8 Stages of Development

7/28/2019 8 Stages of Development

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Personality Development, Trait and

Self Theories Personality Development Theories

Psychodynamic Approach- Freud

Adlers Individual Psychology Theory

Eriksons Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

Trait Theories The Big 5

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Based on Carl Jungs psychological types

Self-Theory- Humanistic Theory and Carl Rogers andAbraham Maslow

Victor Frankl: Search for Meaning

Virginia Satir: Self-Worth


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Some Key Freudian Terms

Psyche:Freuds term for the personality;contains id, ego, and superego

Id: composed of the basic biological

drives, such as hunger, thirst, sexualimpulses, survival

Pleasure principal- demands immediategratification

Superego (conscience): values, morals,religious beliefs, ideals of parents andsociety

Develops around age 4


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Ego to the Rescue

EGO= the reality principle

Develops after first year of life

Id and Superego in conflict

Creates anxiety

Ego encourages id to seek gratification through

realistic and socially acceptable means

Ego creates defense mechanisms, which distortsids impulses into socially acceptable forms


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Freud: Levels of Awareness

Unconscious: Holds repressed

memories and emotions and the ids

instinctual drives Conscious: Everything you are aware of

at a given moment including thoughts,

perceptions, feelings, and memories Preconscious: Material that can easily

be brought into awareness


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Fig. 12-5, p. 400


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Adlers Individual Psychology

Theory

Inferiority complex

Drives us toward superiority

Compensation- a good thing

Over-compensation- not so healthy

Superiority- living up to your highest potential

Explains motivation

Large focus on early childhood experiences

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se5c4v09S-s


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Erik Eriksons Eight Stages ofPsychosocial Dilemmas


8/26p. 107


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Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial

Dilemna/Development

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vapEpQ

mz86o


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Life Events

Developmental tasks: Any skill that

must be mastered, or personal change

that must take place, for optimal

development (e.g., learning to read andadjusting to sexual maturity)

Psychosocial dilemma: Conflict

between personal impulses and the

social world


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Stage One: Trust versus

Mistrust (Birth1) Children are completely dependent on

others

Trust: Established when babies givenadequate warmth, touching, love, and

physical care

Mistrust: Caused by inadequate orunpredictable care and by cold, indifferent,

and rejecting parents


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Stage Two: Autonomy versus

Shame and Doubt (13) Autonomy: Doing things for themselves

Overprotective or ridiculing parents may

cause children to doubt abilities and feelshameful about their actions


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Stage Three: Initiative versus

Guilt(35)

Initiative: Parents reinforce via giving

children freedom to play, use imagination,and ask questions

Guilt: May occur if parents criticize,

prevent play, or discourage a childsquestions


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Stage Four: Industry versus

Inferiority (612) Industry: Occurs when child is praised forproductive activities, such as painting and

building

Inferiority: Occurs if childs efforts are

regarded as messy or inadequate


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Stage Five (Adolescence):

Identity versus Role Confusion Identity: For adolescents; problems

answering, Who am I?

Role Confusion: Occurs whenadolescents are unsure of where they are

going and who they are


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Stage Six (Young Adulthood):

Intimacy versus Isolation Intimacy: Ability to care about others andto share experiences with them

Isolation: Feeling alone and uncared for inlife


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Stage Seven (Middle

Adulthood): Generativity versusStagnation

Generativity: Interest in guiding the next

generation

Stagnation: When one is only concerned

with ones own needs and comforts


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Stage Eight (Late Adulthood):

Integrity versus Despair Integrity: Self-respect; developed when

people have lived richly and responsibly

Despair: Occurs when previous lifeevents are viewed with regret;

experiences heartache and remorse


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Trait Theories

Attempt to learn what traits make uppersonality and how they relate to

actual behavior

Remember: Personality traits are thestable and consistent personal

characteristics

Trait theories describe personality butdont show how people developed those

traits


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The Big Five Personality

Factors:

Traits that relate to temperament

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness Extroversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism


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Self-theory: Carl Rogers and

Humanistic Theory

Unconditional positive regard (UPR)-

Love or unconditional acceptance is given

regardless of behavior.

Leads to a positive realistic self-concept, high

self-esteem and self-respect (page 65)


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Carl Rogers and

Abraham Maslow

Self-actualization: Process offulfillment of ones own unique

potentials The key is self-concept

Peak experiences: Temporarymoments of self-actualization

Think about these times in our lives.Lets discuss.


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Characteristics of Self-

Actualizers Efficient perceptions of reality

Comfortable acceptance of self, others,

and nature

Spontaneity

Task centering

Autonomy


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How to Become Self-Actualized

(Maslow, 1971)

Be willing to change

Take responsibility

Examine your motives Experience honestly and directly


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How to Become Self-Actualized

(Maslow, 1971) (cont) Make use of positive experiences

Be prepared to be different

Get involved Assess your progress

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8 Stages of Development

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