6. Feed and Feedstuffs

7/25/2019 6. Feed and Feedstuffs

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BFAR-NFFTCScience City ofMuoz, Nueva Ecija


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FEEDS ANDFEEDSTUFFS FOR

AQUACUTURE USE !NT"E #"!!##!NES


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!nt$o%uction

Feedsaccounted for 72% and 79% of

total operating costs for pond andcage operations.

Feed prices are highly dependent onthe costs of imported ingredients(especially shmeal) and theavailability of local ingredients (e.g.,rice bran, copra)


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oo!ing for a solution"

#ecogni$ing the high costs of feedinputs, farmers loo! for alternativeays of reducing feed costs.

& 'n alternative is the use of

formulated feeds


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Factors to be considered inselecting feed ingredients

a good protein and energy source

rich in a limiting amino acid

should be the least costly ingredientavailable for its particular function inthe diet

acceptability


6/60

FEED !N&RED!ENTSA'A!ABE !N T"E COUNTR(

ierent conventional and non&conventionalfeedstus such as*

sh meal

soybean meal

copra meal

ipil&ipil leaf meal

ricebran


7/60

ierent conventional and non&conventional feedstus

sorghum

meat and bone mealhydroly$ed feather meal

algal meal, cottonseed meal

composted ater hyacinth

(+ru$ and audencia -97 /antiago, et.al., -92 0atividad,

-91


8/60

egumes

3pil&ipil4 leaf meal

& 5ascual (-96) recommended the use ofLeucaenaleaves at a level of -1 percent ofthe dry eight as an alternative proteinsource

& /oa!ing the leaves in freshater for 2hours is e8cient in etracting toic aminoacid& mimosine.


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:iscellaneous fodder plants

Fo%%e$ )*ant #$otein Fi+e$

5apaya high lo

+oee lo high


10/60

#oots and tubers

-. /eet potato (Ipomea batatas.)

& loaded ith carbohydrates and rich in carotene

(provitamin ') but etremely lo in protein and

minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus.

2. +assava (Manihot escolenta+rant$) or tapioca&. ried cassava or cassava >our has practically the

same feed value as yello corn.

& high in carbohydrates, but lo in protein

fat and minerals


11/60

#oots and tubers

6.?aro (Colocasia esculenta.)

& locally !non as gabi4 is an ecellent source of

carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.

. @lephant yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus)

& also !non as pongapong

& +oo!ed pongapong tuber is a highly digestiblestarch

feed, but its protein, vitamin and mineral contentis

too lo.


12/60

+ereals and cereal by&products

-. #icebran

& found to have higher proteincontent than grains.

2. :ai$e (Zea mays.)

& has been found to be fedsuccessfully to sh.

& an energy component in

compound feeds.


13/60

Ail ca!es and oil meals& by&products of the vegetable oil hen

etracted. /oybean meal

& an important oil seed crop high inprotein.

& palatable

& high nutrient digestibility & a good source of essential amino acid

& can be used as a substitute for more


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Feeds of animal origin

-. @arthorm meal

& yields a protein content higher thanthose of conventional proteinrichBingredients such as sh meal,meat and bone meal and soybean

meal.

2. :ussel (tahong) meal

& contains C2 percent crude proteinon a dr ei ht basis.


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6. Diant toad meal

& contains C-.C6 percent crude proteinhas been found to be an ecellentsubstitute for sh meal.

& ?he toad meal is prepared by dryingthe meat then coo!ing andgrinding.


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Ather feedstus

-. :ollasses, yeast, and leaf proteinconcentrates

& good partial replacement for the moreepensive cereal grains as an energysource.


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. Ereers yeast

& has a higher feed value and containsmore than tice as much protein ona dry eight basis.

& 3t is also a rich source of E&vitamins,but lo in calcium.


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ive o$ f$e natu$a* fee%

Chlorella, Scenedesmusand Spirulina

& have been established as anecellent feed for larvae of manycultured species of sh.


