9. BRICK MASONRY9. BRICK MASONRY

Chapter 9Brick Masonry

9.1 BRICK MASONRY - OVERVIEW9.1 BRICK MASONRY - OVERVIEW

9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN 9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MASONRYMASONRY

9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR 9.4 MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM CLAY9.4 MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM CLAY 9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS 9.6 TERMINOLOGY, BONDS AND JOINTS IN BRICK 9.6 TERMINOLOGY, BONDS AND JOINTS IN BRICK

MASONRYMASONRY 9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND STRUCTURES 9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND STRUCTURES

9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL 9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MASONRYDEVELOPMENTS IN MASONRY

It is the simplest of all the building techniques - Mason stacks pieces of material It is the simplest of all the building techniques - Mason stacks pieces of material (bricks, stones, concrete blocks, etc.) over the top of one another to make walls, (bricks, stones, concrete blocks, etc.) over the top of one another to make walls, with mud or mortar as binding material in between themwith mud or mortar as binding material in between them

9.2.1 History9.2.1 History Began as low walls of stones or caked mudBegan as low walls of stones or caked mud Sun-dried bricks - With the availability of fire became burnt bricksSun-dried bricks - With the availability of fire became burnt bricks Invention of kilns made mass production of bricks easyInvention of kilns made mass production of bricks easy Limestone turned into lime mortar replaced mud as mortarLimestone turned into lime mortar replaced mud as mortar In Mesopotamia, palaces and temples were built of stone and sun-dried bricks in In Mesopotamia, palaces and temples were built of stone and sun-dried bricks in

4000 B.C.4000 B.C. The Egyptians erected their temples and pyramids of stones by 3000 B.C.The Egyptians erected their temples and pyramids of stones by 3000 B.C. By 300 B.C., Greeks perfected their temples of limestone and marbleBy 300 B.C., Greeks perfected their temples of limestone and marble Romans made the first large-scale use of masonry arches and roof vaults in their Romans made the first large-scale use of masonry arches and roof vaults in their

basilica, baths and aqueductsbasilica, baths and aqueducts

Medieval and Islamic civilizations perfected masonry vaulting to a high Medieval and Islamic civilizations perfected masonry vaulting to a high degree of development - Islamic craftsmen built palaces, markets, and degree of development - Islamic craftsmen built palaces, markets, and mosques of bricks and often faced them with brightly glazed tilesmosques of bricks and often faced them with brightly glazed tiles

Europeans built fortresses and cathedrals using pointed vaults and flying Europeans built fortresses and cathedrals using pointed vaults and flying buttressesbuttresses

In America and Asia other cultures were building with stonesIn America and Asia other cultures were building with stones During industrial revolution, machines were developed to quarry and cut During industrial revolution, machines were developed to quarry and cut

stones, mould bricks, and speed the transportation of these materials to site stones, mould bricks, and speed the transportation of these materials to site of buildingof building

Portland cement came into wide use and this enabled the construction of Portland cement came into wide use and this enabled the construction of masonry building of greater strength and durabilitymasonry building of greater strength and durability

9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL 9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL

DEVELOPMENTS IN MASONRYDEVELOPMENTS IN MASONRY (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Late in 19th century tall buildings were built, of steel and reinforced Late in 19th century tall buildings were built, of steel and reinforced concrete (pored into simple forms), economically concrete (pored into simple forms), economically

Development of hollow concrete forms in 19th century averted the Development of hollow concrete forms in 19th century averted the extinction of masonry as a building material - Cavity wall, developed by extinction of masonry as a building material - Cavity wall, developed by the British during the earlier part of the 19th century also contributed to the British during the earlier part of the 19th century also contributed to the survival of masonry as a building materialthe survival of masonry as a building material

This facilitated the introduction of thermal insulationThis facilitated the introduction of thermal insulation High strength mortars, high-strength masonry units, and complex shapes High strength mortars, high-strength masonry units, and complex shapes

of masonry units extended the use of masonry for buildingsof masonry units extended the use of masonry for buildings

9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL 9.2 INTRODUCTION TO HISTORICAL

DEVELOPMENTS IN MASONRYDEVELOPMENTS IN MASONRY (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Masonry HistoryMasonry History

Rich HistoryRich History Through the mid-1800sThrough the mid-1800s

– Primary Building Materials Primary Building Materials Late 1800sLate 1800s

– New Products DevelopedNew Products Developed– Ended Masonry’s DominanceEnded Masonry’s Dominance

