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FALLACIES
Daniel AntesHannah MossTyler Thomas
&Emotional Argument
Attacking the Character Ad Hominem Argument: Attacking the opponent while ignoring what he or
she has to say or distracting the audience from his or her point
Try a thoughtful response in place of attacking your opponent
Popular amongst candidates, political parties and interest groups during elections while campaigning
Attacking the Character
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnOhH7F0QBA
Attributing False Causes Post Hoc Reasoning: Fallacy of false causation
CQCC
1. Usually found in the arguments of writers who are determined to prove the existence of various conspiracies
2. Amass impressive amounts of questionable evidence3. Logic should always recognize the distinction between causes and what might
simply be coincidences4. Found in more subtle forms in essays on abstract social problems
ats
uietly
reep
hildren
onspiracies
uestionable
uases
oincidences
Attributing False Causes
Attributing Guilt by Association When people or ideas are negatively associated with other people or
ideas not necessarily related to themThis occurs often in politics
For example: a candidate with a certain faith will be blamed for actions of everyone with that same faith although nothing specific is argued, therefore that candidate is negatively associated just through hints
http://www.sultanknish.blogspot.comhttp://www.crystalgraphics.com
http://www.nydailynews.com
Begging the Question When an author begins with a premise that is acceptable only to those
who will agree with the conclusion that is subsequently reached Circular reasoning
This leads the author to “beg” the question he or she sets out to answer
Begging the Question
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2wj4Lk07RE
Equivocating Uses vague or ambiguous language to mislead the audience
Usually using one word multiple times in different senses when found within arguments
Commonly abused terms are:◦ Right◦ Society◦ Freedom◦ Law◦ Justice ◦ Real
Marely is a nobody.
But since nobody is perfect,
Marely must be perfect!
Equivocatinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yI5d9yaQpCg
Ignoring the Question Used when wanting to avoid a question
Majority of the time the question will be acknowledged but ignored and the person will proceed to change the subject Example) When someone responds “I’m glad you asked that question” and
changes the subject. As well as attempting to turn it around on you with “Well what about you” or “Never mind that”
Technique is commonly used between:• Partners or friends • Politicians (known to exploit this technique when campaigning)
Jumping to Conclusions The conclusion in the question has not been supported by an adequate amount of
evidence
Be skeptical of arguments that appear heavy on opinion but weak on evidence
Some examples are:
• Just because one green apple is sour doesn’t mean all green apples are.• Just because you fail one test doesn’t mean you’ll fail the next one.
Opposing a Straw Man Commonly exaggerates the views of others
Responds only to the “extreme” view that does not represent the argument of the other person
Bill and Jill are arguing about cleaning out their closets: Jill: "We should clean out the closets. They are getting a bit messy." Bill: "Why, we just went through those closets last year. Do we have to clean them out everyday?" Jill: "I never said anything about cleaning them out every day. You just want too keep all your junk forever, which is just ridiculous."
http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/straw-man.html
Presenting a False Dilemma A writer or speaker only presents a choice between two alternatives
All other possibilities are overlooked
It is implied that there are no other possibilities other than those proposed.
Think of a parent with a young child.In order to make the child comply with what he or she is being told, the parent will usually present a false dilemma.
• “Either you finish all of your vegetables, Charlie, or you don’t get dessert.” • “If you don’t pick a book to read you will have to just go to bed now.”
ARGUMENTDaniel Antes
Sliding Down a Slippery Slope
Emotional Argument
Caption: In Germany, 180,000 children are abused every year. Please contact your local youth welfare office if you have the slightest suspicion – Child Health Foundation
http://adsoftheworld.com/media/print/child_health_foundation_the_scream
Emotional Argument
http://www.pedigreeadoptiondrive.com.au/
Emotional Argument
http://sneakhype.com/dopeness/random-dopeness/2012/02/vintage-nike-ads.html
Emotional Argument
9F
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Thank You