640 ISPU Report Bahrain Aziz Musalem WEB

8/3/2019 640 ISPU Report Bahrain Aziz Musalem WEB

1/44Institute forSocial PolicyandUnderstanding

Citizens, not subjeCts:Debunking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrains Pro-Democracy Movement

ISPU

by Sahar Aziz1and Abdullah Musalem

2

July 2011

RepoRt


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2011 i r scal Plcy ad udradg. All rgh rrvd.

n par h plca may rprdcd r ramd ay rm r y

ay ma wh prm wrg rm h i r scal Plcy ad

udradg. th i r scal Plcy ad udradg rmally d

ak al p plc plcy . th vw prd hr d

carly rc h vw h , a, r r.

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About The Authors

sahar A a lgal llw a h i r scal Plcy ad udradg, a aca

prr law a txa Wlya uvry schl Law (all 2011), ad ha rvd a a

r plcy advr a h ofc r Cvl Rgh ad Cvl Lr a h u.s. Dparm

Hmlad scry. sh hld a M.A. Mddl ear d rm h uvry txa.

M. A ddca h rpr h bahra ppl wh prd hr wh hr gry,

kd, ad lv r hr cry drg hr v bahra. spcal hak ar al d Dall jr r hr xcll rarch aac.

Adllah Malm hld dgr clgy a wll a Mddl ear lagag ad clr.

Mr. Malm grw p bahra, whr h ha cdcd cal rarch, ad ha a

rq vr h cy vr h pa dcad. Drg h v, h kp ch wh lcal

hma rgh acv. H ha cd mr bahra plcal ad cal prgr

c h crr wav pr rk .

Citizens, Not Sbjects: Debnking the Sectarian Narrative of Bahrains Pro-Democrac Movement2


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Table of Contents

5 excv smmary7 Aga h Wd Plcal Chag

An Ethnically and Religiously Diverse Arab State

Dissolving the 1974 Parliament and the National Action Charter

The Economic-Political Patronage Structure

The Al-Khalifa Ruling Family: Ruling SubjectsRather Than Governing Citizens

15 exprg h imag LralmWhl Prmg h scara narrav

19 th Ara sprg 2011Exploiting the Sectarian Narrative to Justify a Brutal Crackdown

Foreign Intervention by Saudi Arabia Instead of Iran

25 th Way Frward29 ed


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Whl Prd oama Mddl ea pch May 19, 2011 wa a wlcm chag

cr,3 wa dlvrd lg ar h ud sa hld hav ard ackg

rhrc wh ac ad ryg p h gr hma rgh vla ccrrg

bahra. H admra m ak advaag h hrkg wdw ppry mplm h dal vd h hrc 2009 Car pch, r h ud sa

adg w a rk a pval rg h wrld ha a h cr r

aal cry ragy.

Wahg ha cd dr Maama ad h prx ha h gg cc

mr a caram ha dmcracy. b dm h dmra a mrly h

la ra a cr-ld cara cc gr h cmplx cal, plcal, ad

cmc acr ha ar rpa mr cara rvalr. bahra r rm h am ll

plagg hr Ara cr: a hrag pral r h grwg mr

cllg grada, crag prc h ac agag wag, ad ll plcal pac

r c call p hr gvrm addr xg cal ad cmc challg.A wh hr Ara rgm, h gvrm dvr c a xral rc

ad acr avd amg ay rply r lvg dmc prlm. spcfcally,

allga a iraa cq va h bahra sha ar mply ahr ra h ryal

amly radal maacrg cara cc r w f. Alhgh ira gal

rgal dmac ar cr, h hra a iraa-yl sha akvr a gvrm

ar p rward ad h xaggrad prad Gl ghr, wr all,

ad h s plcal l ha hr accpal alrav h marchy al

crl ad cq ppr c.

srkgly a rm h dcr a h cry gg pr-dmcracy mvm

ar h -cara grd p whch h call r dmcracy ar ad. A clr lka h rc dmra dca ha h mvm mp h bahra dr

r vral cal, cmc, ad plcal rgh rrpcv rlg c. A grwg

plcal drachm pradg amg h s ad sha c wh

hav xcldd rm plcal ad ppr. bahra clr pm

ad crym f a lc w. A h qaly l r h mary dcl amg all

cara afla, h gvrm lvrag h fcar parag ym

Exective Smmar

Specically,

allegations o an

Iranian conquest

via the Bahraini

Shia are simply

another iteration

o the royal amily

traditional

manuacturing o

sectarian confict

its own benet.


8/44


cr all call r a qal dr walh, plcal rdm, ad qal mplym

ppry ad mr. A mpg a may rdc all h acr mr

cara rvalry, accpg ha parclar arrav ha grav cqc Amrca

ragc r bahra ad h wdr Mddl ea.

th rpr cr h al amp ha bahra pr-dmcracy mvm mrly

ahr rd h lgadg cara r ha dal h cry ad h Gl

wr larg. Rahr, h gg dmra ar a cprav r w h cry

s ad sha c call r magl dmcrac prc ad . Whavramy x wh h bahra ppla drcd a a gvrm ad mmr

a rlg amly ha hav rk hr prm r mr cmc ppry ad plcal

rdm, ad l crrp ad ahraram. up wg h rmarkal dplay

ppl pwr egyp ad ta, bahra ar lgr afd wh g rad a

c; rahr, hy ar dmadg rad a c wh wy-fr-cry plcal,

cal, ad cmc rgh ad h pwr hap hr a dy.4

th pr-dmcracy mvm ac gfca acl, gv h ackdrp rgal

pwr rggl r crl h ragcally lcad lad cpld wh a rlg amly

dpra ra rlvacy. trappd wh h radr sad-iraa gragc

rggl r pwr, ca xpc rlg pp rm l-rch sad Araa. idd,sad Araa dr maa h a q, pplad wh facal cv, ha

apparly cm a grar challg bahra rrm r ha ay pp rm

h bahra rlg amly.

Mawhl, dp call r vral hma rgh, h oama admra ha

dappgly rc. i ark cra rp h egypa, ta, ad Lya

pr, Wahg (l rcly) md rp ha rprd a a gr lgh y

h ryal amly rally crackdw ay vlvd, hy mddl-cla pral,

l-cllar wrkr, r pprv h fcal arrav cara cc. nr ad

dcr ar rd mlary cr,5 chl-agd grl ar a xrac al c

aga hr aml, sha mq ar dryd r pprg h dmra,6 adplcal prr ar a dah.

th Ara ppl hav pk ld ad clar hy wll lgr lra hr h ahrara

rgm r h dl adard hr wr all. bad h rgg aaly,

h rpr rcmmd p ha wld h prm dmcracy bahra ad prrv

Amrca r h Gl ad h wdr Mddl ea.


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th rg bahra pr-dmcracy mvm ar cara. Fr h pa hr

dcad, bahra hav dafd wh a wakg cmy ha d arly

dr h aal walh, a hrag r grwg mr yh, ad h lack

ay rl law ha gra qal rgh all c. i h pa, h dp-adgrvac wld ccaally rp pr ad ac dfac ha wr m

wh vlc. A wh hr Ara a, h bahra rlg amly dd all cld ppr

h grwg dmad r plcal rrm ad a mr qal dr walh.

th w cca wh appard ha Maama wa r a rrm dd

rrchm a a h c xrcd hr crad rdm. Hc mch h

fcal rhrc r glgl p ak ppr dmcracy wr mrly plcal prg

dgd cra a mag lralm r h raal cmmy h hp

crag rg vm.

An Ethnically and Religiously Diverse Arab State

bg a cr raal rad ha dwd bahra wh a vry dvr ppla.

thrgh hry, pr hav hd Ara, Pra, sh Aa, Arca, ad erpa

radr ad vadr, may whm ld dw ad amlad.

th mary bahra ar sha Mlm.7 A h d h h cry, h

erpa clal pwr gh cra cl r prcra hr w mag;

h Frch alhd rplc ad h brh alhd march. th all h

largly s oma mpr ad cmp wh h sha Pra mpr d Ara

ad -Ara mmr h c cagh a w mrgg a a dvd

rv clal r.

th crr rdr Ara cr wr drmd Ld ad Par. el wh

cprad wh hm wr rwardd cmcally ad plcally. Pwr wa h ccrad

h had a w. bahra wa xcp. th rlg Al-Khala amly d cdr

l dg; rahr, rac acry h s r hag h wr ca

h Gl wh amlal rghd y dcad rral marrag ad allac.8 th

Troughout

history, its ports

have hosted Arab

Persian, South

Asian, Arican, an

European traders

and invaders,

many o whom

settled down and

assimilated.

