68402/61420 Slide # 1

68402: Structural Design of Buildings II

Design of Connections

Monther DwaikatAssistant Professor

Department of Building EngineeringAn-Najah National University

68402/61420 Slide # 2

Types of Connections Simple Bolted Shear Connections Simple Welded Connections

Bolted Connections

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Types of ConnectionsSimple Connections

Bolted Connections Welded Connections

Common Bolts High Strength Bolts

Slip Critical

Bearing Type

Filet Weld

Groove Weld

Eccentric Connections

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Types of Connections

Simple Connections

Bolted Connections Welded Connections

Elastic Analysis

Eccentric Connections

Ultimate Analysis

Moment Resisting

Elastic Analysis

Ultimate Analysis

Moment Resisting

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Simple Bolted Connections There are different types of bolted connections.

They can be categorized based on the type of loading.

• Tension member connection and splice. It subjects the bolts to forces that tend to shear the shank.

• Beam end simple connection. It subjects the bolts to forces that tend to shear the shank.

• Hanger connection. The hanger connection puts the bolts in tension

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Simple Bolted Connections

Tension member

Connection/ splice

Beam end

Simple shear connection

P

P

P

P

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Simple Bolted Connections

P P

P

Hanger connection (Tension)

Moment resisting connection

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Simple Bolted Connections The bolts are subjected to shear or tension loading.

• In most bolted connection, the bolts are subjected to shear.

• Bolts can fail in shear or in tension.

• You can calculate the shear strength or the tensile strength of a bolt

Simple connection: If the line of action of the force acting on the connection passes through the center of gravity of the connection, then each bolt can be assumed to resist an equal share of the load.

The strength of the simple connection will be equal to the sum of the strengths of the individual bolts in the connection.

68402/61420 Slide # 9

Bolt Types & MaterialsA307 - Unfinished (Ordinary or Common) bolts

low carbon steel A36, Fu = 413 MPa,for light structures under static load

A325 - High strength bolts, heat-treated medium carbon steel, Fu = 827 MPa,

for structural jointsA490 - High strength bolts, Quenched and

Tempered Alloy steel, Fu = 1033 MPafor structural joints

A449 - High strength bolts with diameter > 1 ½”, anchor bolts, lifting hooks, tie-downs

68402/61420 Slide # 10

Common Bolts ASTM A307 bolts Common bolts are no longer common for current structural

design but are still available

boltvn AfR

75.0nu RP

MPafv 165

68402/61420 Slide # 11

High Strength Bolts High strength bolts (HSB) are available

as ASTM A 325 and ASTM A490

Slip Critical

Bearing Type

Courtesy of Kao Wang Screw Co., Ltd.

Advantages of HSB over A307 bolts Fewer bolts will be used compared to 307 cheaper connection!

Smaller workman force required compared to 307

Higher fatigue strength

Ease of bolt removal changing connection

Bolt

Washer

Nut

68402/61420 Slide # 12

High Strength Bolts Snug tight

• All plies of the connection are in firm contact to each other: No pretension is used.

• Easer to install and to inspect Pre-tensioned

• Bolts are first brought to snug tight status

• Bolts are then tensioned to 70% of their tensile stresses

Courtesy of www.halfpricesurplus.com

• Bolts are tensioned using direct tension indicator, calibrated wrench or other methods (see AISC)

Slip critical• Bolts are pre-tensioned but surfaces shall be treated to develop specific friction.

• The main difference is in design, not installation. Load must be limited not to exceed friction capacity of the connection (Strength Vs. Serviceability!)

• Necessary when no slip is needed to prevent failure due to fatigue in bridges.

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HSB – Bearing Type Connections The shear strength of bolts shall be determined as follows

boltvn AfR

75.0nu RP

517413A490

413330A325

Type X ThreadType N ThreadType

• If the level of threads is not known, it is conservative to assume that the threads are type N.

AISC Table J3.2

The table bellow shows the values of fv (MPa) for different types of bolts

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Bolted Shear Connections We want to design the bolted shear connections so that

the factored design strength (Rn) is greater than or equal to the factored load. Rn Pu

So, we need to examine the various possible failure modes and calculate the corresponding design strengths.