Masonry HistoryMasonry History

20th Century Developments20th Century Developments

– Steel Reinforced MasonrySteel Reinforced Masonry

– High Strength MortarsHigh Strength Mortars

– High Strength Masonry UnitsHigh Strength Masonry Units

– Variety of Sizes, Colors, Textures & CoatingsVariety of Sizes, Colors, Textures & Coatings

Masonry - Primary Uses TodayMasonry - Primary Uses Today

Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)

Foundation WallsFoundation Walls

Structural Support Walls (low rise)Structural Support Walls (low rise)

Backup Walls for Exterior FacingBackup Walls for Exterior Facing Brick & StoneBrick & Stone

Facing Materials - VeneersFacing Materials - Veneers

Decorative WallsDecorative Walls

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Brick Masonry - UniquenessBrick Masonry - Uniqueness

Fire ResistanceFire Resistance

SizeSize

DurabilityDurability

CMU Structural Walls on a Low Rise Building

Reinforcing Structural CMU Walls

CMU Structural Walls also serving as a “Backup” Wall for Brick Facing

9.3.1 Uses and Types of Masonry Mortar9.3.1 Uses and Types of Masonry Mortar Mortar is as much a part of masonry as masonry units such as bricks, stones, etc.Mortar is as much a part of masonry as masonry units such as bricks, stones, etc.

Mortar servesMortar serves as : as : (1) (1) A cushion and makes the masonry units to bear against one A cushion and makes the masonry units to bear against one anotheranother and thus provides strength to the wall; and thus provides strength to the wall; (2) A seal in between the masonry units(2) A seal in between the masonry units,, and keeps the water and air from penetrating it; and keeps the water and air from penetrating it; (3) A bonding agent(3) A bonding agent to make the to make the individual units to adhere to one another; and individual units to adhere to one another; and (4) A surface enhancer(4) A surface enhancer , proving , proving beautiful contrast and appearancebeautiful contrast and appearance

Most characteristics type of masonry mortarMost characteristics type of masonry mortar is made of Portland cement, hydrated lime, is made of Portland cement, hydrated lime, and aggregates (sand) and water. Portland cement acts as bonding agent, lime imparts and aggregates (sand) and water. Portland cement acts as bonding agent, lime imparts smoothness and workability, sand provides the bulk around which lime sets, and water smoothness and workability, sand provides the bulk around which lime sets, and water provides workability to set bricks properly. Setting of hydrated lime with absorption of provides workability to set bricks properly. Setting of hydrated lime with absorption of COCO2 2 from air makes the mortar strongfrom air makes the mortar strong

Masonry mortarMasonry mortar (has various trade names): Contains one or more of the following, (has various trade names): Contains one or more of the following, viz. , Portland cement, Portland-pozzolan cement, natural cement, slag cement, viz. , Portland cement, Portland-pozzolan cement, natural cement, slag cement, Portland-blast furnace slag cement, hydraulic lime, and in addition usually contains Portland-blast furnace slag cement, hydraulic lime, and in addition usually contains hydrated lime, limestone, chalk, calcareous shell, talc, slag and/or clayhydrated lime, limestone, chalk, calcareous shell, talc, slag and/or clay

9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR

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Mortar FunctionsMortar Functions

Provides for full bearingProvides for full bearing Seals between masonry unitsSeals between masonry units Adheres / bonds masonry unitsAdheres / bonds masonry units AestheticsAesthetics

18Joint Color that “Blends” w/ Brick Color

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MortarMortar

Pre-packagedPre-packaged

Color rangeColor range

Testing / SpecificationsTesting / Specifications

CuringCuring

““Shelf” lifeShelf” life

In order to achieve workability, masonry mortars contain air-entraining admixtures In order to achieve workability, masonry mortars contain air-entraining admixtures that produce high air content in mortar; this reduces the bond strength of masonry that produce high air content in mortar; this reduces the bond strength of masonry mortar - For these reasons, mortar - For these reasons, for masonry work that requires high strength and low for masonry work that requires high strength and low permeability, only conventional cement-lime mortar should be usedpermeability, only conventional cement-lime mortar should be used - - Lime mortar Lime mortar cures by drying and absorption of COcures by drying and absorption of CO22 from air to form CaCO from air to form CaCO33, whereas Portland , whereas Portland cement mortar cures by hydration that produces a dense, strong, and crystalline cement mortar cures by hydration that produces a dense, strong, and crystalline structure that binds the sand particles together - To prevent premature drying structure that binds the sand particles together - To prevent premature drying masonry units should be wetted before laying them in course.masonry units should be wetted before laying them in course.

