Visions and Virgins

• Margery Kempe• Joan of Arc

Margery Kempe (~1373-~1438)

• John and Margery, brewers, Lynn• Post-partem depression; visions of Jesus• 13 children later in 1413, enters into a chaste

marriage• White clothes; crying spells; pilgrimages

Trials

• Examinations on her acceptance of the Church– Suspicion of Lollardy

• Certification of orthodoxy• Obtains letter from Archbishop• Book: Spiritual Journey, written down by an

Englishman living in Germany

Joan of Arc15th C. miniatureDeVries, Kelly. "The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry by and against Joan of Arc During the Hundred Years War." War & Society 14.1 (1996): 1-15.DeVries, Kelly. "A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc’s Military Career." In Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc, ed. Bonnie Wheeler and Charles T. Wood, 3-18.Crane, Susan. "Clothing and Gender Definition-Joan-of-arc." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 26.2 (1996): 297-320.

Helmet (bascinet)Attributed to Joan

Joan Examined at Chinon

Assault on Orleans

Composition of one unit

Based on payroll379 men-at-arms280 foot soldiers322 archers (almost all Scots)138 Projectile operations~440 not designated

Siege of Orléans, Tourelles, May 7

Jargeau, June 11,12

Patay, June 18

Chasing Camp Prostitutes

Joan at Court

Siege of Compiègne

Trial – Joan’s Quick Thinking

Do your saints hate the English?"[t]hey love that which God loves and hate that which God hates”Are you in God’s Grace?"[if] I am not, God put me there, and if I am, God keeps me there."

Articles at Trial

• Seven articles on visions. Saints spoke in French and not in English, because they are not on the side of the English.

• Affirmed knowledge of certain future things. • She had taken and borne and continues still to bear a

man's dress. She had not desired and did still not desire to resume woman's dress

• Warned others via letters• Forsaken parents. Took man’s dress from a knight.• Threw herself down from a high tower.

Nullification Trial

• Failure to give an accusation or provide her with evidence

• Tampering with the record• Treatment as a prisoner of war in a military

prison guarded by men and not an ecclesiastical prison guarded by women

• Failure to provide a guardian for a minor

Advances in Military Technology

‘Serpentine’ ‘Corned’ (‘crumbed’) gunpowderRemovable chambers1445 Charles VII establishes compagnies d’ordonnance

‘Corned’ gunpowder

Powder chamber

Jean Bureau

1450 Bombard

Culverin

Early Hand Weapons

Formigny