Against the Winds of Poitica Change


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lgmacy clam h lad racd h 1783 al r pwr.9 Ld accpd

ad phld h clam ad, accrdg h Al-Khala, h lcal haa accpd

cdally. th rl wa h a bahra.

M bahra dy hmlv a Ara dgh w h ah h s

rlg amly ad h ah h sha mary. Dp bahra hry, m bahra

dg Ara sha r hr Ara dy, r, ad acry, all whch ar lkd

Ara r h Araa Pla. M bahra s ad sha har h dy.

ovr m, dr cmm cd cal, rmarry, ad lv d-y-d. i

ac, a s wh wld cm a sha rdr ak advaag ad qah

h daghr a rdlr hrac law. bahra hrr rpr a ar grar

dvry hc, clr, ad p ha h prmd y h ral ad

xral par wh f rm h cara arrav.

i lgh dma Ara dy, h am llcal ad plcal crr ccrrg hr par h Ara wrld al cd bahra. i ac, may bahra llcal

wr dcad a cr Ara larg egyp, iraq, syra, ad La. M mmr

bahra p-Wrld War ii gra dd egyp ad adpd narm, h Ara

aal dlgy prfd y Gamal Adl-nar ha mphad Ara y ad

yg h mpvrhd ma h Mddl ea ad nrh Arca. i al gh cra

a cal pa-Ara a ha wld rc ral allgac ad cla-ad cc. May

bahra llcal dcad wh h dlgcal ramwrk rrd hm kg

mplm hr da lcally. Wh Ara aalm gld mch h Mddl ea, rlg

ral aml acr h Ara wrld, parclarly h Gl, vwd a a xal hra

hr w pwr.

Dissolving the 1974 Parliament and the National Action Charter

bahra gad dpdc rm bra 1971 ad adpd fr c w

yar lar.10 i fr parlamary lc prvd ha bahra cld wrk cmm

dlgcal plarm acr cara l. Hwvr, y 1975 h mr (h crr kg

ahr) dlvd parlam, pdd h c, ad dclard mrgcy law.11 th


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lar ac pdd m dvdal rgh, cldg h rma plcal par, ad

ald h arrary prc ay pp.12 th rlg crackdw, whch rmad

c r h x hr y yar, acd all pp mvm bahra, ll hard

h clar ad Ara aal dd wh wr hr mprd r xld.13

i h 1990, a gfca mr dcad ad pral s, sha, clar bahra,

a wll a rlg grp, pd r a d mrgcy law ad h rcm

h c.14 th gvrm rpdd wh a ral crackdw ha prdcd ral

cc r yar, a dp-ad grvac cad vl clah ad may dah.15 i

add h l l ad prpry, bahra l crcal cmc dvlpm. Dp

prally dcad ppla ad lral ad (a la y rgal adard)

ward rgr, vr k hr my hr Gl lca ha gh mmc

bahra advaag, m aly Da. bahra lack rlav aly cvcd h

mrcha cla ad rlg amly ha ahr cr ac wa dd.

up acdg h hr Frary 2002, Kg Hamad salama Al-Khala gh

lral bahra plcally ad r a w pag hry. H vraw a prc ha

clmad a naal Ac Charr (nAC) ha wa ppd alh a cal

marchy wh a lcd dy, a wll a a dpd dcary, ad d h a

mrgcy ha had pdd all cal prc.16 opp ladr wr

cragd a plcal prc ha, hy acpad, wld lad magl rrm.

th rrm r d h pplary wh all gm bahra cy, cldg h

mary sha.17 A gral amy wa grad all plcal prr ad xl, ad r ay

ac vlc cmmd y pp ladr.18 th law al gav a mlar amy h

cry rvc, hry prvg rr vcm rm hldg hr ar accal.19May bahra lvd ha h nAC wld a a prc rccla. trr vcm

ad xl wr prmd plc hr r, mhg ha had vr prmd.

nw -gvrm rgaa (nGo) plad h d a vra cvl cy; gh

addr plc grvac rlad hg ad mplym dcrma, a wll a

lc ad drc mapla; ad xpdd arala h army ad cry rc.


12/44


Dp h al l ha nAC wld racva h pdd 1971 c, h

cm wa a mar dappm.20 Kg Hamad rad crl all hr rach

gvrm ad h cl wa appd had h xcv rach dp havg rvd

a prm mr vr c h a dpdc ry- yar ag. th kg appdhal h lglar ad cld v all lgla. Law cld d y ryal dcr wh

parlamary vrgh, ad h al had h ahry app h cal cr

ad dg. th cry rvc maad hr p gvrm wh may h

am prl, ad h parlamara alar cd crad wh addal

hg ad rapra prk.21 th plc l ah parlam aly rma

dpd ad adqaly rpr h ppla.

D h rlg amly ral l raglhld vr h cry, nAC cam

hg mr ha a hly vld ahrara marchy maag pwr rcr.

The Economic-Political Patronage Structure

th cmc-plcal parag ym a ky cmp h rlg amly crl.

bahra r rm may h am cal ad plcal ll ha plag hr Ara a.

Ch amg hm h prvav cmc ad plcal pwr xrcd y a mall grp

aml ad cla. Rgardl whhr h plcal ym rplca r marchcal,

h rchd aml f dprpraly rm chc appm mr

ad gvrm fc. th cc r crad y hr va cmmrcal rpr

drgardd, whch allw hm rch hmlv. th l ha ppdly para

pral walh, cmmrcal r, ad plc m ar lrrd, hry cag a d

ac cl plc a ad carc plc lad h l pral walh prl.

idpd wd y h plcally margald r rprral yh ar rcd ch w wrkg wh h alhd aml xchag r

kckack r cdg wh ayg mall ad margald. sc hr hr

ahr p, plcal a ad cmc walh rma ccrad amg h am

w aml vr may gra. th rlg amly xpl h dply rd parag

ym lr w pwr, whadg pplar pp h a q.


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urprgly, lad a prc rrc h mall all Ara cr ha al ha

h wrld hgh ppla d. oc a gr lad flld wh palm r ha

ac cvla calld Arad (Parad),22 vr m h gvrm ga acqr w

lad r al ad dvlpm y rdgag plc lad a prva ad hrgh arclama.23 th a pac dvlpm ha all rdd h vrm wh grav

cqc r h ppla ad plc.24 Rclama prc ally ccrad

ara hav prad alm vry ca bahra lad, mch ha w plc

ach rma. n cfd h caal ara, h rglad dvlpm ha dd

p dryg hrcal , m whch wr rgrd y h ud na a wrld

hrag , r dvlpm prc ha wld rch h rlg amly.25 A gra dal

prdcv armlad wa al dvlpd, lavg wak cragly mall ad crwdd

dwllg wh alm l r h lcal ppla.26

A h rlg amly palaal prpr cd pr, h palm r r whch bahra

d am dappard.27 Ay c vrmal r hrcal grd, vrm m mmr Al-Khala amly, wr dmd. Wh h g vrmal

dvaa cam dal, h gvrm wa cmplld p rrrg bahra

a h Mhr a Mll Palm tr.28

Fr a ppla ha d armg ad fhg, all h vrmal drc wa

mr ha a l cm; wa a l dy cad y h gr mmaagm

a dr gvrm. th l acc lad ad a ha dprvd may bahra

gal mplym, hry rdcg hm dpdc p chary ad a wlar

r rvval.29 Whl rapd dvlpm a cmm phm h Gl, hr cr

d hr xv l walh cmpa c r lad acq r hr cmc

l. A ppla hr Gl cr xprcd a cllcv cra lvgadard, h prf dvlpm bahra wr ccrad h had a mall

l hld h rlg amly.

A a rl h cmc-plcal parag rcr, gvrm plc r dca,

halhcar, ad cal cry va h bahra Gral orgaa r scal irac

rma hghly cv. Mmal vm hm ha ald m h ppl d.


14/44


th plcal, a ppd mr-ad, lc ky gvrm prl prcvd

a drcly crg Maama aly maglly addr h c-cmc

challg acd y h ppla, pcally h rgg yh cr. Prvav crrp

lm h f cmc grwh a lc w, a a m wh h mary m rggl mak d m.

th a ha dvaag r h yh. i a cally crvav cy whr h

ly accpal cac w h x marrag, h mr mplyd yh

al ar hr adl lv ha mhrmd. smlar egyp ad ta, h grvac

dacd yh archg r dgy ha ad rma a ladg crr

bahra pr-dmcracy mvm.