Mortar typesMortar types : (a) : (a) M-typeM-type - High strength mortar - 2,500 psi - Used for - High strength mortar - 2,500 psi - Used for buildings subjected to large lateral loads, and below grade (earth level) masonry; buildings subjected to large lateral loads, and below grade (earth level) masonry; (b) (b) S-typeS-type - Medium high strength mortar - 1600 psi - Used for masonry - Medium high strength mortar - 1600 psi - Used for masonry structures needing high flexural bond strength and normal compressive loads: (c ) structures needing high flexural bond strength and normal compressive loads: (c ) N-typeN-type - Medium strength mortar - 750 psi - for general use above grade; and (d) - Medium strength mortar - 750 psi - for general use above grade; and (d) O-typeO-type - Medium low strength mortar; 350 psi - Used for non-load-bearing walls - Medium low strength mortar; 350 psi - Used for non-load-bearing walls and partition and partition

9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Contains various amounts of Portland cement, masonry cement, Contains various amounts of Portland cement, masonry cement, hydrated lime and sand - hydrated lime and sand - M-typeM-type contains 1:1:0.21/4 to 3 or contains 1:1:0.21/4 to 3 or 1:0:1/4:21/4 to 3 - 1:0:1/4:21/4 to 3 - S-typeS-type contains 1/2:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1:0:1/2:21/4 to contains 1/2:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1:0:1/2:21/4 to 3 - 3 - N-typeN-type contains 0:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1/2:21/4 to 3 - contains 0:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1/2:21/4 to 3 - O-typeO-type contains contains 0:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1:0:11/4 to 11/2:21/4 to 30:1:0:21/4 to 3 or 1:0:11/4 to 11/2:21/4 to 3

9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR9.3 USES AND TYPES OF MASONRY MORTAR (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

9.4 MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM CLAY9.4 MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM CLAY

BricksBricks have greater fire resistance than stone or concrete masonry - Its size have greater fire resistance than stone or concrete masonry - Its size enables easy handling and placement in walls; it can be easily adapted to enables easy handling and placement in walls; it can be easily adapted to small-scale and large-scale structures to give pleasing appearance and texturesmall-scale and large-scale structures to give pleasing appearance and texture

Constituents:Constituents: Brick clays are produced by blending together various clays Brick clays are produced by blending together various clays (surface clays, shales, and fire clays) to produce the desired chemical (surface clays, shales, and fire clays) to produce the desired chemical composition and physical properties - Clays can be divided into calcareous composition and physical properties - Clays can be divided into calcareous clays (containing 15% Calcium Carbonate, which gives yellow color when clays (containing 15% Calcium Carbonate, which gives yellow color when burnt) or noncalcareous clays (containing silicate of alumina, feldspar, and burnt) or noncalcareous clays (containing silicate of alumina, feldspar, and iron oxide) - Iron oxide gives buff, red or salmon color, when burnt iron oxide) - Iron oxide gives buff, red or salmon color, when burnt

Molding of Brick:Molding of Brick: The raw material is dug from pits, crushed, ground, The raw material is dug from pits, crushed, ground, and screened to reduce it to a fine constituency - Then it is tempered with and screened to reduce it to a fine constituency - Then it is tempered with water to produce a plastic clay for forming into brickwater to produce a plastic clay for forming into brick

Methods of forming :Methods of forming : Three different processes are used for brick forming - Three different processes are used for brick forming -

(i) (i) Soft Mud Process:Soft Mud Process: A relatively moist clay (containing 20% to 30% of water) A relatively moist clay (containing 20% to 30% of water) is pressed into molds, either by hand or machine - The mold may be dipped in is pressed into molds, either by hand or machine - The mold may be dipped in water (water-struck bricks) or dusted with fine sand (sand-struck bricks) before water (water-struck bricks) or dusted with fine sand (sand-struck bricks) before filling it with clay - (ii) filling it with clay - (ii) Dry press bricksDry press bricks are formed with clays that shrink are formed with clays that shrink excessively during drying - Is mixed with minimum amount of water(10%) - (iii) excessively during drying - Is mixed with minimum amount of water(10%) - (iii) Stiff mud ProcessStiff mud Process:: Most widely used process nowadays - contains 12 % to 15% Most widely used process nowadays - contains 12 % to 15% of water - passed through vacuum to remove any pocket of air, and then extruded of water - passed through vacuum to remove any pocket of air, and then extruded through a rectangular die to form bricksthrough a rectangular die to form bricks

