FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT–2

Lab Activities & Project Works

8th ClassBiological Sciences

Bhashyam's :: 2 :: 8th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

Aim : Observation of binary fission in Amoeba.

Apparatus : Compound microscope, permanent slide of binary fission of Amoeba.

Procedure : First I took a compound microscope, then cleaned the mirror ofmicroscope with a smooth cloth. I placed the slide of binary fission ofamoeba on the frame of microscope and I adjusted rough adjustmentand find adjustment of microscope. I did this until I got clearmagnification.

Observations :

1. In this division, two similar individuals are formed from a single parent.

2. A mature Amoeba cell is larger. It’s nucleus elongates and gradually divides amitoticallyinto two.

3. The division of the nucleus is followed by the division of the cytoplasm.

4. Thus two new amoebae are formed from a single parent and the parent’s identity islost.

Result : The prepared slide showed asexual reproduction in which only oneindividual is involved in the production of two new individuals. So itis binary fission.

Precautions :

1) Handle microscope carefully.

2) Focus the slides properly.

3) Study the slides first under low–power magnification and then under high–power

magnification of the compound microscope.

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LAB ACTIVITY – 1

Bhashyam's :: 3 :: 8th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

LAB ACTIVITY – 2

Aim : Observation of Budding in Hydra.

Apparatus : Compound microscope, permanent slide of budding in Hydra.

Procedure : First I took a compound microscope, then cleaned the mirror ofmicroscope with a smooth cloth. I placed the slide of budding in Hydraon the frame of microscope and I adjusted rough adjustment and findadjustment of microscope. I have done this until I got clearmagnification.

Observations :

1. In this type of asexual reproduction, bulb like projections called buds arise from theparent body.

2. Mature Hydra cells are larger and elongated in shape and have finger like projections.

3. One or more bulb like projections arise from the cell membrane.

4. The nucleus of the parent cell divides and one of the daughter nuclei passes into thebud.

5. The bud is finally separated from the parent body and grows into a new individual.

6. The parents identity is maintained in budding.

Result : The prepared slides show asexual reproduction in which only oneindividual is involved in the production of new individuals.

Precautions :

1) Handle microscope carefully.

2) Focus the slides properly.

3) Study the slides first under low–power magnification and then under high–power

magnification of the compound microscope.

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Bhashyam's :: 4 :: 8th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

PROJECT WORK–1

Preliminary Information

1. Class : 8th Class

2. Subject : Biological Sciences

3. Name of the

Chapter : Story of micro-organisms

4. Project No. :

5. Date of

Submission :

6. Role of team : Entire team members participate in this project

a) Team Leader : Allotting work to team members

b) 2nd Student : Collection of information about scientists.

c) 3rd Student : Collection of information about scientists.

d) 4th Student : Collection of pictures.

e) 5th Student : Analysing the project.

II. Details of the

Project :

1. Title of the

Project : Collection of information about different Scientists and their

discoveries related to Microbiology.

2. Objective of the

Project : To know the different Scientists and their contributions to

Microbiology.

3. Tools : Observation

4. Materials : Books related to Microbiology.

5. List of Scientists :

a) Louis Pasteur : i) Louis Pasteur was a French Scientist.

ii) He discovered that micro organisms are responsible for

spoiling the wine and its quality can be protected by

pasteurization.

iii) He had saved the silk industry by controlling microbial

diseases.

Bhashyam's :: 5 :: 8th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

iv) He also invented vaccine for rabies.

b) Alexander Fleming : i) Alexander Fleming was a Scottish Biologist and Army Doctor.

ii) His best known discoveries is the enzyme lysozyme in 1923.

iii) In 1928, he separated the antibiotic substance penicillin,

from the mould penicillium notatum.

c) Dmitri Ivonosky : i) He was a Russian Botanist who discovered a plant virus –

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

ii) He is one of the founder of virology.

d) Edward Jenner: i) He was an English Physician and Scientist who was the

poineer of small pox vaccine. The world’s first vaccine.

ii) He is often called the father of Immunology.

e) Harold Boyd

Woodruff : i) He was an American Soil Microbiologist and a member of

the National Academy of Science.

ii) He is known for the discovery of actinomycin and the

development of the industrial production by fermentation

of many natural products including Cyanocobalamin.

f) Joseph Lister : i) He was a British Surgeon and a Pioneer of Antiseptic Surgery.

ii) He was acknowledged as the father of Antiseptic surgery.

iii) He successfully introduced Carbolic Acid to Sterilize

surgical instruments and to clean wounds. So it became

the first widely used antiseptic in surgery.

g) Robert Hooke : i) He was a English Natural Philosopher, Architect and

Polymath.

ii) He is greatest legacy is his contribution to cell theory.

iii) He was actually the first person to view cells under

Microscope.

iv) He looked at the bark of a cork of Oak tree and observed

it’s Microscopic structure.

h) Walter Reed : He was a U.S.Army Pathologist and Bacteriologist who led

the experiments that proved that yellow fever is transmitted

by a bite of a mosquito.