The Al-Khalifa Ruling Family: Ruling Subjects Rather Than Governing Citizens

th rlg amly cdr l wr h lad ad rlr c: h bahrappla. i rr r prcg c, h ryal xpc cdal dc. i

h arly h cry, ch a mar-c rlahp wa cmm h Gl.

b w, vr fy yar ar h Al-Khala r, h plc prcp rlahp

v--v h rlg amly ha chagd cdraly.

th m cmmly hard m h rra l ar radg h mall pr hr

prpry l ar payg hr mrgag. icldd hr h rm heba, a gvaway r

g rm H Ryal Hgh. th parclar rm ly drv hm h p ha ay prpry

rgh acqrd y h ppl ar c llfca y h rlg amly, rgardl hw

mch hy pad acqr hm. th rlg amly l ha mmr w h lad

hardly q bahra. May hr rlg aml hrgh h Gl hav adpd ham phlphy wh rgard h lad ad hr rlahp wh hr c.

bahra, hwvr, ar w dmadg rgh a c a mdr a-a, a ppd

h radal parg rlahp w h pararchal rlr ad h d

c. Whl m h ryal hav accpd a mdrd df hr gvrg

rl, h ad may hr hav vlvd. A a rl, hr ar plcal


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wh h rlg amly a wll a cra wh h mary bahra dmadg

qal chp rgh.

th 1974 dl parlam ad p h 1971 c hld rprdwh h cx. spcfcally, h c dyd hr rlr y challgg h rl

wh parlam rd ray h wly rdcd draca cry law. i rp,

h argad parlam alghr. th mag wa clar: c may mak gg,

ar vlvd h acal dc-makg prc.

Dp h hry vlc, mmr h mdra sha ad s pp lmaly

accpd h marchy lgmacy. Rahr ha ampg vrhrw , hy vally

cam vw h rlg amly a a prcr hr lmd rdm, whch ar lral y

rgal adard, ad a a garda aga sad cr. Accrdgly, h mdra

plcal grp wa a ramwrk r l-gvrac wh a cal marchy rahr

ha a dpd rlg amly. uraly, hr raal dmad ar g drwd y a alarm ad xaggrad cara arrav.


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th dl parlam ccrrd ly fv yar r h iraa rvl 1979.

Fllwg h ilamc Rplc ira r, a w gvrm dvd paradgm mrgd.

Facd wh a a vy-v mll ppl rld y a sha clrgy agr xpr

rlg rvl, bahra s rlg amly wrrd ha mary sha pplawld ccm ira xpa agda.30 t prrv pwr, h Al-Khala prmd

cara dv a h xp aal y.

A ard h am m, h cld war rag ha had prvly dfd may Ara rlr

rlahp wh h W wr lg prmc. ira rahr ha Ara aalm, calm,

ad cmmm wa prcvd a h rg hra h W rgal r. th

bahra sha, c-rlg h w iraa rlr, h cam vlral capgag.

Prrayd a ag ira, Maama gh clva h lyaly s c whl

margalg sha mary hrgh ymc dcrma.31 tward h d, adpd a

prvly crvral ac y mracg ad prmg h s Mlm brhrhd.32

i xchag r plcal accpac, h brhr ad h mr crvav salaf smvm wr xpcd prpa h cara arrav y vlyg h sha.

Whl qal gvrm plc acd all bahra, h sha wr h m advrly

mpacd. Mch h prpl ad calclad plcal-cmc parag ym gh

lr h xg pwr rcr. Allga lk w h dg sha

ad ch mlard a-wr mvm a Hllah wr d y h g

rpr ad dcrma, alhgh acal pr wa prd.33

Lad dr cam h m pwrl l. D a mar hrag rdal lad,

may rd dpd gvrm-dd hg. sha rd aw hr wa

r ardal hg xdd r yar, mm r vr a dcad, whl hr harmy alm rly s ad cry rc wr a-rackd.34 A h sha

ca h d, s rcr rm Paka, syra, Ym, ad lwhr wr

vd wh h pwr plc h a.35 May h rcrd ldr mprd

hr w a-sha a, whch wr grdd h s-sha plcal ad cal

ack hm. Ahr pwrl l cara prm aral h grrymadrg

drc ad h arala had rg s, h whch am lm h

o preserve its

power, the Al-

Khalia promoted

sectarian division

at the expense o

national unity.

Exporting the Image of liberaism Whie

Promoting the Sectarian Narrative


18/44


plcal rpra h sha mary.36 i qckly cam clar ha h gvrm

wa rg a cara arrav prrv grp pwr.

th aw h marchy mypc cara arrav ar may. Fr, h cry shaAra ar al harg clral, amlal, ad cmmrcal lk wh ira. th pwrl

Far-pakg s bahra, wh mmgrad rm ira gra ag ad ra may

hr Pra rad, ar caly argd ca hy ar mmr h l

cla. scd, a mlar rag appld s Ara bahra, wh ar

rarly accd g mr lyal sad Araa mply ca hy lg h am

c. j a Amrca Cahlc wld rl a ay gg ha hy ar mr lyal

h Vaca ha h ud sa, may bahra sha ar ld y h gg ha

hr ah mak hm ay l lyal bahra. Fally, -Ara bahra, whhr sha,

s, r -Mlm, cdr hmlv bahra fr. i hr wrd, hr aalm

racd hr rlg afla. i h rc pr-dmcracy dmra, h

dvry rlg grp vlvd dplay h prdmac aal lyaly.

Dp h raly, Maama c mpha ira ppd c ad mddlg

lcal aar y dprpra rc aga pr-dmcracy prr.

i ragy drg h crr prg k k cara ha ay g

cdma rm sha rlg crcl cld prd a pr iraa vlvm.

Mawhl, h bahra gvrm prray h a a a lral, plralc cy y

rgal adard. Fr xampl, Hda n wa h fr jwh Ara mal amaadr

agd a may h ud sa.37 Al samaa, a Chra wma, wa

appd a pakr h ppr chamr parlam.38 Frg dgar ch a Chr

blar ad Hllary Cl hav parcpad p w hall mg ad hald bahraplcal rrm.39 Ad fally, bahra lcd Laa Al-Qd h fr mal mmr

parlam (MP) h r Gl rg.40 Clvag h mag lralm ly ga

all allga ahraram ad dcrma, al rv a lara prp:

bahra dpraly d arac rg vm a vlral cmy. b

drah h ragl mag mdry l a cmc-plcal parag rcr ha

prpa h qal dr walh, qaly dca, ad cmc ppry.


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by h d h 1990, rq pr, clr, ad ac vadalm wr damagg

h cry cmc ad plcal adg. th rlg amly ampd addr h

prr grvac ad hlp h cry rgh adg a a al cr

fac ad rm h Gl, pcally h ac rg cmp rm Da. thq rrm rgh a dyg array chag h plcal ladcap bahra:

Plcal prr wr rlad, plcal xl cam hm, ad rad ad plcal

c wr prmd x acr a larg array dlgcal pcrm. nw hma

rgh rgaa pd, a-crrp rgaa ard mr h cry

mr clly, ad rr vcm alkd ply hr xprc ad rama. Hma rgh

rgaa ld r hldg h accd rr accal, ad c-a

pc (.g., gvrm rvc ad qal rrc allca) cam rglar pc

plc da. ev lcd MP qd mr a hw gvrm my wa

p. th dvdd r bahra mag arad ad q dvlpm rm

ad h cmy wr gfca.

th pd a whch cvl cy rhd 2002-04 cagh Maama y rpr. A cvl

cy cam a cv mcham r c dmad mr rgh ad challg h

gvrm dcr, h ryal amly rrad rm arlr cmmm dmcra.

sarg 2005, h av r clar pp hrgh plcal par, rad ,

ad nGo wr ymacally lmad. Plcal par wr ad ad nGo wr

rprd hrgh havy rgla ad cd lc rvca hy rcvd

xral dg r crcd h rlg amly.41 thr ard, ch a ha h rpcd

bahra Hma Rgh scy, wr dlvd ad ak vr y gvrm mr.42

Plc pr wr rrcd y vag ad arrary rgla ha dfd lgal pr

vry arrw rm. Mda rdm wr arrarly dd d plcal prrgav,

ad dr ad ral wh plhd crcal pc wr harad ad qd. th rr wa al h r ar a r ha . 43 by 2010, a crackdw

cvl cy rld h d may acv rmpd-p rrrm charg.44

May sha ad s bahra l ha h rg wa g plld rm dr hm a h

ryal rrd hr radal ahraram.