The rectangular column of moist clay extruded through the die is The rectangular column of moist clay extruded through the die is cut by automatic cut by automatic wire cutterswire cutters to form individual bricks - After molding and cutting, the bricks are to form individual bricks - After molding and cutting, the bricks are dried for one or two days in low-temperature kilns - Then they are ready for firing dried for one or two days in low-temperature kilns - Then they are ready for firing or burningor burning

9.4 MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM CLAY9.4 MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM CLAY (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

Firing of Bricks:Firing of Bricks: Bricks are burnt either in a periodic kiln or a continuous tunnel kiln - Bricks are burnt either in a periodic kiln or a continuous tunnel kiln -

In a periodic kilnIn a periodic kiln bricks are loaded in after initial drying, fired, cooled, and unloaded; bricks are loaded in after initial drying, fired, cooled, and unloaded; and the process is repeated after a certain period (say a month) - and the process is repeated after a certain period (say a month) - In a continuous tunnel In a continuous tunnel kilnkiln the bricks are loaded onto special railcars that pass continuously through various the bricks are loaded onto special railcars that pass continuously through various processes to emerge at the other end fully burnedprocesses to emerge at the other end fully burned

Stages of burning:Stages of burning: Water-smoking and dehydration (drives off the remaining water Water-smoking and dehydration (drives off the remaining water

from clay at 40from clay at 40oo to 150 to 150oo C) - C) - Oxidation and Vitrification:Oxidation and Vitrification: Temperature of furnace rises Temperature of furnace rises to 1000to 1000oo to 1300 to 1300oo C - Clay transformed to a ceramic material - C - Clay transformed to a ceramic material - FlashingFlashing:: Fire is regulated Fire is regulated to create a reducing atmosphere in the kiln that develops a color variation in the bricks - to create a reducing atmosphere in the kiln that develops a color variation in the bricks - Cooling:Cooling: BricksBricks are cooled under controlled conditions to achieve the desired color and to are cooled under controlled conditions to achieve the desired color and to avoid any thermal cracking - The entire process of firing takes from 40 to 150 hoursavoid any thermal cracking - The entire process of firing takes from 40 to 150 hours

Color of a brick:Color of a brick: Depends on the chemical composition of clay, temperature, and Depends on the chemical composition of clay, temperature, and chemistry of fire - Iron in clay turns to red in oxidizing fire and to purple in reducing fire - chemistry of fire - Iron in clay turns to red in oxidizing fire and to purple in reducing fire - Calcium oxides gives creamy/white color - For bright colors, all faces of bricks can be Calcium oxides gives creamy/white color - For bright colors, all faces of bricks can be glazed like pottery during normal firing or during subsequent firingglazed like pottery during normal firing or during subsequent firing

9.4 MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM CLAY9.4 MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS FROM CLAY (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

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Brick Masonry - Sizes and ShapesBrick Masonry - Sizes and Shapes

No standard sizeNo standard size Normal coursing - 3 bricks = 8”Normal coursing - 3 bricks = 8” Larger sizesLarger sizes Custom Shapes & ColorsCustom Shapes & Colors

No single standard size available - Size variesNo single standard size available - Size varies

Modular Brick:Modular Brick: 3 1/2” x 7 1/2” x 2 1/4” (Actual size) 3 1/2” x 7 1/2” x 2 1/4” (Actual size)

Standard Brick :Standard Brick : 3 1/2” x 8” x 2 1/4” 3 1/2” x 8” x 2 1/4”

Engineer Modular :Engineer Modular : 3 1/2” x 7 1/2” x 2 3/4” 3 1/2” x 7 1/2” x 2 3/4”

Engineer Standard :Engineer Standard : 3 1/2” x 8” x 2 3/4” 3 1/2” x 8” x 2 3/4”

Close Modular :Close Modular : 3 1/2” x 7 1/2” x 3 1/4” 3 1/2” x 7 1/2” x 3 1/4”