Possible failure modes are:• Shear failure of the bolts

• Failure of member being connected due to fracture or yielding or ….

• Edge tearing or fracture of the connected plate

• Tearing or fracture of the connected plate between two bolt holes

• Excessive bearing deformation at the bolt hole

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Failure Modes of Bolted Connections

Bolt Shearing

Tension Fracture

Plate Bearing

Block Shear

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Actions on Bolt

Shear, bearing, bending

P P

P

P

PP

P/2P

P/2

P/2

P/2

P

Lap Joint

Butt Joint

Bearing and single plane Shear

Bending

Bearing and double plane Shear

68402/61420 Slide # 17

Bolted Shear Connections Possible failure modes

Failure of bolts: single or double shear

Failure of connected elements:

Shear, tension or bending failure of the connected elements (e.g. block shear)

Bearing failure at bolt location

Single shear

Double shear

boltvShearSingle AfP

boltvShearDouble AfP 2 P

PP

2/P

2/P

68402/61420 Slide # 18

Bolted Shear Connections Shear failure of bolts

• Average shearing stress in the bolt = fv = P/A = P/(db2/4)

• P is the load acting on an individual bolt

• A is the area of the bolt and db is its diameter

• Strength of the bolt = P = fv x (db2/4) where fv = shear yield

stress = 0.6Fy

• Bolts can be in single shear or double shear as shown above.

• When the bolt is in double shear, two cross-sections are effective in resisting the load. The bolt in double shear will have the twice the shear strength of a bolt in single shear.

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Bolted Shear Connections

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Bolted Shear Connections Failure of connected member

• We have covered this in detail in this course on tension members

• Member can fail due to tension fracture or yielding.

Bearing failure of connected/connecting part due to bearing from bolt holes

• Hole is slightly larger than the fastener and the fastener is loosely placed in hole

• Contact between the fastener and the connected part over approximately half the circumference of the fastener

• As such the stress will be highest at the radial contact point (A). However, the average stress can be calculated as the applied force divided by the projected area of contact

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Bolted Shear Connections

• Average bearing stress fp = P/(db t), where P is the force applied to the fastener.

• The bearing stress state can be complicated by the presence of nearby bolt or edge. The bolt spacing and edge distance will have an effect on the bearing strength.

• Bearing stress effects are independent of the bolt type because the bearing stress acts on the connected plate not the bolt.

• A possible failure mode resulting from excessive bearing close to the edge of the connected element is shear tear-out as shown below. This type of shear tear-out can also occur between two holes in the direction of the bearing load.

Rn = 2 x 0.6 Fu Lc t = 1.2 Fu Lc t

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• The bearing strength is independent of the bolt material as it is failure in the connected metal

• The other possible common failure is shear end failure known as “shear tear-out” at the connection end

tdfP boltpBearing

Bolted Shear Connections

uucn FtdFtLR 4.22.1

75.0nu RP

Shear limitation Bearing limitation

cL

cL

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Bolted Shear Connections

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Bolted Shear Connections

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Spacing and Edge-distance requirements The AISC code gives guidance for edge distance and spacing to

avoid tear out shear

2

hLL ec

SeLdiameterholetheish mmdh bolt 6.1

NOTE: The actual hole diameter is 1.6 mm bigger than the bolt,

we use another 1.6 mm for tolerance when we calculate net area. Here use 1.6 mm only not 3.2

boltdS 322

Bolt spacing is a function of the bolt diameter Common we assume

The AISC minimum spacing is

eL

boltdS 3

AISC Table J3.4

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Bolt Spacings & Edge Distances Bolt Spacings

- Painted members or members not subject to corrosion: 2 2/3d ≤ Bolt Spacings ≤ 24t or 305 mm (LRFD J3.3) (LRFD J3.5)

- Unpainted members subject to corrosion: 3d ≤ Bolt Spacings ≤ 14t or 178 mm

Edge DistanceValues in Table J3.4M ≤ Edge Distance ≤ 12t or 152 mm

(LRFD J3.4) (LRFD J3.5) d - bolt diameter t - thickness of thinner plate

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Bolted Shear Connections• To prevent excessive deformation of the hole, an upper limit is

placed on the bearing load. This upper limit is proportional to the fracture stress times the projected bearing area

Rn = C x Fu x bearing area = C Fu db t

• If deformation is not a concern then C = 3, If deformation is a concern then C = 2.4

• C = 2.4 corresponds to a deformation of 6.3 mm.