20/44



21/44

1

July 2011

RepoRt

o jaary 25, 2011 egyp aga prd bahra.45 th pacl pr-dmcracy pr

y yg m ad wm acr cara ad cla l ha vally d H

Marak rad rgly bahra.46 sg a pg lfll hr plcal apra,47

apprxmaly 200,000 bahra all clar ad rlg pra lly -hrd h cry c marchd paclly h r. 48

Prr h v egyp, bahra clar ad rlg grp hld para

pr a h am , h ra-cla ad ra-rlg y h yg

egypa prd bahra aal y. Wh a mvad yh mvm ladg h

pr-dmcracy pr, h clar ad rlg rgar racdd cara l

ad d rc. Crary h marchy cara arrav, s pp fgr

hlpd rga h pr ad wrkd wh sha pp grp ga rrm.49

bh clar ad sha pp grp mphad hr dr reorm, rahr ha

vrhrw, h ym.50 spcfcally, hy akd r mr raparcy gvrac ad

allca a rrc, a d crrp, grar parcpa lcral plc,lgala plcal par, ad a ra a cal marchy. uraly,

hr rq ll da ar.

th prr rmad pacl, crary h a-prd prpagada calclad

drm hr crdly. th hghly rgad ad clv pr mad rm

avalal r vry, rgardl gdr r c. th ladr rcd h crwd

hw maag h mda y mphag aal lga ad rcg cara .

thy al crcd h mmr wh lckd rafc h capal. ev ar h raly

ad may dah prprad y h plc, m h ladr cd p

pacl cvl ddc. Fr xampl, hy cragd h crwd cha rm h

rp, a chq prd y ira pp Gr Mvm. thy al cd rcg h marchy lgmacy, v wh acd wh crcm rm aggrvd amly

mmr kg rvg. Whl h mvm d ca m radcal lm, h

ar mr ha a mall mry.

i cra egyp ad ta, whr prr rd dw ldg lgg h rlg

par ad rr mr, bahra h pp ccrrd: gvrm rc aackd

With a motivated

youth movement

leading the pro-

democracy protest

both secular and

religious organize

transcended

sectarian lines an

joined orces.

The Arab Spring of 2011


22/44


ad rd dw h fc Al-Waq (h mdra sha pp grp), Waad (h

s-lad clar pp grp), ad h pp Al-Waa (th Mddl) wpapr.51

Exploiting the Sectarian Narrative to Justify a Brutal Crackdown

Dp mda cvrag h crary, Maama r davw h cara arrav.52

Accrdg h gvrm, h pr wr maplad y d rc (cd r ira)

dal h cry. th sha ar allgdly prx r thra, whch ppdly

prg h xac am gal.53 Ad y mlaly prclam ha h cry

dmcrac, ha h para pwr x, ad ha h sha ac dcrma.54

Ad rm lack vracy, h cara arrav mld xrm lm wh

h pp.55 idd, ar a harh crackdw h mall mry rc ga

hg Dah Al-Khala, dp h ac ha mdra sha ad h bahra mddl

cla had apprvd h lga . Cc prad h r, a rpr fghw sha ad s chlchldr ad cara ad racd.56

Whl h rlg amly may hav rccld l lrag pr ar h naal

Ac Charr, ddc wa ahr mar. th pacl pr-dmcracy pr wr

rprd a c dyg hr mar ad h lly drvg ay phm

h gvrm whd ac. Gv h ad, ad rp wa ral: vr

hry ppl dd, hdrd wr rd, ad h d h wh wr dappard

ar w ard dad.57 Gvrm fcal ackwldg ha a la r dvdal dd

cdy.58 sq phgraph ak y Cnn ad bbC h crp ar hckg

vdc xrm rr.

o h crp wa Karm Fakhraw, h plhr Al-Wasat.59 th parclar

wpapr hry rpr h rlg pary dg ppr r dmcracy.

Fdd y Mar Al-jamr, a rmr xl wh wa vd hm y Kg Hamad plh

a dpd wpapr,60 qly pad Maama had. i dr wa

rmvd ad m ral wr dprd; hr wr qd r h

wpapr wa allwd rp (dr h gdac h irma Mry) ad h


23/44

2

July 2011

RepoRt

h dw. Ahr crp wa a lggr amd zakarya Rahd Haa al-Ahr. Y ahr

d Al ia irahm saqr, a ma accd rg vr a plcma wh had

rd hml whl prclamg h cc.61 th phgraph h crp r g

rr ha ca d p h gvrm-rlad apd c.62

th lvl vlc lahd aga h prr wa hckg. Dcr, lawyr,

lggr, agr, ad mmr all pp grp, cldg prm s, wr

ald, a, ad klld.63 th mlary plc rd hpal ad cld mdcal cr

prv h rd rm g rad.64 th crp mg m ad wm hav

d wh ll wd h had ad ch. tak hav ad sha vllag,

ad armd pr-gvrm vgla ram h r.65

Parclarly rlg h gvrm prc mlary cr h dcr,

r, ad mrgcy prl wh hav rad rd prr.66 iraal rgh

grp, amg hm Amy iraal ad Phyca r Hma Rgh, hav rgdh gvrm mmdaly ca crackdw mdcal prl d rpr

cmmcad d, rr,67 xal a,68 xcv rc,69 ad dah d

pc crcmac.70 by dmg h raal pral adard

ha rqr mdcal prl ra h rd rrpcv plcal afla, h

ryal ar dg a mag: ay aca wh dr hall rl xpdd

prc ad mprm.

ev lawyr ddg arrd pp fgr, amg hm s ad clar, hav

arrd. Ahl, wrkr, ad mply plc ad prva cmpa hav

frd ma r prg; d wh crc h gvrm hav harad;

ad vllag ard h cry hav rrdd wh ak ad chckp rryh pplac. Rpr c gh rad h vllag ad g pr-daw arr

ad dapparac. sch draca ad vl rp ar dd ly p h

pr, , mr mpraly, amp ay ad all r pp.

t y h dprpra rc, h gvrm caly mpha ira

c ad mddlg lcal aar. i drak ac dgd k cara


24/44


prvk a cdma rm sha rlg crcl ha ca d prv

iraa vlvm. spcfcally, ha gagd h llwg gr vla cal ad

plcal rgh:

symac drc sha mq, rlg , ad mrg hall; 71

excl sha rm plc l, ch a xpllg hm rm gvrm,

rad grp, a cmpa, ad v pr lag; 72

u fcal mda, cldg bahra tV, dpc h prr a ar

ad rrr ad dgh w bahra ad sha (mplyg ha sha

c ar rally bahra); 73

iac a gvrm-alld hg r ad dry prva prpry sha vllag;

Rad grl chl ad h haram mal d, cldg h

wh hav prd; 74 ad

bag bahra rm ravlg cr wh larg sha ppla,

ch a ira, iraq ad La.75

Prg a cara agda h rg, v a mall cry lk bahra, ha a advr

rppl c h radr Mddl ea. i rp Maama dlra aack

sha ppla, h gvrm Mahmd Ahmadad ira lrg wag

pplary y xplg h am arrav. ug h cc drac h dcd

ppla rm dmc cmc prlm ha parclarly cv amg h

crvav rral ppla, wh mr lkly ympah wh llw sha hr

cr. by mphag h dlra prc, h al al galva pprr h gvrm harh crackdw h iraa pr-dmcracy mvm. evr c

h pr-dmcracy pr bahra ga, thra ha pprg prr ad

prcg plcal ladr h a-gvrm Gr Mvm way ha wld

hav plcally pl h pa w yar.

i iraq ad La, cara rccla pardy a cra mmr s ad

sha plcal par capal h amd m amg hr adhr.76 th rma


25/44

2

July 2011

RepoRt

al gvrm h cr hrr g dlayd, whch ly drm h

ud sa cry r. ira-alld lm baghdad hav d bahra cc

dc h grwg crcm y lcal s ad sha pp grp pd. i

La, sha ad s ac hav d h cc pak xplc cara rm

rly rmc La cvl war. sch rhrc al lkly rgh Hllah

p ha cry.

ulmaly, h cara arrav l-dag. o May 21, w day ar Prd

oama Ara sprg pch, kw aala aackd h hm dmcracy acv

nal Raa.77 ehr h ryal amly cg prpa vlc, r wr, lg

crl rc ad pprr a hy vlly aack prr. sch vglam vrly

drm h gvrm mply pwr ad h rc, a dvlpm ha

dal h cry v rhr.

