9.0 GEOLOGY AND SOILS - 3kopru.com · AECOM Final Report Environment Final ESIA 2 August 2013 9-1...

AECOM Final Report Environment

Final ESIA 2 August 2013

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9.0 GEOLOGY AND SOILS

9.1 Introduction

This section discusses environmental issues associated with geology, soils, hydrogeology (groundwater) and waste management conditions relating to the Project. The current conditions within the route corridor are described below and likely effects of the development on potentially sensitive receptors assessed. These impacts have been divided into two categories:

• Short-term construction impacts; and

• Permanent and operational impacts.

The potential impacts during construction and operational activities and mitigation measures proposed for each parameter are described. Some of the impacts are indirect impacts; some of them are direct impacts. For direct impacts, the Project site and development of the Project affect the issue directly. For indirect impacts, the Project site and development of the Project do not affect the issue directly, in the other words, if mitigation measures do not apply for these issues, there will be possible negative consequences and these cause negative impacts on the environmental issues.

Note that some of the conditions and effects described, particularly with regard to contamination and hydrogeology, may interact with other parameters such as ecology and surface water. Such interactions are described where appropriate.

9.2 Approach and Methods

9.2.1 Baseline Methods

This section explains the potential impacts on ground (Geology & Soil, Hydrogeology and Waste Management) conditions with the proposed Project. Potential impacts within the Project sites as well as adjacent receptors have been considered. In addition, potential impacts associated with the construction phase of the Project have been considered as well as potential impacts associated with permanent infrastructure and operational activities. In addition, mitigation ways are given based on these impacts.

This section will be based on available and accessible desktop studies and geotechnical reports prepared for this Project and it will include qualitative assessments, anticipated major risks and potential impacts, and mitigation ways of these impacts. During this integration study, Istanbul Environmental Condition Report (2009), Directorate of Ground and Earthquake Analysis of Istanbul Municipality Reports (September 2005 & December 2011), MTA Istanbul Mineral and Energy Resources Report (2012) and Environmental Plan from Istanbul City Guide Web Site (2012) and Geotechnical Reports (prepared by Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012-2013) have been reviewed and interpreted in detail. Although previous studies regarding geology were not prepared specifically undertaken for the Project site, the level of geological study can be expanded to scale. Therefore, the actual level of geological information of reference reports is adequate for this stage of the assessment.

Information on hydrogeology was collected from reports prepared for the Hydrologic Survey Report (Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat



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Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012) and maps prepared by AECOM using Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs database with Istanbul Environmental Plan from Municipality of Istanbul.

9.2.2 Assessment Methods

After necessary the information was collected to evaluate the impacts in relation to the Project, the assessment procedures have been conducted with the guidance set out in Water Quality and Drainage, Geology and Soils sections, below.

9.2.2.1 Geology and Soil

The main issues for impacts on geology and soils include damage to the Project site designated for their geological interest or zones where the development of the Project may affect active or potential mineral extraction activities. In addition, potential issues associated with loss or damage to soils, have been considered. Assessment of the impact of the scheme on geology and soils is based on the criteria shown in Table 9-1 below.

Table 9-1 Criteria for Assessing Impact on Geology and Soils

Criteria for Assessing Impact on Geology and Soils

Impact Assessment

Definition

Major

An internationally or nationally designated site of geological interest, located within or immediately adjacent to the Project and that will be damaged or destroyed by the proposed development. Also, important area of high quality or rare soil type that will be destroyed or damaged by the development. A significant or active mineral resource or mining area, that lies within the site that will be sterilized by the proposed development.

Moderate

A locally important site of geological interest, located within or near to the Project and that will be damaged or destroyed by the proposed development. In addition, an area of high quality or rare soil type that will be destroyed or damaged by the development. Inactive mineral resource or un-mined area that will be sterilized by the proposed development.

Minor

Any site of geological interest, located within or near to the Project and that will not be damaged or destroyed by the proposed development. But, the poor soil type can be destroyed or damaged by the development Any mineral resource or un-mined area can be affected by the development

Negligible Any geological feature, soil type or any mineral resource or un-mined area will not be affected by the Project.

9.2.2.2 Hydrogeology

The significance of potential impacts on hydrogeological resources, which comprises groundwater sources and dependent surface water sources, which can be affected by the Project development, is based on the criteria given in the table below.



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Table 9-2 Criteria for Assessing Impact on Hydrogeology

Criteria for Assessing Impact on Hydrogeology

Impact Assessment

Definition

Major The construction or operation will pollute, damage or destroy water supplies that are important for drinking water or industry, or are a particularly rare or valuable resource.

Moderate The construction or operation will pollute or give a damage or destruction to water supplies that may be used for local drinking water or for industry

Minor The construction or operation may pollute, damage or destruction water supplies that are not used for public usage or where impermeable units overlie the aquifer

Negligible The construction or operation will not pollute, damage or destroy water supplies and/or there is no hydrogeological resource near or within the Project site.