• Finally, the equation for the bearing strength of a single bolts is Rn

• where, = 0.75 and Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu < 2.4 db t Fu

• Lc is the clear distance in the load direction, from the edge of the bolt hole to the edge of the adjacent hole or to the edge of the material

pypypy

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Bolted Shear Connections• This relationship can be simplified as follows:

The upper limit will become effective when 1.2 Lc t Fu > 2.4 db t Fu

i.e., the upper limit will become effective when Lc > 2 db

If Lc < 2 db, Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu

If Lc > 2 db, Rn = 2.4 db t Fu

Fu - specified tensile strength of the connected material

Lc - clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the material.

t - thickness of connected material

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Important Notes

Lc – Clear distance

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Design Provisions for Bolted Shear Connections In a simple connection, all bolts share the load equally.

TT

T/n T/n

T/n T/n

T/n T/n

TT

T/n T/n

T/n T/n

T/n T/n

68402/61420 Slide # 31

Design Provisions for Bolted Shear Connections In a bolted shear connection, the bolts are subjected to

shear and the connecting/connected plates are subjected to bearing stresses.

Bolt in shear

Bearing stresses in plate

Bearing stresses in plate

TT

T

T

Bolt in shear

Bearing stresses in plate

Bearing stresses in plate

Bolt in shear

Bearing stresses in plate

Bearing stresses in plate

TT

T

T

68402/61420 Slide # 32

Design Provisions for Bolted Shear Connections

The shear strength of all bolts = shear strength of one bolt x number of bolts

The bearing strength of the connecting / connected plates can be calculated using equations given by AISC specifications.

The tension strength of the connecting / connected plates can be calculated as discussed in tension members.

68402/61420 Slide # 33

AISC Design Provisions Chapter J of the AISC Specifications focuses on

connections.

Section J3 focuses on bolts and threaded parts

AISC Specification J3.3 indicates that the minimum distance (s) between the centers of bolt holes is 2.67. A distance of 3db is preferred.

AISC Specification J3.4 indicates that the minimum edge distance (Le) from the center of the bolt to the edge of the connected part is given in Table J3.4. Table J3.4 specifies minimum edge distances for sheared edges, edges of rolled shapes, and gas cut edges.

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AISC Design Provisions AISC Specification indicates that the maximum edge

distance for bolt holes is 12 times the thickness of the connected part (but not more than 152 mm). The maximum spacing for bolt holes is 24 times the thickness of the thinner part (but not more than 305 mm).

Specification J3.6 indicates that the design tension or shear strength of bolts is FnAb

= 0.75

• Table J3.2, gives the values of Fn

• Ab is the unthreaded area of bolt.

• In Table J3.2, there are different types of bolts A325 and A490.

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AISC Design Provisions• The shear strength of the bolts depends on whether threads are

included or excluded from the shear planes. If threads are included in the shear planes then the strength is lower.

We will always assume that threads are included in the shear plane, therefore less strength to be conservative.

We will look at specifications J3.7 – J3.9 later.

• AISC Specification J3.10 indicates the bearing strength of plates at bolt holes.

• The design bearing strength at bolt holes is Rn

• Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu ≤ 2.4 db t Fu - deformation at the bolt holes is a

design consideration

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Common bolt terminologies A325-SC – slip-critical A325 bolts A325-N – snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts with

thread included in the shear planes. A325-X - snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts with

thread excluded in the shear planes. Gage – center-to-center distance of bolts in

direction perpendicular to member’s axis

Pitch – ...parallel to member’s axis Edge Distance – Distance from

center of bolt to adjacentedge of a member

pg

pp

pEdgedistance

68402/61420 Slide # 37

Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength Calculate and check the design strength of the simple

connection shown below. Is the connection adequate for carrying the factored load of 300 kN.

