubber blocks 20, 716 e O 91 65786,091 21, 22, 23 The axial length of the composite cells is greater than three times the radial depth of the cell. The inner member 10 is fixed on an input shaft 24 The flange 17 is bolted by bolts 26 to a driving flange 39 on an output shaft 40 A cover ring 28 is bolted by bolts 41 to the flange 14 The ring and flange 39 have inspection holes covered by cover plates 33, 34. If desired however the ring 28 may be made in halves for convenience of assembly and inspection in which case it need not be provided with inspection holes and cover plates 33. The outer members or drums are of equal axial length and each contains two of the elastic blocks so that four elastic blocks abutting end to end are accommodated in each composite cell each block having greater axial length than radial depth. In an alternative construction one drum has a less axial length than the other so that one drum accommodates one block and 2 5 the other drum accommodates two blocks, each block again being of greater axial length than radial depth. The blocks are preferably at all times in contact with the outer concentric members over substantially the whole area of these members in the cells and in contact with the blades over substantially the whole area of the blades In a preferred construction the blades are of constant thickness from and including their free ends to a position adjacent to their attachment to the concentric members and a clearance is provided between their free ends and the concentric members Also, in such construction the blocks are of wedge shape in end view and rectangular in longitudinal section and in contact with the outer concentric member over their whole circumferential width and their whole length Each of the blocks is preferably symmetrical about a

central radial plane. The blocks should be designed of such size for a given maximum loading that they will not be compressed more than twenty 50, per cent in width during use To achieve this without unduly increasing the diameter of the coupling we prefer to make the axial length of the blocks at least one and one quarter times the radial dimension The blocks, however, should not be too long as this makes it difficult to insert them under compression and the lengths of the blocks should therefore not exceed twice the radial dimension The blocks are inserted under initial compression by making them of OX) greater size peripherally than the normal cell dimension but of less radial dimension than the cell The blocks are then pressed into the cells and will be compressed peripherally and will extend radially The blocks '5 are made so that under maximum load some of the blocks are compressed so as to fill the cells completely, the other blocks being then still slightly compressed as previously stated. The initial compression will produce about 70 to 10 per cent reduction of the size of the block peripherally and under the load the blocks may be compressed a further 5 to per cent in size so that the deformation is not more than 20 per cent (linearly in any 75 direction) of their completely free condition when they completely fill the cells.


* GB786092 (A)

Description: GB786092 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Cathode ray character tracer


A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available

amongst the following family members:

DE1099242 (B) FR1142376 (A) US2872669 (A) DE1099242 (B) FR1142376 (A) US2872669 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip



PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April 12, 1955. 786,092 No 10442/55. Application made in United States of America on April 15, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 40 ( 3), A 5 (K 2: P 18:P 2 A); and 40 ( 7), T 2 C. International Classification:-G 01 r, C 08 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Cathode Ray Character Tracer We, INTERNATIONAL Busn Ess MA Ci IN Es CORPORATION, a Corporation organized and existing under the Laws of the State of New York, United States of America, of 590 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to apparatus for providing a visual display of selected characters on the screen of a cathode ray tube. Heretofore various character recorder systems for tracing characters have been known which utilized moving mechanical parts for light scanning either predetermined fiducial marks or pattern component emitters It is an object of the present invention to provide a device which is operable without the use of moving mechanical elements. According to the invention we provide apparatus for providing a visible display of selected characters on a cathode ray tube screen, including control means comprising a further cathode ray tube and at least three masks having transparent and opaque areas each associated with a corresponding photo-sensitive device and optical means arranged to direct light from the further cathode ray tube screen to each device through an area of the associated mask dependent upon the