19/60

#$o.i/ate ana*ye ofavai*a+*e fee%tu0 in te

#i*i))ineFee%tu0 D$y /atte$ C$u%e)$otein Ete$e.t$act C$u%e1+e$ A Nit$o2en f$eee.t$act34 Co)$a /ea* 564789 364;79 ?43?9 ;;4?48457

=4 Rice+$an @cono

& coarse 5?477 ?4?3 >4?; 3848= ;>4=7 348> ?4;< ?4


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#$o.i/ate ana*ye ofavai*a+*e fee%tu0 in te

#i*i))ineFee%tu0

37Fi/ea*

D$y /atte$C$u%e

)$oteinEte$e.t$act

C$u%e 1+e$ Nit$o2en f$ee e.t$act

)ecie noti%enti1e%

564;; 8>4;; ;4>6 - 6475

#e$uvian 6743< ?34


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C$u%e )$otein @)e$centa2e contentof o/e co//on fee%tu0 fo$ 1

%iet3 !n2$e%ient C$u%e )$otein content@9

#icebran (-) -6.G1

#icebran (2) .--Fish meal (local) G1.11

Fish meal (5eruvian) G2.91

+opra meal -9.2

+orn bran -1.G:olasses 2.91

- Eased on E'3 aboratory 'nalysis, I/ 0#/ (-979)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC421E/AC421E07.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC421E/AC421E07.htm


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C$u%e )$otein @)e$centa2e contentof o/e 2$een $ou2a2e in te

#i*i))ine3!n2$e%ient C$u%e )$oteincontent @9

+amote leaves .123pil&ipil leaves (young) -7.G2

'$olla sp. 27.11

+assava leaves G.2

/ugar cane tops -.C6

- 0utrient composition of some 5hilippine Feedstu.?ech. Eull. 0o. 2-. '.. Derpacio and ./.+astillo.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC421E/AC421E07.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC421E/AC421E07.htm


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in% of fo$/u*ate%fee% ue% in te

#i*i))ine


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'a$iou fee% fo$/u*ation a tete% an%$eco//en%e% +ae% on tei$ eciency an%

cot fo$ 1n1 cu*tu$e @O4 ni*otica

Fo$/u*ation #e$cent)$otein Cu*tu$eyte/ #$o)onent Cot2 FCRD!ET 3

Rice+$an@=89


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FormulationPercent

proteinCulture system Proponent Cost/kg FCR

DIET 3

Ricebran (70!

"#$% Fis'pons )o) not gi*en )

Fis' meal

(#&!

+oybean meal(#0!

Ipil)ipil lea,meal (&!

-it' *itamin)mineralpremi.

DIET

Ricebran (&!

"%$3" Cages F1R2 Fis'

PropagationDi*ision

$00 #$#

Fis' meal(%!

Copra meal(&!

Ipil)ipil lea,meal ("!

-it' *itaminmineral premi.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC421E/AC421E07.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC421E/AC421E07.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC421E/AC421E07.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC421E/AC421E07.htm


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Fo$/u*ation#e$cent

)$oteinCu*tu$e

yte/#$o)onent Cot2 FCR

D!ET 8 Rice+$an

@=79

3 Ca2e

BFAR,F$eate$AGuacu*tu$e

Deve*o)/entT$ainin2Cente$

not

2iven

34> Fi /ea*

@>79

itvita/in/i.

D!ET ?

Rice+$an@?89


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Fo$/u*ation#e$cent

)$oteinCu*tu$e

yte/#$o)onent Cot2 FCR

D!ET =

Rice+$ana*one

3

Ca2e

&ue$$e$o not

2iven -

D!ET 5

Fi /ea*@9 - Ca2e

#antaticoan%Ba*%ia

not2iven

-

Rice+$an@??4=9


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Formulation Percent protein Culture system Proponent Cost/kg FCR

DIET #0 Fis' meal

("&! Cages 4uerrero not gi*en #$7

Fine ricebran( 7&!

DIET ##

Fis' meal("&!

Cages 4uerrero not gi*en 3$Ricebran(&!

Copra meal(#0!

1Based on Proximate Analysis conducted by Castillo, L.S. and A. L. Gerpacio on the nutrient composition


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Deve*o)/enta* Stu%y at teNFFTC

?ilapia Arganic Farming (An&going)

& ?reatments used*

-. #ice bran*Jermi cast2. #ice bran*5+:

6. #ice bran*uc!eed (71*61)


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Deve*o)/enta* Stu%y at teNFFTC

?ilapia Arganic Farming&Fillet (An&going)

& ?reatments used*

-. #ice bran*uc!eed*Jermi cast71% 61% G11!gBha

2. Formulated feeds*uc!eed*Jermi cast

71% 61% G11!gBha

0ote*Formulated feeds* 7G% #E*2G% F:


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!4 Ti/in2 of te Onet of

Su))*e/enta* Fee%in2 ofNi*e Ti*a)ia @O4 ni*oticu in#on%

STUD!ES CONDUCTED


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O+jective

a. ?o demonstrate e8cientsupplemental feeding strategies fortilapia production in fertili$ed ponds

b. ?o evaluate groth, yield andsurvival of tilapia fed at dierentperiods of delay before feeding

c. ?o test the applicability of adelayed feeding strategy undercommercial tilapia aKuaculturecondition in the 5hilippines


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Meto%o*o2y

/even farmers ere enlisted for this trial

5ond area* -C H 6G1 m2

=ater depth maintained* -.1 m Fish stoc!ing

species used* se reversed niletilapia

initial 'E= * 1.--gstoc!ing rate* pcsBm2


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5ond fertili$ation

urea * 2!g 0BhaB!

ammonium phosphate * G.C!g 5BhaB!

Feeding

types of feeds * C7% #ice Eran

26% Fish :eal

feeding rate*

G% E= L rst -G days

% E= L thereafter up to 61 days 6% E= L remaining period prior toharvest

Feeding duration* -G1 days


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Reu*t5erformance ?reatment

(feeding onset indays)

G days 7Gdays

Final :ean =eight (g sh&-)M -C.7-G-.7

:ean aily =eight Dain (g sh&-d&-) -.19-.1-

@trapolated Dross Fish Nield (!g ha&-) G,-1,92C

/urvival (%) G 7

?otal amount of feed (!g ha&-) ,299


37/60


38/60

Cot-Bene1t of te To Fee%in2Onet

!te/ ;8 =8

3ncome (for selling

sh)

+ost for feeds

5rot

521G,C-

7

99,G

-1C,129

5-97,1C

6

72,-C

-2,27

C * i


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Conc*uion elay in the onset of feeding did not signicantly

reduce the production of tilapia

elayed feeding signicantly reduced the cost offeeds by about 67%

3n the presence of adeKuate natural food, feedingith supplemental feed may start from G&7G days

abor reKuirement is reduced by one month

compared to early feeding

?here ere no indication that the delayed feedingstrategy compromise the Kuality of the crop (i.e.

taste, uniformity in si$e)


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Refe$ence

Eron, +.., Eolivar, #.E., Oimene$,@.E., and /$yper, O.5., 2111. ?iming ofthe Anset of /upplemental feeding of0ile ?ilapia (A. niloticus) in 5onds. p.267&21. ?ilapia 'Kuaculture in the2-st +entury. 5roceedings from the

fth 3nternational /ymposium on?ilapia 'Kuaculture. /eptember 6&7.#io de Oaneiro, Era$il


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33. Eva*uation ofA*te$nate %ay Fee%in2

t$ate2yNoteHTi e.)e$i/ent a con%ucte% +y co**a+o$ation ofH

F$eate$ AGuacu*tu$e Cente$ @FAC, CSU

F*o$i%a !nte$nationa* Unive$ity @F!'S)ono$e% +y #on% Dyna/icAGuacu*tu$e

Co**a+o$ative

Reea$c Su))o$t #$o2$a/Ti )$eentation a taen f$o/

+$ocu$etecnica*-


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O+jective

?o determine the eect of

feeding on alternate day ongro&out e8ciency and netprot


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Meto%o*o2y

0ine commercial tilapia farmersparticipated in the trial

5ond areas* 7C6 m2

72 m2

/toc!ing

/train* se reversed 0ile ?ilapia 'verage eight at stoc!ing* 1.-9gBpc

/toc!ing rate* shBm2


44/60

'll ponds ere fertili$ed ith inorganicfertili$ers at the rate of 2!g0 and

G.C!g5Bha&-

Bee!&-

=ater depth maintained* -.1m

?ype of feed used* +ommercial feeds

FreKuency of feeding*

a. aily feeding

b. 'lternate day feeding

Feeding duration* -21 days


45/60

Reu*t

'E= at harvest a. aily feeding & -C7.6P G6g

b. 'lternate day feeding & -67.P

72g

/urvivalM

a. aily feeding & GG% b. 'lternate day feeding & C6%

I - A))a$ent %i0e$ence fo$ te to fee%in2 ce%u*e a ini2ni1cant

- No evi%ence if t$eat/ent $e*ate% o$ a $eu*t of nut$itiona* %e1ciency

Fi h i ldM


46/60

Fish yieldM a. aily feeding & 222!gBpond or 299!gBha b. 'lternate day feeding & 211!gBpond or