1.25 2.50 1.25

1.25

2.50

1.2565 k

A36

A36 5 x ½

3/8 in.

¾ in. bolts

1.25 2.50 1.25

1.25

2.50

1.2565 k

A36

A36 5 x ½

3/8 in.

¾ in. bolts

63 k

10 mm

120x15 mm

20 mm A325-N bolts

30 mm

60 mm

30 mm

30 mm 60 mm 30 mm

300 kN

68402/61420 Slide # 38

Step I. Shear strength of bolts

• The design shear strength of one bolt in shear = Fn Ab = 0.75 x 330 x x 202/4000 = 77.8 kN

Fn Ab = 77.8 kN per bolt (See Table J3.2)

• Shear strength of connection = 4 x 77.8 = 311.2 kN

Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength

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Step II. Minimum edge distance and spacing requirements

• See Table J3.4M, minimum edge distance = 26 mm for rolled edges of plates

• The given edge distances (30 mm) > 26 mm. Therefore, minimum edge distance requirements are satisfied.

• Minimum spacing = 2.67 db = 2.67 x 20 = 53.4 mm.

(AISC Specifications J3.3)

• Preferred spacing = 3.0 db = 3.0 x 20 = 60 mm.

• The given spacing (60 mm) = 60 mm. Therefore, spacing requirements are satisfied.

Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength

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Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength Step III. Bearing strength at bolt holes.

• Bearing strength at bolt holes in connected part (120x15 mm plate)

• At edges, Lc = 30 – hole diameter/2 = 30 – (20 + 1.6)/2 = 19.2

Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x19.2 x15x400)/1000 = 103.7 kN

• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 0.75 x (2.4 x 20x15x400)/1000 = 216 kN

• Therefore, Rn = 103.7 kN at edge holes.

• At other holes, s = 60 mm, Lc = 60 – (20 + 1.6) = 38.4 mm.

Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75x(1.2 x 38.4 x15 x400)/1000 = 207.4 kN

• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 216 kN. Therefore Rn = 207.4 kN

68402/61420 Slide # 41

Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength• Therefore, Rn = 216 kN at other holes

• Therefore, bearing strength at holes = 2 x 103.7 + 2 x 207.4 = 622.2 kN

• Bearing strength at bolt holes in gusset plate (10 mm plate)

• At edges, Lc = 30 – hole diameter/2 = 30 – (20 + 1.6)/2 = 19.2 mm.

Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x 19.2 x 10 x 400)/1000 = 69.1 kN

• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 0.75 x (2.4 x 20 x 10 x 400)/1000 = 144 kN.

• Therefore, Rn = 69.1 kN at edge holes.

68402/61420 Slide # 42

Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength• At other holes, s = 60 mm, Lc = 60 – (20 +1.6) = 38.4 mm.

Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x 38.4 x 10x 400)/1000 = 138.2 kN

• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 144 kN

• Therefore, Rn = 138.2 kN at other holes

• Therefore, bearing strength at holes = 2 x 69.1 + 2 x 138.2 = 414.6 kN

• Bearing strength of the connection is the smaller of the bearing strengths = 414.6 kN

68402/61420 Slide # 43

Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength

Connection Strength

Shear strength = 311.2

Bearing strength (plate) = 622.2 kN

Bearing strength (gusset) = 414.6 kN

Connection strength (Rn) > applied factored loads (Q).

311.2 > 300 Therefore ok.

• Only connections is designed here

Need to design tension member and gusset plate

68402/61420 Slide # 44

Simple Welded Connections Structural welding is a process by which the parts that

are to be connected are heated and fused, with supplementary molten metal at the joint.

A relatively small depth of material will become molten, and upon cooling, the structural steel and weld metal will act as one continuous part where they are joined.