position on the cathode ray tube screen from which such light originates, means being provided for sweeping the further cathode ray tube screen with an electron beam so that light emitted therefrom scans desired areas of said masks simultaneously and connections l)etwveen said photo-sensitive devices and the display cathode ray tube whereby voltages from two of the former controls lPrice 3/6 l deflection of the electron beam in the latter while voltage from a third of said devices controls blanking thereof. Any desired character or pattern may be produced on the recording screen by 50 appropriate formation of the masks and by changing the latter the range of characters obtainable from a device according to the invention may readily be altered. Various other features may be embodied 55 in devices according to the invention as will be better understood from the following description of one preferred embodiment, illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which: 60 Figs 1 A and 1 B taken together, are a block diagram of the preferred embodiment for character tracing. Fig 2 shows a plurality of related character representing synthesizing pat 65 terns which are scanned simultaneously, the particular one shown being thus used for deriving voltages for representing the digit ''5 ". Fig 3 is a graph of the digit " 5 " with 70 various plotting points indicated thereon. Throughout the description of this invention, trigger circuits are referred to; and more particularly, triggers are described as being either ON or OFF Due 75 to the nature of the trigger which may comprise two reciprocally resistance coupled vacuum tubes, the trigger is maintained at one of two stable conditions, termed ON and OFF When the left side 80 of the trigger is conducting, the trigger is arbitrarily described as being ON When the right side of the trigger is conducting, the trigger is arbitrarily described as being OFF 85 A plurality of sequentially coupled triggers form a ring wherein the said triggers are rendered ON successively by suitable succeeding voltage pulses When, in addition -thereto, the last trigger is 90 786,092 coupled to the first trigoer so that the first trigger is rendered ON as the last trigger is rendered OFF, the ring is more accurately termed a closed ring. As is well known in the electrical art, the point upon the screen of a cathode ray tube at which a cathode ray beam impinges, is controlled by voltages applied to deflection plates, or coils, associated with the said tube By applying suitable tracing voltages to these deflection controls, the electron beam may be caused to trace an intelligible character. It is also well known that the intensity of the electron beam in a

cathode ray tube may be controlled by varying the bias voltage applied to its control grid For the purposes of this description, the electron beam is referred to as being either ON or OFF When the cathode ray tube electron beam strikes its related screen so that energy radiations are emitted therefrom, the electron beam is arbitrarily described as being ON When the said electron beam fails to cause energy radiations to be emitted from its screen, the electron beam is arbitrarily described as being OFF. Inasmuch as the circuits represented LY 30the blocks shown in Figs 1 A and 1 B are well known to persons familiar with this art, these circuits are described only briefly in order to avoid undue prolixity. Referring to Figs LA and 1 B a multivibrator 10 generates timed parent voltage pulses W hich are changed to square wave voltage pulses by a clipper 11 and amplified by a power vacuum tube circuit 12. Output voltage pulses from circuit 12 render triggers included within closed primary timer rino'13, ON, in a timed relation corresponding to the timed pulses generated by multivibrator 10 The triggers within ring 13 are coupled sequientially to form a closed ring so that the said triggers are rendered O:N successively: i e, for each voltage pulse applied to the said ring, a trigger is rendered ON as its preceding trig-er is So turned OFF. Primary timer ring 13 in the embodiment of this invention comprises nine sequentially connected triggers The first one of these triggers is connected to a power vacuum tube circuit 14 so that when said first trigger is rendered ON every ninth multivibrator voltage pulse, a correspondingl timed voltage impulse is transmitted to the power vacuum tube circuit 6014 so as to render the power amplifier tube therein conducting A resulting amplified output voltage impulse from circuit 14 is transmitted simultaneously to character selector X and Y rings 15 and 16, respectively. Each one of the closed X and Y rines includes seven sequentially connected triggers which are rendered ON suecessively; i e, for each voltage impulse received bv either ring 15 or 16 from 70 circuit 14, one trigger within that ring is turned ON as its preceding trigger is turned OFF, and the ring is referred to as having advanced one step. As each of the rings 15 and 16 contains 75 seven triggers, there are 49 possible lombinations of two triggers ineluading one from each ring, thns the combined states of the two rings may represent anay one of 49 characters It will be apparent to those 80 skilled in the art that the operation of rings 13 and 16 in response to impulses from circuit 14 may readily he conitrolled so that each ring stops at any desired position in accordance with the char, er 85 next to lec traced. There is associated with each of the X and Y rings 15 and 16, a