Accrdgly, h ud sa hld ra aal cry r bahra

rc h -h-grd ral. Accpg h fcal cara arrav a ac val may

r ar mr drmal Amrca r h Mddl ea ha acpad. im, h ha mvd rm rmav r mral argm avr prcg dvdal

rgh h radr gplcal c prmg grp prcd ca

cara afla.

Foreign Intervention by Saudi Arabia Instead of Iran

th sad marchy wachd hrrr a Ara dcar ar ahr wa dpd y a

ppla dmadg dmcracy. Farg r w rl, h sad ryal amly ha g

gra lgh qah h am rvl hp avdg a mlar a. i rd

acary r ta d dcar z el Ad b Al ad cmmd l rplacg

ay ad ha h ud sa hrad whhld rm egyp r hma rgh vla.

s ralg ha h oama admra wld ppr, hr plcally r mlarly,

a vl crackdw aga pr-dmcracy dmrar ghrg cr,78 Ryadh

k v w had y rvg drcly h ral aar bahra ad

hr Gl cr. i al rpdd Amrca r dad Maama rm lachg

a mlary crackdw.79 i xchag r facal ppr dgd ay cmc

damag cad y h vl crackdw, wa gv car lach rg rp


26/44


ad ymacally crh h pr-dmcracy mvm. th sad-lad Gl Cpra

Ccl (GCC) lad h plcal grdwrk r sad ad emra rv y accg ira

rg rv.80 Farg ha h mvm wld prad wh rdr, sad

rp wr rdrd qah rack; Maama vwd ha h sad rc wld lav l h hra Gl Ara cr rm ary sh pwr ira wa vr.81

th dplym crrra h bahra pp ar sad rv.82 th

ryal amly, wh ll sad ackg, rd h q Kwa ad Qaar r

mda. M aly, h pr bahra r ha c hwd h pcr h

kg, h prm mr, ad h crw prc w hw h kg x Kg Adllah

sad Araa, clarly gyg sad c. t rhr challg h ud sa aly

ppr dmcracy h rg, sad Araa ha vd jrda, Mrcc, ad hr

Ara march h GCC ad adp aggrv crackdw pr-dmcracy

mvm. i pldgg rm rrc GCC mmr hlp hm cr ay

pplar prg ha k dp hr ahrara plcal ladr r march.

nwhadg h rv, Wahg ll wld rm c bahra. Wh

h cry cry rc ally ackd dw rm a vl crackdw, prr crd

r Amrca, iraa, hlp. Wh h plc plld ack ad allwd h prr

rak hr rghld Parl Rda, h ud sa rcvd m h crd.

Ad wh sad rp rd h cry ad vlly pprd h prr, may

h lar aw a mplc gr lgh d rm h ud sa. 83

bahra, a ky Amrca ally, ragcally h Gl ml away rm ira. ul rcly,

ppl vwd h ud sa a a mdl mdry, chlgcal advacm, ad

dmcracy. Hwvr, Wahg rra rm pprg dmcracy bahra, hrghh ac ad wrd, ha rdd crdly bahra ad c h

rg. th oama admra pr-dmcracy plc Paka, ta, egyp, ad

hr alld cr hld al appld bahra. th admra ha drd

dalg, m g gfcaly yd ha wa prm dmcracy a wll a

prc r h rg. th pacl pp ca ga wh a g

had ad a gfca mr mmr d.


27/44

2

July 2011

RepoRt

i hg l, h gg pr-dmcracy rvl h Mddl ea mak hgclar: pprg ahrara rgm hr lgr a p. Q h crary, dg ly lad aly a h ppla cm a pwdr kg wag xpld

a h m prdcal mm. Ara acr h rg hav cagrcally rcd hradal ra r pprg dcar: a cary vl maa Amrca r.

Accrdgly, Amrca rg plcy fcal m cm rm wh h ac ha magl

dmcracy r Ara h r h ud sa vr h lg r.

Whl dmcracy h Mddl ea may gara h hgmy ha m Amrca

fcal k, mr lkly prdc a wh cmmm ar kp ca

hy ar ad h wll hr ppl. A ppd rlyg h ragly crcd

cpra, dmcracally r Ara cr wll cm mr rlal all, ha ac

h a mal aal r. ovr h lg r, Amrca wll av rll dllar

y avdg cary war ad r dcar wh rcly dy hr ppla h

rgh d, cr ward cmc dvlpm, ad df hr cy ad d ad vlvg val wh a glald wrld. Mrvr, a r mda, a vra cvl

cy, acv rad aca, ad a gagd cry wll r ha dcar ar

rplacd y rlg r clar xrm.

Mawhl, h rg Amrca all ar ply challgg ppr r dmcracy.

sad Araa, r xampl, ha alrady hw wllg g xrm lgh qah h

prad pr-dmcracy prg, parclarly w ghrhd. A dmrad

bahra, h sad marchy prvd gfca cmc aac ad mlary rrc

h Ara rgm ha crackdw vlly hr rv ppla. b dp h

cm, h Ara wrld ryal aml pay cl a h ud sa p.

Whl lkly ha h ud sa ca r, r ha mar, hld larally rarmh march ll-dgd dmcrac a, ac-ad ppr r vral

dmcrac rdm avraly c h rala mch dd plcal rrm.

Rcly, Wahg ad Ld wlcmd pch, aly hghlghd ly h

eglh-lagag pr, ad gr y Maama ward gagg dalg wh h

pp. i parclar, Wahg xprd ppr r Crw Prc salma Hamad

dplmac r alvag h cry rpa ad rvv h dalg prc rdr

I nothing else,

the ongoing

pro-democracy

revolutions in

the Middle East

make one thing

clear: supporting

authoritarian

regimes there is n

longer an option.

The Wa Forward


28/44


mhw rlv h cr.84 Hwvr, bahra Arac-lagag mda carrd wrd

rccla. o h crary, h crackdw ha acally fd a mr pp

fgr ar g harad, rrd, dad, ad cd dcad pr. Accrdg

h gvrm w rc, h ly chag havr cam ar Prd oamaAra sprg pch, whch h pcfcally cdmd h drc sha mq

bahra.85 s hrar, Maama cad h parclar campag. Amrca fcal hld

wary h bahra gvrm ly rhrc, r k cra h al mpr

fcal gagm v--v rccla ad dalg wh h ppl.

sm dplma prr ha pprg rrmr wh h ryal amly may lr h chac

cvcg h hardlr ack dw ad accp h rrm prc.86 th prlm wh

h rag ha a ral cy hghly lkly ha a amly mmr, l al a

ryal amly mmr, wll plac h ppl plcal ad cmmrcal r av h

h amly. i bahra, h plcal ad cmmrcal r ach ryal amly mmr

ar maly rwd va vry cl amlal ad ral allac. th hr h kgr h crw prc ca appar d wh h dmrar aga h prm mr,

wh happ h kg cl. Hc a dvd ad cqr ragy ha p h ryal

amly rrmr aga hardlr lkly al. iad, Wahg hld adp a

ymc apprach ha mak h r h ryal amly a a whl gag

magl dalg rdr addr h dmrar lgma grvac.

i h d, a lg-rm ragy hld racd gagg wh dvdal wh h ryal

amly y gagg wh bahra cy a a whl. th oama admra m clar

ad xplc a xpca h bahra gvrm ha ca clam, a

ha d rpadly bahra a-crlld Arac-lagag pr, ha Wahg

mplcly apprv aggrv crackdw.