Roman :Roman : 3 1/2” x 11 1/2” x 1 5/8” 3 1/2” x 11 1/2” x 1 5/8”

Norman :Norman : 3 1/2” x 11 1/2” x 1 5/8” 3 1/2” x 11 1/2” x 1 5/8” Brick may be Brick may be solid, cored, hollow or froggedsolid, cored, hollow or frogged - This allows even drying of - This allows even drying of

bricksbricks Custom-shaped bricksCustom-shaped bricks are often required for building for providing special are often required for building for providing special

detailsdetails

9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS

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9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS (Cont’d)9.5 SIZES, GRADES AND TYPES OF BRICKS (Cont’d)

Grades of Building Bricks - Grades of Building Bricks - Grade SW:Grade SW: Withstands severe weathering Withstands severe weathering

(freeze-thaw, alternate wetting and drying) - (freeze-thaw, alternate wetting and drying) - Grade MW:Grade MW: for moderate weathering for moderate weathering - - Grade NWGrade NW: for negligible weathering: for negligible weathering

9.6.3 Types of Facing Bricks -9.6.3 Types of Facing Bricks - Type FBXType FBX:: High degree of mechanical High degree of mechanical

perfection, narrow color variation, minimum size variation per unit - perfection, narrow color variation, minimum size variation per unit - Type FBS:Type FBS: Wide range of colors, greater variation of size per unit - Wide range of colors, greater variation of size per unit - Type FBA:Type FBA: Non- Non- uniformity in size, color and texture.uniformity in size, color and texture.

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Extruded – Wire Cut Extruded – Smooth

Wood MoldExtruded – Raked

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Brickwork StrengthBrickwork Strength

Depends on:Depends on:

– Strength of the masonry unitStrength of the masonry unit

– Strength of the mortar Strength of the mortar

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9.6 TERMINOLOGY, BONDS AND JOINTS IN BRICK 9.6 TERMINOLOGY, BONDS AND JOINTS IN BRICK MASONRYMASONRY

9.6.1 Terminology used in laying bricks:9.6.1 Terminology used in laying bricks: Bed joint, Head joint, Bed joint, Head joint, Collar joint, Wythe, Stretcher, Header, Soldier, Rowlock Collar joint, Wythe, Stretcher, Header, Soldier, Rowlock

9.6.2 Structural bonds used during brick laying9.6.2 Structural bonds used during brick laying Running BondRunning Bond:: All courses of brick made of stretchers, with breaking of All courses of brick made of stretchers, with breaking of

joints, from one course to the otherjoints, from one course to the other

English Bond:English Bond: made of alternate courses of stretchers and headers, with made of alternate courses of stretchers and headers, with breaking of jointsbreaking of joints

Common Bond or American Bond :Common Bond or American Bond : Made of stretchers courses, with Made of stretchers courses, with every sixth course being made completely of headers, with breaking of jointsevery sixth course being made completely of headers, with breaking of joints

Flemish Bond:Flemish Bond: In the same layer ( or course) stretchers and headers are In the same layer ( or course) stretchers and headers are laid alternatively, with breaking of jointslaid alternatively, with breaking of joints

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Basic Brickwork TerminologyBasic Brickwork Terminology

BedJoint

HeadJoint

Course - horizontal layer of brick

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Basic Brickwork TerminologyBasic Brickwork Terminology

Header - Bonds two wythes together Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick

Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel

Rowlock - laid on face, end visible

Stretcher - long dimension horizontal & face parallel to the wall

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Brick BondsBrick Bonds

Structural BondsStructural Bonds Cavity (Veneer) WallsCavity (Veneer) Walls

– Running bondRunning bond– Stacked bondStacked bond

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Procedure for building brick walls:Procedure for building brick walls: (i) Laying of lead (or corner (i) Laying of lead (or corner bricks) to establish the wall planes and courses heights - (ii) Bricks in between bricks) to establish the wall planes and courses heights - (ii) Bricks in between leads are laid to a line ( a heavy string stretchers taut between line blocks at each leads are laid to a line ( a heavy string stretchers taut between line blocks at each lead)lead)

