7. Political and Cultural Developments, 1815-1848

7.1 Conservatism 7.2 Liberalism 7.3 Nationalism 7.4 Socialism 7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

7.1 Conservatism

Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria) 1) Conservatism At Home – Domestic Trinity:

Throne, Land Altar 2) Conservatism Abroad – International Trinity:

Congress System, balance of power, existing borders

Conservatism • Aristocrats • Landed Wealth • Community • Established Church

7.2 Liberalism

1) Politics • Private Property • Written Constitution • Religious Toleration • Abolitionism

2) Economics • Free markets and Free

Trade • Laissez-faire Capitalism

John Stuart Mill

On Liberty (1859)

Limits of Liberalism • Role of Women? • Property

Qualifications • Middle Class Bias

7.3 Nationalism

• Nation-al identity • Sense of “Us” • Unity of Purpose

(Levee en Mass) • Romanticism

• Identity only in Nation? – Jews? – Does everyone have

a nation? • Sense of “Them”

7.4 Socialism

1) Types of Socialism • Socialist Parties • Utopian Socialism • Anarchism • Communism

2) Common Features • Cooperation >

Competition • Anti-Private Property

Charles Fourier • Utopian Socialist • Phalanxes • Brook Farm (MA)

Other examples of Socialism • Fabian Society • Labour Party

(Britain) • Social Democratic

Party (Germany) • Labor Unions

7.5 The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

“When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold” - Klemens von Metternich

Revolutions of 1830 1) France

• Charles X to Louis-Phillipe

• Troi Glorieuses 2) Poland

• Uprising against Russian Rule

3) Italy • National uprising

against Austria

Revolution of 1848 - France • Louis-Phillippe –

“Bourgeois Monarch”

• February Revolution • Second Republic • Louis Blanc – National Workshops

Revolution of 1848 - Austria

• Ferdinand to Franz Joseph

• Hungary and Russia • Italy

Revolution of 1848 - Germany

• Frankfurt Parliament • What is Germany?

Revolution of 1848 – Legacy?

Success or Failure?

Pivot of Nationalism?