Accrdgly, Wahg hld:

Rafrm cmmm bahra rrral gry ad rgh r rm

rrc ay ghrg cry, whhr Ara (.g., sad Araa) r -

Ara (.g., ira);


29/44

2

July 2011

RepoRt

ecrag a mllaral dalg w h gvrm ad clar ad rlg

pp fgr paclly addr h cry grvac;

Rvw 2006 Fr trad Pac wh bahra drm h gg hmargh vla mr p r rma87;

Alr h pply cha r h u.s. navy Fh Fl, whch ad bahra, mak

h r h hghly al mrcha cla ppr dmcracy

bahra. bahra pplr hld al hav cv -dcrma plc

ad rc h cry dvry;

edr, a a arg p r rrm, h agda prd y h crw prc

ad accpd y Al-Waq, whch cld a rprav parlam ad ca,

ar lc drc, ad r dc hc arala, crrp,

ad cara ;

M wh pp MP ad hr lcd fcal, cldg h crrly al;

Dmad ha dad pp fgr ad plcal prr, parclarly lcd

MP, rlad rm al mmdaly, grad d prc rgh a cvl cr

law, ad rcv cmp d cl;

Call Maama l rrc h mda, cldg h ir, ad

gara h rdm h pr;

sd dpd rvr ad h ral prr ad ppmmr r ha hy ar gv a ar ral wh d prc rgh;

Call Maama mplm arlr cmmm allw hma rgh mr

acc h cry vllag ad d cr; ad

sppr h ryg alh h rl law a wll a a dpd dcary,

ad h kg alh mrgcy law ha dvdal rgh ca rcd.


30/44


bahra ha rachd h ppg p ra a mr dmcrac a. Dp h

gg a-prd vlc, h sha ad s bahra wll rgrp, ra, ad

c dmad hr hma rgh l hy fally ccd whhr h gra r

h x. Ad, h w ladr wll ak h ud sa rl ad rpd accrdgly.thrr pprg rrm bahra ad dmcracy h Mddl ea lgr a ly

dal; h ud sa aal r.


31/44

2

July 2011

RepoRt

Endnotes

1. sahar A a lgal llw a h i r scal Plcy ad udradg, a aca

prr law a txa Wlya uvry schl Law (all 2011), ad ha rvd a a

r plcy advr a h ofc r Cvl Rgh ad Cvl Lr a h u.s. Dparm

Hmlad scry. sh hld a M.A. Mddl ear d rm h uvry

txa. M. A ddca h rpr h bahra ppl wh prd hr wh hrgry, kd, ad lv r hr cry drg hr v bahra. spcal hak

ar al d Dall jr r hr xcll rarch aac.

2. Adllah Malm hld dgr clgy a wll a Mddl ear lagag ad

clr. Mr. Malm grw p bahra, whr h ha cdcd cal rarch, ad

ha a rq vr h cy vr h pa dcad. Drg h v, h kp

ch wh lcal hma rgh acv. H ha cd mr bahra plcal

ad cal prgr c h crr wav pr rk .

3. Fr a racrp Prd oama pch, tracrp: oama spch A th

Ara Wrld, naal Plc Rad, May 19, 2011, hp://www.pr.rg/2011/05/19/136466323/racrp-ama-pch-a-h-ara-wrld.

4. Amy Gdma, barack oama m pak bahra ldhd, Guardian, Apr.

13, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisree/ciamerica/2011/apr/13/barack-obama-

bahrain-bloodshed.

5. Mark L Gldrg, bahra Ahr Pg Dcr ad nr tral r Carg r

h Wdd, u.n. Dpach, May 5, 2011, hp://www.dpach.cm/ahra-ahr-

pg-dcr-ad-r--ral-r-carg-r-h-wdd: th a hma rgh

caarph w rm; j srk, bahra mdc ar h arg rr,

Guardian, May 5, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisree/2011/may/05/bahrain-medics-arrest-retribution; Cliord Krauss, Hpal i Draw i bahra sr, New

York Times, Apr. 12, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/13/world/middleeast/13bahrain.

html?_r=1&src=twrhp.

6. Gl Cary, bahra opp Acc Gvrm Dmlhg 30 Mq,

blmrg, Apr. 24, 2011, hp://www.lmrg.cm/w/2011-04-24/ahra-

pp-acc-gvrm--dmlhg-30-mq.hml.


32/44


7. Cral illgc Agcy, The World Factbook, Middle East: Bahrain, last accessed

May 9, 2011, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-actbook/geos/ba.html.

8. Rdgr shaaha, bad M n Rg: th Myh h Gl sha Crc, Lowy

Institute or International Policy 7 (2008), noting the al-Khalia tribe rom neighboring Qatar

conquered Bahrain in 1782.

9. R A, R Dal, Human Rights Watch (1997), http://www.hrw.org/

legacy/reports/1997/bahrain/: The Sunnis include the descendants o the tribes that

accompanied the Al Khalia amily conquest o the island in 1783, ater nearly two centuries

o Persian rule.

10. Yaa Al-saad, bahra uprg, Mah, Mar. 3, 2011, hp://mah.rg/?p=893.

11. Torture Redux: The Revival o Physical Coercion during Interrogations in Bahrain, Human

Rights Watch 11 (2010), http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/02/08/torture-redux-0.

12. id. shakh ia[] dlvd h naal Amly ar rd dr a dracaa cry law ha, amg hr hg, prmd arrary arr ad cmmcad

d, ad crad a sa scry Cr ha cvly pdd h pr

h c garag d prc rgh.

13. Al-saad, bahra uprg.

14. id.

15. id.

16. id.

17. id.

18. id.

19. trr Rdx, a 5.


33/44

3

July 2011

RepoRt


21. Adlhad Khala, bahra Parlam: th Q r a Rl, Carg edwm

r iraal Pac, May 22, 2004, hp://www.cargdwm.rg/

ar/?a=hw&arcl=21282.

22. Mq Krvra, Frdrk talmag Hr, ad Axll Rgll, Qala al-bahra: Atrag ad Mlary op 3rd Mllm b.C. 17h Cry A.D.,Brepols, 249 (2005).

23. bama Mhammd, Rclama c bahra mll, Gul Daily News, Mar. 7, 2009,

http://www.gul-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=245058.

24. id. bahra ha md mll dar ha cld hav d ppr

h cry alg fhg dry, pay allwac pr aml ad hlp lv a

gvrm hg hrag [d lad rclama prc].; al HabibToumi,

bahra parlam wa l lad rclama , Gul News, Jan. 12, 2010,

http://gulnews.com/news/gul/bahrain/bahrain-parliament-wants-solution-to-land-

reclamation-issue-1.567052: All Members o Parliament (MPs) in the lower chamber agreedthat the land reclamation rate in Bahrain was causing economic and social problems and

needed to be stopped.

25. Mhammd Al Aal, Hrag cd , Gul Daily News, Aug. 24, 2010, http://

www.gul-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=285421, reporting that archeological

site enced o to prevent urther destruction as a result o building luxury villas and other

development projects.

26. sad Hamada, bahra Farm Dapparg udr Ccr twr, Global Issues,

Jan. 6, 2011, http://www.globalissues.org/news/2011/01/06/8102: Seventy percent o arms

[in Bahrain] have been eliminated due to urbanisation, according to environmentalists whoare warning o a serious environmental crisis.

27. id. evrmal ar lyg r lawmakr ppr acva a law prc

palm r ha wa drd 1983 vr rcd.

28. id.


34/44


29. tm, bahra parlam wa l.


31. id. i cra h cry s mry, h sh hav rcvd mmal

ppr rm h bahra gvrm. thy hav xprcd dcrma ag

gvrm hg ad rcvg hgh-rakg prva ad plc cr , parclarly h cry ad mlary dry. th sh hav al acd a mr hr cal

ad plcal rrc, cldg prh aga praccg hr ah, lma

hr rdm pch ad h pr, adqa dg halh dcaal rvc

ad rdcd d ad l d.

32. Mlm brhrhd: Al-Mar ilamc scy, brkly Cr r Rlg, Pac,

ad Wrld Aar, hp://rklycr.grgw.d/rrc/rgaa/

mlm-rhrhd.

33. ia black, WkLak cal hw vdc ira had bahra r, Guardian,

Feb. 15, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/eb/15/wikileaks-no-evidence-iran-bahrain, reporting that WikiLeaks cables reveal no convincing evidence o links between

Bahrains Shia population and Iran, Hezbollah, or Syria.

34. n y r sha, The Economist, Apr. 3, 2008, http://www.economist.com/

node/10979869?story_id=E1_TDJSJRGJ: Some Bahrainis have been waiting or state

housing since 1992. Mortgages are hard to get. To make matters worse, these inequalities

oten have a sectarian tint. The Shias are more likely to be jobless.

35. omar Al-shha, Dmgraphy ad bahra ur, Carg edwm r iraal

Pac, Mar. 16, 2011, hp://www.cargdwm.rg/ar/?a=hw&arcl=43079,

g h rg-r rcr h bahra army rrc h rlg amlypwr grp vr h lad.