9.2.2.3 Waste management

There are two classes of waste management issues associated with the development. These include:

• The presence of licensed waste management sites within or in the vicinity of the site (Solid Waste Disposal Facilities in Istanbul);

• Issues associated with disposal of waste material as part of the construction and operation of the planned route (İZAYDAŞ (İzmit Metropolitan Municipality, İzmit Waste and Residue Treatment and Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc.), ERDEMİR (Ereğli Iron and Steel Manufacturing Inc.), and İSKEN (İskenderun Energy Production and Trade Company).

The following table sets out the assessment criteria used in this chapter for assessing the impact of waste management issues associated with this Project.

Table 9-3 Criteria for Assessing Impact on Waste Management

Criteria for Assessing Impact on Waste Management

Impact Assessment

Definition

Major In the Project area, there is disposal of Hazardous Waste, or large quantities of Non-Hazardous waste during construction or operation, where the wastes cannot be re-used

Moderate In the Project area, there is disposal of Non-Hazardous Waste, or Inert waste during construction or operation, where the wastes cannot be re-used

Minor In the Project area, there are disposal of Inert waste during construction or operation; the wastes may be re-used

Negligible In the Project area, there are minimum quantities disposal of Hazardous Waste, during construction or operation; the wastes may be re-used



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9.3 Baseline Conditions

9.3.1 Geology and Soil

Istanbul District is located on Çatalca Peninsula in the west, the Kocaeli Peninsula in the east separated by a waterway (the Bosphorus) between these peninsulas. Furthermore, the region is one of the two linking points of Asia and Europe. It only covers 0.7% of the country’s territories and the shape of the district resembles a rectangle with the long edge in the E-W direction (approximately 100 km) and short edge in the N-S direction (approximately 50-60 km).

Stratigraphy

The general geology of the Istanbul District is formed by Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic, Quaternary and actual sedimentary materials with soils, according to the Istanbul Environmental Condition Report (2009). Boundary relations of these rock formations are mostly unconformities that are sourced from tectonic activities. Paleozoic deposits are observed in Çatalca Peninsula, the Bosphorus shores, and the Asian (Kocaeli Peninsula) continuation of linked formations, whereas Cenozoic and Quaternary deposits are examined mostly in the western side of the district. Alluvial formations are mostly encountered at the Bosphorus coast and valley bottoms. Antique and actual artificial fillings (made ground) can be seen at the Marmara Sea coasts apart from these natural deposits.

In the northern side of Çatalca Peninsula a rock unit called the “Istranca Group” is observed in vast areas. The Istranca Group is composed of metamorphic rocks such as schist, quartzite and magmatites. The group is located in large areas between Tekirdağ and Edirne and it enters the Istanbul District from the west and northern side. Outcrops of this metamorphic group are observed in the Çatalca region with names such as Kızılağaç Metagranites, Şermat Quartzites, and Mahya Schists. The other main unit which can be observed at both sides of the Bosphorus is called as the “Istanbul Group”. This group does not show any metamorphism related with Paleozoic and Mesozoic times. The oldest rock formation in this group is Lower Ordovician continental rock and it is present at the near side of the metropolitan area. The basal part of this Lower Ordovician stacks is called the Kurtköy Formation but it is not observed in the district. These units are located with unconformities in Infracambrian aged schists, gneisses, and meta-magmatites at Armutlu Peninsula.

In the Early-Middle Ordovician, the Istanbul region accumulated quartzite from a beach environment named the “Aydos Formation” and this accumulation was sourced due to transgression. The region was covered with a tectonically stable and deepening sea in Silurian and Devonian periods. In this process, deposition of Yayalar Formation (Sandstone – Lower Ordovician), Pelitli Formation (shelf type reef and shallow sea carbonate deposit – Lower Ordovician – Silurian), Kartal Formation (low energy deep-sea environment representative limestone & mica schist intercalation containing large amount of macrofossils - Lower – Middle Devonian), and Denizli Village Formation (deep sea shelf deposit representative nodular limestone – Upper Devonian & Lower Carboniferous) occurred.

The Denizli Village Formation member called Baltalimanı, which has Lower Carboniferous siliceous deposits, is thought to be the reason for the presence of large amount siliceous material due to volcanic activity around this marine basin. The region is presented as a tectonically stable period from the Ordovician to the start of the Carboniferous and it shows the characteristic behavior of turbidity current deposits. Therefore, turbiditic flysch type sandstone shale intercalation called as “Trakya Formation” have been deposited with more than 1,000 m thickness.