Fillet weld

Fillet weld

Fillet weldFillet weld

Fillet weldFillet weldP

P P

P

68402/61420 Slide # 45

Introductory Concepts

Welding Process – Fillet WeldWelding Process – Fillet Weld

68402/61420 Slide # 46

Introductory Concepts The additional metal is deposited from a special electrode,

which is part of the electric circuit that includes the connected part.

• In the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process, current arcs across a gap between the electrode and the base metal, heating the connected parts and depositing part of the electrode into the molten base metal.

• A special coating on the electrode vaporizes and forms a protective gaseous shield, preventing the molten weld metal from oxidizing before it solidifies.

• The electrode is moved across the joint, and a weld bead is deposited, its size depending on the rate of travel of the electrode.

68402/61420 Slide # 47

Introductory Concepts• As the weld cools, impurities rise to the surface, forming a

coating called slag that must be removed before the member is painted or another pass is made with the electrode.

• Shielded metal arc welding is usually done manually and is the process universally used for field welds.

For shop welding, an automatic or semi automatic process is usually used. Foremost among these is the submerged arc welding (SAW),

In this process, the end of the electrode and the arc are submerged in a granular flux that melts and forms a gaseous shield. There is more penetration into the base metal than with shielded metal arc welding, and higher strength results.

68402/61420 Slide # 48

Introductory Concepts Other commonly used processes for shop welding are

gas shielded metal arc, flux cored arc, and electro-slag welding.

Quality control of welded connections is particularly difficult, because defects below the surface, or even minor flaws at the surface, will escape visual detection. Welders must be properly certified, and for critical work, special inspection techniques such as radiography or ultrasonic testing must be used.

68402/61420 Slide # 49

Introductory Concepts The two most common types of welds are the fillet weld

and the groove weld. Fillet weld examples: lap joint – fillet welds placed in the corner formed by two plates

Tee joint – fillet welds placed at the intersection of two plates.

Groove welds – deposited in a gap or groove between two parts to be connected

e.g., butt, tee, and corner joints with beveled (prepared) edges

Partial penetration groove welds can be made from one or both sides with or without edge preparation.

68402/61420 Slide # 50

Welded Connections Classification of welds

• According to type of weld

• According to weld position

• According to type of joint

• Butt, lap, tee, edge or corner

• According to the weld process• SMAW, SAW

Fillet weld Groove weld

Flat, Horizontal, vertical or overhead weld

68402/61420 Slide # 51

Introductory Concepts

68402/61420 Slide # 52

Weld Limit States

The only limit state of the weld metal in a connection is that of fracture

Yielding is not a factor since any deformation that might take place will occur over such a short distance that it will not influence the performance of the structure

68402/61420 Slide # 53

Design of Welded Connections Fillet welds are most common and used in all structures.

Weld sizes are specified in 1 mm increments

A fillet weld can be loaded in any direction in shear, compression, or tension. However, it always fails in shear.

The shear failure of the fillet weld occurs along a plane through the throat of the weld, as shown in the Figure below.

68402/61420 Slide # 54

Design of Welded Connections

a

a

Throat = a x cos45o

= 0.707 a

a

a

Throat = a x cos45o

= 0.707 a

Failure Plane

L

root

hypotenuse

L – length of the welda – size of the weld

68402/61420 Slide # 55

Design of Welded Connections Shear stress in fillet weld of length L subjected to load P

= fv = If the ultimate shear strength of the weld = fw

Rn =

Rn = i.e., factor = 0.75

fw = shear strength of the weld metal is a function of the

electrode used in the SMAW process. • The tensile strength of the weld electrode can be 413, 482, 551, 620,

688, 758, or 827 MPa.

• The corresponding electrodes are specified using the nomenclature E60XX, E70XX, E80XX, and so on. This is the standard terminology

for weld electrodes.

ww La707.0f

ww La707.0f75.0

wLa707.0

P

68402/61420 Slide # 56

Design of Welded Connections

• The two digits "XX" denote the type of coating.

The strength of the electrode should match the strength of the base metal.