respective power unit 17 and 18 each of vwhichli inecludes a power tube and associated circuit to to ires 9 g pond with each triggo er in the ai mentioned rings 15 and 16 A power tulbe within each of the units 17 and 1 S is caused to conduct when its correspondigl trigger is turned ()X Thus the tulbes 95 within each of the power units are rendered conductirg successiveh in step with their corresponding trio oers The component values of the aforementioned power unit power tuhe circuits differ forrlo O each power tube so that the potential output due to any one conducting power tlube is of a correspondingly different magnitude. These power tube output voltages from 105 units 17 and 1 S are applied to electron beam positioning circuits 19 and 20, respectively, associated with selector cathode ray tube 21 Positioning circuit 19 is a voltage mixer circuit such that the 110 output voltage from the positioning circuit 19 is due to the combined voltages derived from a sweep circuit 22 via amplifier circuit 34 associated therewvitlh and from powrer unit 17 The component values of 115 X sweep circuit 22 are such as to cause one saw-tooth voltage pulse during, the time that each trigs er in X ring 15 is ON. It is to be observed that a character is traced during each saw-tooth voltage pulse 120 As the description advances, the overall operation will l)ecome quite clear. Positioning circuit 20 serves as an amplifier for the output signals from unit 18 The output voltages from p Ositio 1 ning 125 circuits 19 and 20 are applied to the horizontal, or S, and vertical, or Y electronl beam deflections plates within selector tune 21 As mentioned liereinlbefore the position of an electron cathode ray b-eam 130 786,092 lpon the screen of its cathode ray tube is controlled by the potentials applied to the deflection plates or coils associated with the tube Hence, the position of the electron beam upon the screen of tube 21, is determined by the magnitude of the output voltages from positioning circuits 19 and 20 The magnitude of the output voltage from a positioning circuit, in turn, is determined by the magnitude of the output voltage from the aforementioned condluetino power tube within the power units 17 and 18 It will therefore be seen that by adjusting the power tube circuits 17 and 18 to produce suitable output voltages the beam can be made to occupy different parts of the screen in any desired sequence during a cycle of the rings 15 aaiil 16 While the beam is positioned at anly given part of the screen, it will move to sean that part of the screen due to the saw-tooth voltage from sweep circuit 22. A blanking voltage is applied to character selector cathode ray tube 21 (Figs 1 A and 1 83) in order to render its electron beam OFF during the time that the electron beam is shifted from one part of the screen

to another. (late circuit 48 includes a trigger which is connected to timer ring 13 so that the trigger in gate circuit 48 is turned OFF when the last trigger in ring 13 is turned OFF, and is turned ON when the second trigger in ring 13 is turned ON It is to be recalled that primary timer ring 13 includes nine sequentially connected triggers Hence, the trigger in gate circuit 48 is rendered ON for eight multivibrator pulses, and OFF for one pulse. As ring 13 is a closed ring, these nine multivibrator pulses advance said ring once around. The trigger of gate circuit 48 is connected to X sweep circuit 22 so that when said trigger is OFF, it delivers an output voltage biasing the sweep circuit sufficiently to prevent an output sweep voltage therefrom This voltage is also applied to the Z control of tube 21 in order to render its electron beam OFF. The impulse from the first trigger in ring 12 that turns the second trigger therein ON, also turns the trigger in gate circnit 48 ON This removes the bias voltage being applied to X sweep circuit 22 and the Z control of tube 21, rendering the sweep circuit 22 operative, whereby one saw-tooth wave is generated during the period that trigger 2 to 9 in ring 13 are ON During the period that trigger 1 in ring 13 is ON, i e, one-ninth of timer ring 13 time, the electron beam of tube 21 is being moved under control of position units 19 and 20, while eight-ninths of timer ring 13 time is used to trace a character. An alternative method for positioning a cathode ray beam in response to received coded signals to thereby select a related symbol arranged oln a mask, is deseribed 70 and shown in United States Patent No. 2,283,383 H-ence, by connecting converters 25 (Fig 1 of this Ulnited States Patent) and 27 to the X and Y positioning circuits 19 and 20 (Fig 1 IB) of cathode ray 75 tube 21 (see also Fig 1 A), the electron beam within tube 21 can he deflected in accordance with received coded signals. The connection of power unit 17 to circuit 19, and unit 18 to circuit 20 would not be 80 necessary in view of the aforementioned connections. The light beam emitted from the fluorescent screen of tube 21 when the said tube is turned ON, is directed along three paths 85 towards a light sensitive phototube positioned in each path One light beam path is defined by lens 23, light beam splitters 24 and 25, mask 26, collector lens 27, and phototube 28 Another path is 90 defined bv lens 23, beam splitter 24, halfsilvered surface 29, mask 30, collector lens 31, and phototube 32 The third path is defined by lens 23 half-silvered surface 33, mask 34, lens 35, and phototube:36 95 Phototubes 36, 28 and 32 are assoeiated via respective amplifier