36. Mara oaway, bahra: bw h ud sa ad sad Araa, Carg

edwm r iraal Pac, Apr. 4, 2011, hp://www.cargdwm.rg/

plca/?a=vw&d=43416, g h rlg pary grrymadrg drc

dl h sha v.


35/44

3

July 2011

RepoRt

37. bahra am jwh amaadr, bbC nw, May 29, 2008, hp://w.c.c.k/2/

h/7426806.m.

38. Magd Adlhad, bahra wma char parlam, bbC nw, Apr. 19, 2005, hp://

w.c.c.k/2/h/mddl_a/4462051.m.

39. Mra Rav, Hllary Cl bahra twhall g a-twr, Khaleej Times, Dec. 4, 2010, http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfle=/data/middleeast/2010/

December/middleeast_December44.xml&section=middleeast; Mohammed Almezel, Chr

blar lad Ara a r wm rgh, Gul News, Sept. 17, 2003, http://gulnews.

com/news/gul/uae/general/cherie-blair-lauds-arab-states-or-women-s-rights-1.365995.

40. th Arala: bahra g fr wma MP, bahra Cr r Hma Rgh, oc. 17,

2006, hp://www.ahrargh.rg//d/619.

41. bahra: ev 2008, Hma Rgh Wach, hp://www.hrw.rg//wrld-rpr-2009/

ahra: th gvrm c dy lgal a h bahra Cr r Hma

Rgh, whch rdrd dlvd 2004 svral hr grp ampd 2005 rgr wh h Mry scal Dvlpm, a rqrd y law, a h

wrg had rcvd rp hr applca.

42. bahra: Rvk ordr Dlvg Rgh Grp bard, Hma Rgh Wach, oc. 1,

2010, http://www.unhcr.org/reworld/country,,,,BHR,4562d8c2,4ca989921e,0.html.

43. s 11:trr Rdx.

44. s 41: bahra: ev 2008, g a un pcal rapprr ccr vr h

gvrm Prcg scy rm trrr Ac law d xcvly rad

df rrrm ad rrr ac.

45. naly, ira gr rvl had ll mpac bahra cvl cy, rhr

vcg bahra rgr afla wh Ara ha wh Pra.

46. Kmrly A, th bahra Rvl(ad), Hungton Post, Apr. 15, 2011, http://www.

hufngtonpost.com/kimberly-abbott/the-bahrain-revolt-audio_b_849734.html: Inspired

by their peers in Tunisia and Egypt, young Bahrainis fooded the streets o their capital,


36/44


Manama, on February 14, demanding greater political openness, constitutional reorm,

and in some cases, outright regime removal.

47. H ih, Frg Plcy: i bahra, A sl-Flfllg Prphcy, naal Plc

Rad, Apr. 15, 2011, hp://www.pr.rg/2011/04/19/135434047/rg-plcy--ahra-

a-l-lfllg-prphcy.

48. A h pak egyp pr-dmcracy dmra, a mad 1.5 mll prr

wr h r. Whl h mr mprv, rpr l ha 3 prc

h cry 80 mll haa.

49. Amy iraal, bahra opp Ladr erahm shar Fard trrd,

Monthly Review, Apr. 22, 2011, http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2011/ai220411.html, reporting

the arrest o an opposition leader rom Sunni amily.

50. Gdma, barack oama m pak: bahra wr dmadg a d h

marchy, r mr rpra hr gvrm.

51. ty C. j, bahra, Kgdm slc, Arab Reorm Bulletin: Carnegie

Endowment or International Peace, May 4, 2011, http://carnegieendowment.org/

arb/?a=show&article=43832; bjA hlp fd r Al Wasatral, Trade

Arabia, May 4, 2011, http://www.tradearabia.com/news/MEDIA_197956.html; bahra

wpapr cl dw, Trade Arabia, May 3, 2011, http://www.tradearabia.com/news/

MEDIA_197868.html.

52. Adrw Hammd, scara dvd wd ar bahra r, Rr Arca, j.

9, 2011, hp://a.rr.cm/arcl/anw/dAFLDe74P22720110609?pagnm

r=1&vralbradChal=0.

53. Gv Ad, sha bahra: Rpr ad rgr, Al jara, May 1, 2011,

hp://glh.alara./dph/ar/2011/04/20114301242374870.hml: bahra

dc rc day dmlh d sha mq h la mv

a dagr gam had h r grppg m h Ara wrld,by playing

directly to widespread ears o Shia political power and by extension o regional

power, Iran. (Emphasis added.)


37/44

3

July 2011

RepoRt

54. sharm narwa, Ra, Rach ad sh, Hungton Post, Apr. 22, 2011, http://

www.hungtonpost.com/sharmine-narwani/bahrain-protests-shiites_b_851237.html.

55. Klly Mcvr, bahra Crackdw Cra scara Fall, naal Plc

Rad, j. 7, 2011, hp://www.pr.rg/2011/06/07/136885812/ahra-crackdw-

cra-cara-all.

56. L nhd, Aaly: scara ld amd bahra pr, Rr,

Mar. 10, 2011, hp://www.rr.cm/arcl/2011/03/10/-ahra-caram-

dustRe7294i420110310.

57. Fa Cgham, scr dappar a bahra prg c, Irish Times,

Mar. 28, 2011, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/0328/1224293222725.

html, reporting that in addition to 65 cases o known detentions, more than 100 persons

have been disappeared.

58. bahra: Frh pr d plc cdy a hma rgh grp allg rr, Los

Angeles Times, Apr. 13, 2011, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2011/04/bahrain-torture-human-rights-protest-activist-dead.html.

59. Al-Wasat dr d cdy bahra, Cmm Prc jral, Apr. 15,

2011, hp://www.cp.rg/2011/04/al-waa-dr-d--cdy--ahra.php.

60. i bahra Gvrm Crackdw, ndy uchal, Pbs nw Hr, May

20, 2011, hp://www.p.rg/whr//wrld/a-11/ahra_05-20.hml.

61. bahra: spc Dah Cdy, Hma Rgh Wach, Apr. 13, 2011, hp://www.

cmmdram.rg/wwr/2011/04/13.

62. bahra mdc clam c dr rr, Al jara, May 12, 2011, hp://glh.

alara./w/mddla/2011/05/2011512111835943173.hml.

63. Chrphr sk, bahra hpal ar d a a, Guardian, May 13, 2011, http://

www.guardian.co.uk/commentisree/2011/may/13/bahrain-hospitals-political-crackdown;

Globe Wire Services, Mdcal wrkr mg bahra, b.cm, Apr. 23, 2011,

hp://arcl..cm/2011-04-23/w/29466917_1_ahra-parl-qar-almaya-


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mdcal-cmplx; trp ak vr mdcal cr bahra drg crackdw

prr, The National, Mar. 18, 2011, http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-

east/troops-take-over-medical-centres-in-bahrain-during-crackdown-on-protesters.

64. Pal Mcggh, Hpal hw gly rh a bahra, a us lk h hr way,

Sydney Morning Herald, Apr. 16, 2011, http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/hospitals-

show-ugly-truth-about-bahrain-as-us-looks-the-other-way-20110415-1dhw0.html.

65. elah bmllr ad nl MacFarghar, Ga V bahra Amd Hg

Pr, New York Times, Mar. 11, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/world/

middleeast/12unrest.html.

66. j srk, bahra mdc ar h arg rr, Guardian, May 5, 2011, hp://

www.garda.c.k/cmmr/2011/may/05/ahra-mdc-arr-rr;

Acad Pr, bahra dcr wh rad prr wll rd mlary cr,

ay mr, Washington Post, A7 (May 4, 2011), http://www.washingtonpost.com/

world/bahrain-authorities-arrest-2-ormer-shiite-lawmakers-as-part-o-crackdown-on-

opposition/2011/05/03/AFHRTMeF_story.html, reporting that 23 doctors and 24 nurseswere charged with promoting eorts to bring down the government in a military court

because they treated those injured during the protests.

67. Daly Mal Rprr, Dcr ad r rrd wh wd ard ddd wh al

ararc crackdw pr bahra, Daily Mail (U.K.), Jun. 8, 2011, http://www.

dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2000998/Bahrain-protests-Doctors-nurses-tortured-barbaric-

crackdown.html?ito=eeds-newsxml; bahra: Acv dcr lcrhck, rr

y gvrm rc, Los Angeles Times, May 14, 2011, http://latimesblogs.latimes.

com/babylonbeyond/2011/05/bahrain-human-rights-activist-details-torture-abuses-by-

government-orces.html.