• If yield stress (y) of the base metal is 413 - 448 MPa, use E70XX electrode.

• If yield stress (y) of the base metal is 413 - 448 MPa, use E80XX electrode.

E70XX is the most popular electrode used for fillet welds made by the SMAW method.

E – electrode 70 – tensile strength of electrode (ksi) = 482 MPa

XX – type of coating

68402/61420 Slide # 57

Fillet Weld Stronger in tension and compression than in shear

Fillet weld designations:12 mm SMAW E70XX: fillet weld with equal leg size of 12 mm,

formed using Shielded Metal Arc Welding Process, with filler metal electrodes having a minimum weld tensile strength of 70 ksi.

9 mm-by-12 mm SAW E110XX: fillet weld with unequal leg sizes, formed by using Submerged Arc Metal process, with filler metal electrodes having a minimum weld tensile strength of 758 MPa.

Leg

Leg

Throat

Convex Surface

Leg

Leg

Throat

Concave Surface

Unequal leg fillet weld

68402/61420 Slide # 58

Fillet Weld Strength

Stress in fillet weld = factored load/eff. throat area

Limit state of Fillet Weld is shear fracture through the throat, regardless of how it is loaded

Design Strength:

For equal leg fillet weld:

EXXw F6.0f

75.0

wwn L)a707.0(fV

wewn LtfV

68402/61420 Slide # 59

Design of Welded Connections Table J2.5 in the AISC Specifications gives the weld design

strength

• fw = 0.60 FEXX

• For E70XX, fw = 0.75 x 0.60 x 482 = 217 MPa

Additionally, the shear strength of the base metal must also be considered:

Rn = 0.9 x 0.6 Fy x area of base metal subjected to shear

• where, Fy is the yield strength of the base metal.

68402/61420 Slide # 60

Design of Welded Connections

T

ElevationPlan

T

ElevationPlan

Strength of weld in shear = 0.75 x 0.707 x a x Lw x fw

In weld design problems it is advantageous to work with strength per unit length of the weld or base metal.

For example

68402/61420 Slide # 61

Limitations on Weld Dimensions

Minimum size (amin)

• Function of the thickness of the thinnest connected plate

• Given in Table J2.4 in the AISC specifications

Maximum size (amax)

• function of the thickness of the thinnest connected plate:

• for plates with thickness 6 mm, amax = 6 mm.

• for plates with thickness 6 mm, amax = t – 2 mm.

Minimum length (Lw)

• Length (Lw) 4 a otherwise, aeff = Lw / 4 a = weld size

• Read J2.2 b page 16.1-95

• Intermittent fillet welds: Lw-min = 4 a and 38 mm.

68402/61420 Slide # 62

Limitations on Weld Size – AISC Specifications J2.2b Page 16.1-95

The minimum length of fillet weld may not be less than 4 x the weld leg size. If it is, the effective weld size must be reduced to ¼ of the weld length

The maximum size of a fillet weld along edges of material less than 6 mm thick equals the material thickness. For material thicker than 6 mm, the maximum size may not exceed the material thickness less 2 mm. (to prevent melting of base material)

The minimum weld size of fillet welds and minimum effective throat thickness for partial-penetration groove welds are given in LRFD Tables J2.4 and J2.3 based on the thickness of the base materials (to ensure fusion and minimize distortion)

Minimum end return of fillet weld 2 x weld size

68402/61420 Slide # 63

Limitations on Weld Dimensions

Maximum effective length - read AISC J2.2b

• If weld length Lw < 100 a, then effective weld length (Lw-eff) = Lw

• If Lw < 300 a, then effective weld length (Lw-eff) = Lw (1.2 – 0.002 Lw/a)

• If Lw > 300 a, the effective weld length (Lw-eff) = 0.6 Lw

Weld Terminations - read AISC J2.2b• Lap joint – fillet welds terminate at a distance > a from edge.