circuits 38, 39 and with the X, YT and Z controls, respectively, of character viewing tube 37 as will be described shortly The varying voltage 100 outputs of amplifiers 38, 39 and 40 cause a character to be traced on the screen of viewing tube 37 Such a character may be recorded by any suitable means, such as camera 41 105 Each of the masks 26, 30 and 34 includes a plurality of character-representing patterns, such as are shown in Fig 2 The focussing voltages applied to the controls of the electron-gun of selector tube 21 are 110 such as to produce a beam giving onl the screen of tube 21 a vertical line of light having a height such that the height of the image thereof formed by lens 23 on each mask is equal to the height of each pattern 115 on said mask. Each character representing synthesizing pattern in a mask consists of transparent and opaque configurations arranged so as to vary the amount, or 120 intensity, of light energy impinging upon a related phototube Each of these patterns is disposed within an area of the mask which has similar proportions to the area of the screen on tube 21 covered by 125 the electron beam of the sweep circuit 22. The embodiment of this invention is capable of handling forty-nine characters; namely, twenty-six alphabetic characters, ten numeric characters and thirteen special 130 786,092 characters Hence, each of the aforesaid masks is divided into forty-nine areas so -as to form seven rowys bv seven columns of character representing synthesizing patterns Each of the forty-nine patterns in mask 26 is used to control the Y deflection plates of tube:37, whereas each of the patterns in mask:24 is used to control the X deflection plates of this tube The patterns in mask:30 are used to,povern the Z control of tube 37 Furthermore, each of the elements in the aforedescribed three optical paths are arranged so that at any niven time the light beam from the screen 1 i of tube 21 impinges upon a corresponding region of masks 26 30 and:31 Hence, if the light beam impinges upon the extreme left-hand region of area 45 (see Fig 1 A) which is situated in the first row of the first column in mask 34, the light beams of approximately equal intensity -will impinge concurrently upon the extreme lefthand portions of corresponding areas 46 and 47 in masks 26 and 30, respectively. During the timne that a phototube is energized by light rays, a voltage impulse is directed to an associated amplifier circuit However, the magnitude of this voltage impulse is determined by the intensity of light energ impinging upon the phototube Hence, a varying voltage output may be had by varying the light input to the phototul)e. As is shown in Fig 1 A, mask areas 45, 46 and 47 (see also Fig 2 j are situated in the first row of the first column in masks 34, 26 and o 0,