21!gBha

'mount of feeds a. aily feeding & 7G!g or C66-!g

b. 'lternate day feeding & 21!g or2C91!gBha

F+#M

a. aily feeding & 2.2 b. 'lternate day feeding & -.11

I - $e%uce% fee%in2 *ea% to *e ate an% )e$a) /o$e ecient nut$ienta+o$)tion

- Re%uction of fee% ate ave in%i$ect*y e0ect on 2$ot $ate, eite$ +ya*te$in2 ate$


47/60

+ost benet analysis

a. aily feeding& ta!ing into account gross sales and

ngerlings, feeds and fertili$ers costresulted to a negative net return for thedaily feeding

(5h5 2,21Bha)

b. 'lternate day feeding

& gave a net return of 5h5 6,19Bha


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Conc*uion

Fish fed on alternate days ererobust and healthy and that neithergroth nor survival as in any ay

compromised


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!!!4 Fee%in2 Be*o Satiation

NoteH

Ti e.)e$i/ent a con%ucte% +y co**a+o$ation ofH

F$eate$ AGuacu*tu$e Cente$ @FAC, CSUF*o$i%a !nte$nationa* Unive$ity @F!'

S)ono$e% +y #on% Dyna/icAGuacu*tu$eCo**a+o$ative Reea$c Su))o$t #$o2$a/Ti )$eentation a taen f$o/

+$ocu$etecnica* $e)o$t on o)ti/ize% fee%in2 t$ate2ie of FAC-

CSU

Meto%o*o2y


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Meto%o*o2y

/atiation & to feed fully, to satisfy fully, to supply

ith too much

/toc!ing of ponds

/train* se reversed D3F? ?ilapia

'verage eight at stoc!ing* 1.1Gg

/toc!ing rate* pcsBm2

/upplemental Feeding

Feeds* C7% #ice Eran and 66% Fish meal

M ?ilapia ere fed at -11% satiation and C7%satiation

levels


51/60

On-fa$/ 2$ot )e$fo$/ance of Ni*e Ti*a)ia

at to atiation *eve*

#e$fo$/ance 3779 ?=9

Final :ean =eight (g)M

:ean aily =eight Dain(gBsh)

@trapolated Dross Nield(!gBha)

/urvival (%)

-.

-.2

6,177

G7

-G-.7

-.2C

6,G69

CG

Reu*t

M Ana*yi of 2$ot )e$fo$/ance %e/ont$ate% tat te $e%uction of $ation to

?=9 ofatiation a% no e0ect on 2$ot o$ yie*%


52/60

Cot an% $etu$n of ti*a)ia)$o%uction at to atiation

*eve* @#a!te/ Satiation*eve*

3779 ?=9

Dross return

+ost ?ilapia ngerlings

Fertili$er

Feeds

-9G,9G1

2-,111

7,G11

--7,G1

226,G11

2-,111

7,G11

97,G11


53/60

Bene1t of Fee%in2 Be*oSatiation

Feeding belo satiation coupled ithfertili$ation gave comparable groth and yieldto full satiation

#educed amount of feeds

#educed amount in organic loading of the pond

elayed feeding and feeding belosatiation ill not only reduce productioncosts but ill reduce the cost of obtaining,

transporting and storing sh feeds


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!'4 M!JED FEED!N&SC"EDUES


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Conce)t

'lternating feeds of high and loprotein contents

Eased on the observation that thedigestibility of a feed varies fromday to day, folloing an apparentcyclic pattern (to to three days ofhigh digestibility alternating ith aday or 2 of lo digestibility)


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Fie*% T$ia*

A. niloticus ere fed a high proteindiet alternated ith a lo proteindiet

'lternate feeding schedulesresulted in almost eKual

performance of the fry rearedcontinously on a high protein diet

?he feed cost saving approimated


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Bene1cia* E0ect

a. irect feed cost&savings

b. #educed nitrogen input into theculture system hich in turn

reduces possible euthrophication inthe ponds


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#$o+*e/ of a%o)tion of

/i.e% fee%in2 ce%u*e Farms ill have to store 2

dierent types of feeds and each

feed dispensed according to astrict predetermined schedules


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Refe$ence

e /ilva, /./., -99. #educing Feed+osts in /emi&intensive 'Kuaculture

/ystem in the ?ropics. 0'D', 3+'#:Quarterly. -2*C&7


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6. Feed and Feedstuffs

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