• Weld returns around corners must be > 2 a

68402/61420 Slide # 64

Guidelines for Fillet Weld design Two types of fillet welds can be used

• Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

• Automatic Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

a

a707.0ateff 707.0

ateff AISC – Section J2.2

Shear failu

re plane

68402/61420 Slide # 65

Weld Symbols (American Welding Society AWS)

Fillet weld on arrow side. Weld’s leg size is 10 mm. Weld size is given to the left of the weld symbol. Weld length (200 mm) is given to the right of the symbol

Fillet weld, 12 mm size and 75 mm long intermitten welds 125 on center, on the far side

Field fillet welds, 6 mm in size and 200 mm long, both sides.

Fillet welds on both sides, staggered intermitten 10 mm in size, 50 mm long and 150 mm on center

Weld all around joint

Tail used to reference certain specification or process

10 200

12 75@125

6 200

10 50@150

68402/61420 Slide # 66

Guidelines for Fillet Weld design

Fillet weld design can be governed by the smaller value of• Weld material strength

• Base Metal Strength

)fLa707.0(P wweldWeld_u

Exxw Ff 6.075.0

a

a707.0

)6.0(_ YweldbaseBMu FLtP

9.0

551E80XX

482E70XX

FEXX (MPa)Electrode

&

AISC Table J2.5 Yield Limit State

68402/61420 Slide # 67

Guidelines for Fillet Weld design The weld strength will increase if the

force is not parallel to the weld

)fLa707.0(P wweldWeld_u

5.1sin5.016.0 Exxw Ff 75.0

Maximum weld size

mm 6 mm 2

mm 6mm 6max_

basemetalbase

baseweld tift

tift partthinnermin_weld tt

&

Minimum weld size

AISC Table J2.4

68402/61420 Slide # 68

Capacity of Fillet Weld The weld strength is a function of the angle

Str

engt

h

Weld governs

Base metal governs

)6.0(_ YweldbaseyBMu FLtP

5.1_ sin5.016.0707.0 ExxweldweldWeldu FwLP

Angle ()

w = weld sizew = weld size

68402/61420 Slide # 69

Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded Connection

Determine the design strength of the tension member and connection system shown below. The tension member is a 100 mm x 10 mm thick rectangular bar. It is welded to a 15 mm thick gusset plate using E70XX electrode. Consider the yielding and fracture of the tension member. Consider the shear strength of the weld metal and the

surrounding base metal.

125 mm

125 mm

12 mm

12 mm

100 mm x 10 mm

t = 15 mm

a = 6 mm

68402/61420 Slide # 70

Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded Connection Step I. Check for the limitations on the weld geometry

• tmin = 10 mm (member)

tmax = 15 mm (gusset)

Therefore, amin = 5 mm - AISC Table J2.4

amax = 10 mm – 2 mm = 8 mm - AISC J2.2b page 16.1-95

Fillet weld size = a = 6 mm - Therefore, OK!

• Lw-min = 4 x 6 = 24 mm and 38 mm - OK.

• Lw-min for each length of the weld = 100 mm (transverse distance between welds, see J2.2b)

• Given length = 125 mm, which is > Lmin. Therefore, OK!

68402/61420 Slide # 71

Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded Connection

68402/61420 Slide # 72

Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded Connection

• Length/weld size = 125/6 = 20.8 - Therefore, maximum effective length J2.2 b satisfied.

• End returns at the edge corner size - minimum = 2 a = 12 mm-Therefore, OK!

Step II. Design strength of the weld

• Weld strength = x 0.707 x a x 0.60 x FEXX x Lw

= 0.75 x 0.707 x 6 x 0.60 x 482 x 250/1000

= 230 kN

Step III. Tension strength of the member

Rn = 0.9 x 344 x 100 x 10/1000 = 310 kN - tension yield

68402/61420 Slide # 73

Ex. 6.2 – Design Strength of Welded Connection

Rn = 0.75 x Ae x 448 - tension fracture

• Ae = U A

• Ae = Ag = 100 x 10 = 1000 mm

• Therefore, Rn = 336 kN

• The design strength of the member-connection system = 230 kN. Weld strength governs. The end returns at the corners were not included in the calculations.