respectively Referring specifically to Fig 2, the shaded parts in each of the areas 45, 46 and 47 is the opaque pattern, whereas the remaining parts are transparent By referring to Figs 2 and 3, it may readily be seen that by causing the line of light from the screen 21 to sweep across the patterns in areas 45, 46 and 47, simultaneously, the digit i may be traced. During the period that the light beam sweeps from a to b, the electron beam in iewing tuabe 37 is caused to move from a' to h' It may be seen that between the limits a and b, the Y control c Iaraeter synthesizing pattern does not change the amount of light impinging upon its associated phototuhe Hence, the voltage 5,:, output from phototube 28 (see also Fig,. IA) does not vary and the electron b)eam in tubla 37 is not caused to move vertically b-etween the period of time defined bv limits a' and b' On the other hand, the X control pattern in area 45) causes the amount of light energy impinging upon its associated phototube 36 to vary, and aceordingly, causes the voltage output from phototube:36 to vary and the electron beam in tube 237 to move horizontally from. a' to b' Since li:ht elnerlgy i S permitted to impinge upon phototube 32 between the limits a anl L, the viewl-inlg cathode ray tube 37 is turnel ON and the path of the cathode ray beant within tulbe 37 between 70 a' and b' is rendered visible However. during the period between b and c (see Fig 2 the viewing tulie bearn is turned OFF while the voltages applied to the deflection plates associated therewith cause 75 the bearm to move in a clockwise direction, as is indicated byv the broken line in Fig. :,, to prepare for the sweep between pattern limits c and d The Z blanking control is provided to improve the sharp 80 ness and quality t 1 the character beinifl traced, and to prevent an overtrace It may be seen that at limit the electron beam in tube 37 is turned (YX In view of the fact that the amount of light 85 impinging upon phototube 36 between limits e and d is a constant the voltage applied from this phototube to the X deflection plates viewing tube 37 is also constant between limits e' and d' see Filg 90 3 j) However the light energy variation applied to phototube 2 S is such to cause the lower Y defleotion plate to become more positive Accordingly, the cathode rays in tube 37 are moved dowinwardlly 95 from e' to d' During the time interval d to e, the electron beam is once again turned OFF wrhile the voltagges applied to the deflection plates cause the beam to move as indicated b)y the brokent line in Fig 3 100 During the time interval e to:f, the electron beam is turned ON and the voltages applied to the X and Y deflection plates are such as to cause the electron beam in tube 37 to trace a substantially 105 circular path At limit f' the electron beam is turned OFF, so that the beam may he moved to wh' uhh is the

starting point a' It will he appreeiated that the aforesaid vertical line of liht may also he 110 generated by causing a cathode ray beam focussed to a spit to oscillate rapidly along the Y axis ni a reetangular, or plane, coordinate s,-stemn This generator is indicated 1 hi Y sl -cep 53, 'Fi IF, 15 Due to the polsis' eno' of the filuoreseent screen, a sinile hi will appear on the screen. it will also he reeognized by persons fainiliar -with this art that electron cathode 12 C ra, 1 b'ain positioningn controls may be applied to viewiii') tube o 7 so that successively formed traciros on the sereen thereof may lle positioned in a sequential order across this screen Referrinlg to 12. Figs 1 A and 1 B a closed ring 49 similar to rings 15 and 16, is advanced one step for each impulse from circuit 14 Hence, rings 13 16 and 49 are advanced one step in unison Power unit 50 includes a power 13 ( 786,092 tube and associated circuit to correspond with each trigger in ring 49 Since the electrical component values of these power tube circuits differ for each power tube, the potential output from unit 50 is different for each power tube therein which is conducting This potential output is added to the X deflection voltage of tube 37 and the components selected are such as to cause successive tracings to appear in sequential order across the face of tube 37. As ring 49 is a closed ring, and since it includes seven triggers, seven tracings appear in sequential order The voltage output from unit 50 is applied to a mixer circuit 51 wherein the output from amplifier 38 and unit 49 are combined to cause a representative voltage to be applied to the X deflection controls of tube 37 Lens 52 is used to direct each of the seven tracings on the screen of tube 37 towards recording camiera 41.


* GB786093 (A)

Description: GB786093 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Purification of adiponitrile

Description of GB786093 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip



COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Purixication of Adiponitrile. We, IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED, of Imperial Chemical House, Milibank, London, S.W.1, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to a purification process for adiponitrile, and more particularly it relates to a process for the removal from adiponitrile of cyclic impurities. Adiponitrile is used as an intermediate product in the manufacture of hexamethylene diamine for nylon manufacture. For use in this way, it is important that it should be pure and free from cyclic impurities, but the crude adiponitrile as usually manufactured is frequently contaminated with considerable quantities of such undesirable impurities, which are removed by the conventional processes only with considerable difficulty. It is known that certain compounds of linear structure form complex crystalline compounds with urea and that such complexes can be decomposed by water, which dissolves the urea, and leaves the other component as a separate phase if it is insoluble in the water. The complex compound from adiponitrile and urea has itself been described. It has now been found that this complex compound can advantageously be used for the purification of adiponitrile. According to the present invention there is provided a process for the purification of adiponitrile characterised in that the adiponitrile is separated from the cyclic impurities associated therewith in the form of its complex crystalline compound with urea obtained by interaction of urea and impure adiponitrile in the presence of an organic solvent,

