Visions and Virgins
• Margery Kempe• Joan of Arc
Margery Kempe (~1373-~1438)
• John and Margery, brewers, Lynn• Post-partem depression; visions of Jesus• 13 children later in 1413, enters into a chaste
marriage• White clothes; crying spells; pilgrimages
Trials
• Examinations on her acceptance of the Church– Suspicion of Lollardy
• Certification of orthodoxy• Obtains letter from Archbishop• Book: Spiritual Journey, written down by an
Englishman living in Germany
Joan of Arc15th C. miniatureDeVries, Kelly. "The Use of Gunpowder Weaponry by and against Joan of Arc During the Hundred Years War." War & Society 14.1 (1996): 1-15.DeVries, Kelly. "A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc’s Military Career." In Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc, ed. Bonnie Wheeler and Charles T. Wood, 3-18.Crane, Susan. "Clothing and Gender Definition-Joan-of-arc." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 26.2 (1996): 297-320.
Helmet (bascinet)Attributed to Joan
Joan Examined at Chinon
Assault on Orleans
Composition of one unit
Based on payroll379 men-at-arms280 foot soldiers322 archers (almost all Scots)138 Projectile operations~440 not designated
Siege of Orléans, Tourelles, May 7
Jargeau, June 11,12
Patay, June 18
Chasing Camp Prostitutes
Joan at Court
Siege of Compiègne
Trial – Joan’s Quick Thinking
Do your saints hate the English?"[t]hey love that which God loves and hate that which God hates”Are you in God’s Grace?"[if] I am not, God put me there, and if I am, God keeps me there."
Articles at Trial
• Seven articles on visions. Saints spoke in French and not in English, because they are not on the side of the English.
• Affirmed knowledge of certain future things. • She had taken and borne and continues still to bear a
man's dress. She had not desired and did still not desire to resume woman's dress
• Warned others via letters• Forsaken parents. Took man’s dress from a knight.• Threw herself down from a high tower.
Nullification Trial
• Failure to give an accusation or provide her with evidence
• Tampering with the record• Treatment as a prisoner of war in a military
prison guarded by men and not an ecclesiastical prison guarded by women
• Failure to provide a guardian for a minor
Advances in Military Technology
‘Serpentine’ ‘Corned’ (‘crumbed’) gunpowderRemovable chambers1445 Charles VII establishes compagnies d’ordonnance
‘Corned’ gunpowder
Powder chamber
Jean Bureau
1450 Bombard
Culverin
Early Hand Weapons
Formigny