68. nwCrp, M rapd, rrd bahra, Herald Sun, Jun. 2, 2011, http://www.heraldsun.

com.au/news/world/men-raped-tortured-in-bahrain/story-e6r7l-1226067570572.

69. Ry Gma, bahra tram opp shw Par A, trh, May 26,

2011, hp://rh.rg/ahra-ram-pp-hw-par-a/1306437528.

70. D n Harm: A Call r bahra ed symc Aack Dcr ad Pa,


39/44

3

July 2011

RepoRt

Phyca r Hma Rgh, Apr. 22, 2011, hp://ahra.phrlg.rg/rpr/; Pr

Rla, A bahra Parlam Rw Rprv sa emrgcy, Crackdw

C, Flg Hma Rgh Cr, say Amy iraal, Amy iraal,

May 4, 2011, hp://www.amya.rg/dcm.php?d=enGusA20110504002&lag=.

71. Parck Cckr, Vlc d rc sha s kgdm, Independent (U.K.),

May 20, 2011, http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/patrick-cockburn-violence-used-to-orce-shia-out-o-sunni-kingdom-2286705.html: The bulldozing o at

least 27 Shia mosques, along with many other religious meeting houses, since the start

o the crackdown in mid-March has sent a message to the community as a whole that its

uture on the island is in doubt.

72. Ma ackg bahra crackdw, Al jara, May 14, 2011, hp://glh.alara.

/w/mddla/2011/05/2011514104251715508.hml, rprg ha mr ha 2,000

prva cr mply, m hm sha, hav rmad r pdg a par

crackdw pr; Acad Pr, bahra l cmpay fr alm 300 vr

a-gvrm pr, Guardian, May 11, 2011, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/

may/11/bahrain-oil-company-res-300-protests; bahra prc cvl rva vrpr, Cbs nw, Apr. 17, 2011, hp://www.cw.cm/r/2011/04/17/ap/

mddla/ma20054694.hml, rprg ha mr ha 100 cvl rva wr frd

r parcpag pr.

73. z Ca, un hma rgh fcal call r bahra rrac ar w

agcy drd hr wrd, National, Jun. 8, 2011, http://www.thenational.ae/news/

worldwide/middle-east/un-human-rights-ocial-calls-or-bahraini-retraction-ater-news-

agency-distorted-her-words; Andrew Hammond, bahra mda play rl

ar pr, Rr Arca, May 5, 2011, hp://a.rr.cm/arcl/rgyolnw/

dAFLDe73H0bb20110505: sc h crackdw ga March, h pr-gvrm

mda hav dpcd h prr a vl, drv y sh cara dg drach s Mlm ad cragd y sh pwr ira, h r

Gl Ara rlr; Kar Lgh, th A-al-jara: bahra nr sa-R tV

Chal,Atlantic, Apr. 19, 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/04/

the-anti-al-jazeera-bahrains-notorious-state-run-tv-channel/237462/.

74. bahra d a chlgrl, Al jara, May 11, 2011, hp://glh.

alara./w/mddla/2011/05/20115112239574412.hml; Fll rvw


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wh bahra chlgrl, Al jara, May 11, 2011, hp://glh.alara./w/

mddla/2011/05/2011511112258798500.hml.

75. scara ad ld, Economist, Mar. 31, 2011, http://www.economist.com/

node/18491700?story_id=18491700: The authorities in Bahrain have since suspended

fights to Iraq, as well as to Iran and Lebanon, where Hizbullah, the Shia party-cum-military

which underpins Lebanons current coalition government, has praised Bahrains protestors.

76. id.

77. Wr sa, Hm bahra acv aackd, aga, rgh grp ay, Cnn, May 21,

2011, hp://arcl.c.cm/2011-05-21/wrld/ahra.acv_1_rgh-grp-hma-

rgh-wach-al-raa?_=PM:WoRLD.

78. Pr Gdpd, Farl phaval, sad Araa rhk rdhp wh h u.s.,

National Post (Canada), Apr. 15, 2011, http://ullcomment.nationalpost.com/2011/04/15/

goodspeed-analysis-earul-o-upheaval-saudi-arabia-rethinks-riendship-with-the-u-s/.

79. oaway, bahra.

80. Kh Kama, bahra: Rrm, scry, ad u.s. Plcy, Congressional Research

Service 7-8 (Apr. 20, 2011), http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/95-1013_20110420.pd:

Well beore intervening in Bahrain, the GCC states had begun to ear that the Bahrain

unrest could spread to other GCC states. It was also eared that Iran might be able to

exploit the situation.

81. Frdrk Rchr ad Mara Fch, Gl rp ayg l ira hra g:

bahra, Rr Arca, Apr. 18, 2011, hp://a.rr.cm/arcl/wrldnw/

dAFtRe73H2Pz20110418; bll spdl ad Margar Ckr, th nw Cld War, Wall

sr jral, Apr. 16, 2011, hp://l.w.cm/arcl/sb10001424052748704116404576262744106483816.hml?md=WsjeuRoPe_hpp_MiDDLeLsM.

82. sv A. Ck, Ar h Ara sprg, Atlantic, Mar. 28, 2011, http://www.theatlantic.

com/international/archive/2011/03/ater-the-arab-spring/73086/: [T]he Saudis have given

the al-Khalia royal amily billions and a contingent o about 1,000 soldiers, both o

which gave King Hamad the reassurance he needed to use orce, nally and decisively,

to clear Manamas Pearl Square.


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3

July 2011

RepoRt

83. Kahr zp, bahra ed Maral Law Rw Crackdw Pr, New

York Times, Jun. 1, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/middleeast/02bahrain.

html?_r=1: [T]he United States has largely looked away as Bahrain and its Persian Gul

allies have crushed the protest movement.

84. bahra Crw Prc m us ofcal, oama wlcm bahra dalg

mv, Middle East Times, Jun. 8, 2011, http://www.mideast-times.com/home_news.

php?newsid=3346: US President Barack Obama has welcomed His Majesty King Hamadscall or a comprehensive national dialogue and hailed liting o the State o National

Saety.. See also HabibToumi, bahra kg r dalg all par, Gul News,

Jun. 1, 2011, http://gulnews.com/news/gul/bahrain/bahrain-king-oers-dialogue-to-all-

parties-1.815716: In February, Crown Prince Salman Bin Hamad Bin Eisa Al Khalia called

or a national dialogue comprising the whole spectrum o Bahraini society where nobody

would be excluded and no issue would be ignored.

85. Ry Gma, bahra fcal ally hw c sh mq crackdw,

McClatchy Newspapers, May 30, 2011, http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/05/30/114980/

bahrains-ofcial-tally-shows.html: President Obama criticized the destruction in his

May 19 speech on the Arab [S]pring. Shia must never have their mosques destroyed inBahrain, Obama said.

86. Mark Ladlr, Clvag a Prc Cax a Ally Chag, New York Times, Jun.

9, 2011, hp://www.ym.cm/2011/06/10/wrld/mddla/10ahra.hml: oly

h ca bahra ha Mr. oama kp h wlcm ma prddg, calg ad

xhrg mmr ryal amly a a crackdw ha crhd pacl prr

dmadg dmcrac chag.

87. Dg Palmr, u.s. lar rg rad pac wh bahra pdd, Rr, May 6, 2011,

hp://www.rr.cm/arcl/2011/05/06/-ahra-a-rad-dustRe7456AP20110506,

rprg ha h dpy drcr AFL-Cio lar dra ha rgd oama admra whdraw rm rad agrm l var lar rgh a ar crrcd; Acad

Pr, us grp: ed rad pac wh bahra, Business Week, May 2, 2011, http://

www.businessweek.com/ap/nancialnews/D9MV5PB80.htm.


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I

sPu a dpd, para hk ak ad rarch rgaa cmmd

cdcg cv, mprcal rarch ad rg xpr plcy aaly

m h m prg acg r a, wh a mpha h rlad Mlm h ud sa ad ard h wrld. or rarch am cra

dradg Amrca Mlm whl acklg h plcy acg all Amrca,

ad rv a a valal rc rma r var adc. isPu chlar,

rprg mr dcpl, r cx-pcfc aaly ad rcmmda

hrgh r plca. th dvr vw ad p isPu chlar xprd hr

d carly a r rc h vw isPu, a, r r.

InstituteforSocial PolicyandUnderstanding

1225 Eye St, NW Suite 307, Washington, D.C. 20005 | 1.800.920.ISPU (4778) | [email protected]

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