the complex crystalline compound with urea being subsequently decomposed and the adiponitrile separated therefrom. The complex crystalline compound of urea and adiponitrile has a composition which may vary considerably with its mode of formation, but it generally approximates to equimolecular proportions of urea and adiponitrile. The solid derivative of urea and adiponitrile may conveniently be formed by interaction of urea and impure. adiponitrile in the presence of an organic solvent, preferably a polar organic solvent, for example an alcohol such as ethanol, propanol, and especially methanol. Since the complex is very soluble in some polar organic solvents, it may be convenient to use as polar organic solvent a lower aliphatic alcohol containing not more than 4 carbon atoms wherein there is dissolved a quantity of pre-formed complex in order that an increased proportion of the newly formed complex may separate, thus there may be used a solution of pre-formed complex in methanol containing, for example, 300 grams of the complex dissolved in each litre of methanol. The impure adiponitrile and urea may be mixed in any proportions, preferably substantially equimolecular proportions. Conveniently molecular proportions of urea: adiponitrile in the range of 0.3:1 to 3 :1 may be used. The proportion of polar organic liquid will necessarily vary considerably, depending upon the solubilities of urea, adiponitrile and the complex in the liquid chosen. For the lower aliphatic alcohols containing not more than 4 carb!on atoms, and especially methanol and solu tions of the complex therein, a convenient proportion of liquid is from 0.6 to 2 times the combined weight of urea and adiponitrile. The isolation of the complex of urea and adiponitrile may be effected for example by crystallisation, by cooling the reaction mixture, or by evaporation of the polar organic liquid. It is preferred, however, to isolate the complex by cooling the mixture as rapidly as possible while stirring vigorously, since by this method there is obtained a higher yield of complex than is obtained when slow cooling, or cooling without vigorous stirring, is employed. The organic liquid, containing impurities, may be removed by customary methods, for example by filtration or centrifuging and the solid complex may be washed with a suitable organic liquid, and dried, if so desired. This suitable organic liquid may be a polar organic liquid, as used in the present process. The subsequent decomposition of the complex may be carried out by heating, or by treatment with a solvent for the urea and/or adiponitrile but preferably by treating the solid complex with a non-polar organic liquid, for example benzene, cyciohexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform or mixtures thereof. This treatment with

nonpolar organic liquid may be carried out for example by boiling the liquid with the complex under reflux conditions, or by percolation or continuous extraction of the complex with the hot liquid, as in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. By this means the complex is decomposed into urea, in a. substantially pure form and suitable for re-use in the process, and purifled adiponitrile, in solution in the non-polar organic liquid. The solution of adiponitrile usually contains a small proportion of urea, and if desired this may be removed by any convenient method, for example by washing with water and the purified adiponitrile may be isolated by removal of the non-polar organic liquid, for example by distillation under reduced pressure. If the presence of a small amount of urea is not detrimental or undesirable to the product in subsequent processing, the solution of purified adiponitrile may be used for further processes without distillation or other treatment. By the present process there may be obtained from impure adiponitrile a purified form of adiponitrile which has a purity of at least 99% as determined by crystallising point methods. When the complex is decomposed by hot benzene, the adiponitrile may be obtained after removal of the benzene from the extract of a purity of at least 99.6%. The invention is illustrated but not limited by the following Examples in which the parts are by weight. EXAMPLE 1. 40 parts of urea-adiponitrile complex (prepared from impure adiponitrile according to the methods (a), (b) or (c) described below) were decomposed by extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus with chloroform. The solid residue after drying in air was found to be pure urea. The chloroform extract on cooling deposited 0.2 part of solid urea which was removed by filtration. The filtrate was distilled, first to remove solvent, then in vacuo to recover adiponitrile. The recovered nitrile was a colourless liquid of b.p. 149147 C./10 mms. having a purity (from crystallising point measurement) of 99.0% molar; it amounted to 92.7 parts. Method (a) Urea (6 parts) and adiponitrile (11 parts of impure material containing 5-10% of coloured impurities) were mixed with 10 parts of ethanol, and the mixture heated at the boiling point until a clear solution was obtained. On cooling a urealadiponitrile complex crystallised out. The crystalline complex was filtered and washed with two portions (each of 20 parts) of ethanol. The product was a colourless crystalline solid (8.5 parts) having an a-iiponitnle content of 40%. Method (b)