9.6.3 Joint Tooling:9.6.3 Joint Tooling: Required for giving beauty to mortar jointsRequired for giving beauty to mortar joints Weathered JointWeathered Joint:: Mortar joint has sloped (downwards) edge Mortar joint has sloped (downwards) edge Concave jointConcave joint:: Joint concave inwards Joint concave inwards Vee jointVee joint:: mortar joint is in the form of a V mortar joint is in the form of a V Flush JointFlush Joint:: Mortar joint is flush with the brick surfaces Mortar joint is flush with the brick surfaces Raked JointRaked Joint:: A large portion of the mortar joint is raked out - Not a safe, A large portion of the mortar joint is raked out - Not a safe,

impermeable jointimpermeable joint Struck JointStruck Joint:: Mortar joint has a sloped (upwards) edge Mortar joint has a sloped (upwards) edge Mortar joints can vary from 1/4” to 1/2” - Usually taken as 3/8”Mortar joints can vary from 1/4” to 1/2” - Usually taken as 3/8”

9.6 TERMINOLOGY, BONDS AND JOINTS IN BRICK 9.6 TERMINOLOGY, BONDS AND JOINTS IN BRICK MASONRYMASONRY(Cont’d)(Cont’d)

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Laying MasonryLaying Masonry

Layout & LeadsLayout & Leads LineLine

39Stationary Scaffolding

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Masonry JointsMasonry Joints

SizeSize

Joint ToolingJoint Tooling

Joint ProfilesJoint Profiles

Concave

Flush

Racked

Concave

Struck

Weathered

Vee

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Concave Joints

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Raked Joints

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9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND 9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

9.7.1 Spanning Openings in Brick Walls9.7.1 Spanning Openings in Brick Walls Brick walls must be supported above openings for windows or doors, Brick walls must be supported above openings for windows or doors, using using

reinforced concrete lintels, reinforced brick,or steel anglesreinforced concrete lintels, reinforced brick,or steel angles A corbelA corbel is an ancient structural device of limited spanning capability, that may be is an ancient structural device of limited spanning capability, that may be

used for small openings in brick walls, for beam brackets, and for ornamental used for small openings in brick walls, for beam brackets, and for ornamental provisions.provisions.

ArchesArches can can be used instead of lintels to span large openings in walls- Different be used instead of lintels to span large openings in walls- Different forms of arches can be built: forms of arches can be built: Segmental Arch, Jack Arch, Tudor Arch, Segmental Arch, Jack Arch, Tudor Arch, Elliptical Arch, Roman Arch (cylindrical shape), Goethic Arch, Elliptical Arch, Roman Arch (cylindrical shape), Goethic Arch, Parabolic - Arch TerminologiesParabolic - Arch Terminologies:: Intados, Extrados, Soffit, Spring line, Intados, Extrados, Soffit, Spring line, Skewback, Crown, Span, Rise Skewback, Crown, Span, Rise

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Steel Lintel

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Simulated Precast Concrete Lintel(actually a steel lintel supports the assembly)

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Arch

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9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND 9.7 TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS AND STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

9.7.3 Reinforced Brick Masonry:9.7.3 Reinforced Brick Masonry: A reinforced brick masonry wall in constructed with two wythes of brick, 2” A reinforced brick masonry wall in constructed with two wythes of brick, 2”

to 4” apart, placing the reinforced steel in the cavity and filling the cavity with to 4” apart, placing the reinforced steel in the cavity and filling the cavity with grout. Grout is a mixture of Portland cement, aggregate and water. Grout must grout. Grout is a mixture of Portland cement, aggregate and water. Grout must be filled enough to flow readily into the narrow cavity and fill it completely - be filled enough to flow readily into the narrow cavity and fill it completely - Two methods are used in building reinforced brick walls: Two methods are used in building reinforced brick walls: Low-lift methodLow-lift method:: Height of grout filling is not more than 4 feet - Wythes are held together by Height of grout filling is not more than 4 feet - Wythes are held together by

galvanized steel wire ties at 24” c/c horizontally and 16” c/c vertically - galvanized steel wire ties at 24” c/c horizontally and 16” c/c vertically - High-lift method:High-lift method: Wall is grouted, one story at a time - Clean out holes are Wall is grouted, one story at a time - Clean out holes are left at the bottom to drive out the debri (from mortar in brick masonry) down left at the bottom to drive out the debri (from mortar in brick masonry) down with water through the holes - Finally the clean out holes are sealed with a with water through the holes - Finally the clean out holes are sealed with a brick and mortar joint brick and mortar joint