Bhashyam's :: 6 :: 8th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

i) Robert Koch : i) He was a German Physician who is widely credited as one ofthe founders of Bacteriology and Microbiology.

ii) He investigated the Anthrox disease cycle in 1876 andstudied the bacteria that causes tuberculosis in 1882,Cholera in 1883.

j) Lazzaro

Spallanzani : i) He was an Italian Biologist and Physiologist who madeimportant contributions to the experimental study of bodilyfunctions, animal reproduction and animal echolocation.

ii) He interpreting digestion, saying that it is a process ofchemical solution and helping disprove the concept ofspontaneous generation.

6. Analysis : So different scientists discovered so many things which areuseful for human welfare.

7. Conclusion : Scientists and their works are helpful to the people in all overthe world.

8. Experience of the

Student : i) I wondered when I know the lives of scientists.

ii) I am surprised to know the problems faced by scientistswhile discovering new things.

iii) I am surprised to know diseases, their control andprevention methods.

9. Doubts while

conducting the

project : i) How do scientists see Micro-organisms at that time ?

ii) How do they construct Microscope ?

iii) How do some diseases appeared at olden days are notappeared at present ?

10. References : Microbiology books.

11. Acknowledgment : I thank my co-students of this group for their support whilepresenting this project. I thank to all my teachers who guidedme to do this project and for their valuable guidance to makethis project success.

12. Signature of the student: ..............................................................................................

Bhashyam's :: 7 :: 8th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

Louis Pasteur Alexander Fleming Ivonosky

Edward Jenner Harold Boyd Woodruff Joseph Lister

Robert Hooke Walter Reed Robert Koch LazzaroSpallenzani

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Bhashyam's :: 8 :: 8th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

PROJECT WORK – 2

Preliminary Information :

Class : 8th

Subject : Biological sciences

Name of the lesson : Re–production in animals

Project No : 2

Date of Submission :

Role of Team :

1. Team leader : Allotting work to the team members and leading the entire room

2. 2nd student : Collection of material

3. 3rd student : Collection of pictures, Submission of report

4. 4th student : Presentation of the project

Details of the project :

1. Title of the project : Identification of different stages in the life cycle of frog.

2. Objective of the project : To understand the different stages in the life cycle of frog.

3. Tools : Experimentation and observation.

4. Materials : Wide mouthed transparent bottle / tub, Transparent glass,

Dropper, Petridish, some pebbles, Magnifying lens.

5. Introduction : The life cycle of frog begins with a fertilized egg. The fertilized

egg develops into a tadpole. The fertilized egg and tadpole

stages are found in the water in the spring. The tadpole

develops into an immature frog. As the immature frog develops

it is transfered via the process of metamorphosis into an adult

frog.

Bhashyam's :: 9 :: 8th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

6. Procedure : I went to a near by pond (or a slow flowing stream) where

usually sewage stagnaters during rainy season.

I collected few eggs of a frog with the help of wide mouthed

bottle so that I can observe remaining stages.

After collecting eggs I took a tub of 15 cm depth and radius of

8–10 cms and put eggs in that tub. I found a blackish part in

the middle of the eggs. That is the embryo of the fog. After

that I observed them at least once in three days.

Life cycle of Frog :

Analysis :

* There are different ways in which organisms develop.

* Oviparous animals such as silk worm, butterfly and also frog young ones that hatchout

from the eggs look very different from the adult. They are called larva.

* In frogs the development of the embryo takes place out side the female body.

* The embryo develops inside the egg.

* The embryo hatchout of the eggs as larva called tadpole.

* Tadpole undergoes several changes in its structure and changes into adult frog.

* This change of larva to adult frog is called metamorphosis. The changes occur in the larva

given below.

Physical changes :

1. Hind limbs are appeared first, next fornt limbs are appeared.

2. Tail becomes shorter and finally disappeared.

Changes in internal organs :

1. The lungs enlarges and becomes the main respiratory organs.

2. The heart becomes 3 chambered.

3. Arrangement of blood vessels is modified from fish like to that for air breathing.

4. The Pronephric kidneys are replaced by mesonephric kidneys.

Physiological changes :

1. Haemoglobin changes from the larva type to the adult type.

2. The excretory product changes from Ammonia to Urea to conserve water.

3. The Pancreas starts it’s endocrine role by producing insulin.

4. Larval visual pigment porphyrosin changes to rhodopsin of the adult for vision in the air.

Bhashyam's :: 10 :: 8th Class_Biological Sciences_F.A.–2

Conclusion : Based on the characters we concluded that the frog life cycle completedwith 4 stages.

Egg → Larva (Tadpole) → Immature frog → Adult frog

Experience of the student :

1. I am surprised while observing different stages in the life cycle of frog. I really appreciateGod’s creation.

2. I noticed changes from egg to adult. It is a wonderful thing that they change from one formto another.

Doubts while conducting the project :

1. Why do fish and frog lay more number of eggs ?

2. What are the changes observed in the life cycle of frog ?

3. What happens if gills are present in adult frog instead of lungs ?

Acknowledgment :

1) Thanks to my co–students of group in presenting the project.

2) Thanks to the teacher who guided us to do this project and for his/her valuable guidancefor the success of this project.

Signature of the student :

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