Urea (6 parts) and impure adiponitrile (11 parts) were reacted in the above-described way in the presence of 20 parts of a 30% methanol solution of urea-adiponitrile complex. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool slewly to room temperature. The complex was filtered and washed with two portions of 20 parts of the solution used for complex formation. The product was obtained as a colourless crystalline solid (13.1 parts). AietScod (c) Urea and impure adiponitrile were reacted as described in (b) above, but the reaction mixture was subjected to rapid coolina and agitation. The product (isolated as in method (b)) amounted to 14.5 parts. EXAMPLE 2. 40 parts of urea-adiponitrile complex obtained from impure adiponitrile were decomposed by boiling with benzene (100 parts) for 49 hours. After cooling, the solution was filtered from residual solid and adiponitrile (20 parts, h.p. 15W158 C.i15 mms.) was isolated by distillation; it had a purity of 9975 % molar. EXAMPLE 3. 40 parts of urea-adiponitrile complex obtained from impure adipanitrile were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with cyclo hexane. The solid residue (29.1 parts) melted over the range 85-124 C. The solution gave, after distillation, 5.2 parts of adiponitrile having an impurity content of 0.75 moles %. EXAMPLE 4. 40 parts of urea-adiponitrile complex obtained from impure adiponitrile were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with carbon tetrachloride for 4to hours. The residual sclid (urea containing a small proportion of nitrile, weighed 18.2 parts. The extract, which formed a two-layer system, was distilled giving 19.59 parts of adiponitrile containing 0.75 mole % impurity. EXAMPLE 5. 10 parts of urea-adiponitrile complex obtainted from impure adiponitrile were mixed with 25 parts of benzene and shaken at room temperature for 8 hours. The residual solid (6.72 parts) melted over the range 90-126 C., showing that decomposition was incomplete. EXAMPLE 6. 165.9 parts of urea-adiponitrile complex obtained from impure adiponitrile were mixed with two parts of benzene and refluxed for 12 hours. After cooling, the solid residue (65.9 parts) was found to have a melting range of 12W130 C. and contained 3.2% of adiponitrile. The benzene solution was distilled to recover adiponitrile (94.5 parts) having a purity of 99.88% molar. EXAMPLE 7.

124.9 parts of complex obtained from impure adiponitrile were treated in an extraction apparatus with benzene for 16 hours. The solid residue (44.2 parts) was urea (m.p. 132 C.). The extract was distilled to recover adiponitrile (78 parts) having an impurity content of 0.12 mole ,'. What we claim is: 1. Process for the purification of adiponitrile characterised in that the adiponitrile is separated from the cyclic impurities associated therewith in the form of its complex crystalline compound with urea obtained by interaction of urea and impure adiponitrile in the presence of an organic solvent, the complex crystalline compound with urea being subsequently decomposed and the adiponitrile separated therefrom. 2. Process as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the organic solvent is a polar organic solvent. 3. Process as claimed in Claim 2 wherein the polar solvent is methanol. 4. Process as claimed in any of Claims 1-3 wherein the impure adiponitrile and urea are mixed in substantially equimolecular proportions. 5. Process as claimed in any of Claims 1-4 wherein the complex is isolated by cooling the mixture as rapidly as possible while stirring vigorously. 6. Process as claimed in any of Claims 1-5 wherein the complex is subsequently decomposed by heating or by treatment with a solvent for the urea and/or adiponitrile. 7. Process as claimed in Caim 6 wherein the solvent is a non-polar organic liquid. 8. Process for the purification of adiponitrile as hereinbefore described and ascertained especially with reference to the foregoing Examples. 9. Adiponitrile whenever purified by a process claimed in any of the preceding


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