North-South strike and East-West dip low angle reverse faults are developed in the region due to tectonic activities which occurred in the Carboniferous – Permian period. To illustrate this, the Çamlıca Thrust, which is the reason of Aydos Quartzites movement over younger formations and eventually forming of Çamlıca Hills, is



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believed to have developed throughout this period. Magmatic intrusions present within the Sancaktepe Granite (Permian) west of Gebze are also thought to have formed in this period and finally this region formed the continental surface. This continental transformation period in the Permian – Early Triassic is represented with reddish sandstone and pebblestone called the “Kapaklı Formation”. Basaltic volcanic rock intercalations in Kapaklı Formation could be interpreted as the starting of rift formations in the region. In the Middle – Late Triassic, a transgressive sea formed a secondary marine environment and this transgression was followed by deposition of Demirciler Formation (tidal deposits), Ballıkaya Formation (shelf carbonates), and Tepeköy Formation – Bakırlıkıran Formation (slope deposits).

There is no indication or outcrop of any rock units from Jurassic – Early Cretaceous within the Istanbul District boundaries and this condition is the sign of erosion in this time interval. In the Late Cretaceous, another transgressive movement occurred in whole region and deposition of Sarıyer Formation (Upper Cretaceous volcano sediments) and Akveren Formation (Upper Cretaceous – Paleocene clastics with shallow carbonates) occurred in this marine environment. Andesitic volcanic rocks of the Sarıyer Formation, which are believed to be indicative of island arc volcanism in the closure of the Tethys Ocean, covered the northern side of the region. Upper Cretaceous Çavuşbaşı Granodiorites and volcanic dykes in Paleozoic successions also developed in this period.

There was intense folding and faulting in the Marmara Basin at Lutetian due to major compressive impacts on Anatolia during the Eocene and this folding and faulting genesis becomes effective in Istanbul District. During deposition of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rock units in the Early Eocene, the Sarıyer-Şile Fault with NNW-SSE strike intruded into the Upper Cretaceous – Early Eocene rock units.

Another transgressive movement occurred in the Middle Eocene in the region. In the Middle Eocene – Early Oligocene interval, deposition of beach and reefal units (Koyunbaba Formation, Yunuslubayır Formation, Soğucak Formation) near coasts and clayey mud (Ceylan Formation) in deeper sides occurred and spread.

The region became a continental depositional field again due to tectonic activities affecting Trakya Basin starting from the Middle – Late Oligocene to the present day. In this interval, deposition of river deposits representing Late Oligocene – Late Miocene (Kıraç Formation) and lagoon – lake deposits (Danişmen Formation & Çekmece Formation) developed. Within these formations intensive shear fault and joint systems can be observed with NW-SE and NE-SW orientations, developed with N-S direction compaction. These shear zone fractures developed weak zones and these weak zones are the explanation for the zigzag geometry of the Istanbul and Çanakkale Strait coasts as well as the large river valleys and Golden Horn coasts.

Tectonism and Paleogeography

Istanbul District is situated in a tectonically active and intricate region. The northern branch of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is located to the south of the proposed Project area. This branch is the reason for a deformation zone that includes NE-SW directed normal faults and similar basin series development to 30-40 km width. In addition, some of these fault segments’ northern parts reach south of the metropolitan area. Here there exists a normal fault system in the north and this system could be the continuation of the Srednogorie zone of Bulgaria. Furthermore, there exists a NE-SW directed Trakya (Istranca) Fault parallel to the Black Sea coasts in the northwest part of the region and this fault reaches closer to Lake Terkos. There is an assumption that this fault may split into small parts to the east of Lake Terkos. In addition to that, there are smaller scale faults between the main fault zones. Büyükdere Fault becomes prominent in these smaller faults and it is an E-W trending fault to the north of Aydos Mountain. There is another indication of a NE-SW direction lineament defined by air photography.



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Istanbul and the surrounding area was affected by numerous and different tectonic activities between the Carboniferous and Neogene. This tectonism relates to folds, faults or joints triggering complicated geology throughout the region; therefore only the important fault systems are discussed and defined in this section.

It can be observed that there are different sizes of faults oriented E-W, N-S, NE-SW, and NW-SE within Paleozoic aged rock units in the region. Although some faults have been determined by excavation studies or natural slopes, they appear to be developed only at a regional scale. However, there are map scale formations in some other faults.

Primary river systems such as the Alibey River, Kağıthane River, Riva River, Ömerli Dam Lake and water bodies like the Bosphorus and Golden Horn have a NE-SW & NW-SE direction zigzag geometry. This geometric development can be observed clearly especially within the coastal morphology of the Bosphorus. For example, valleys that include Büyükçekmece Lake and Küçükçekmece Lake and metamorphic units of Çatalca District represent the NW-SE directional orientation. There is a general consensus about the existence of severe compression movements in the Trakya Basin in the Early Eocene and Middle-Late Oligocene. Şile-Sarıyer Fault is a good example of these Early Eocene tectonic activities and it is a strike-slip fault that lies on both peninsulas at the Black Sea coasts. Furthermore, N-S direction Oligocene movements have produced shear zone fractures in the NE-SW and NW-SE orientations.

Although there are numerous fault systems in the Istanbul District due to the complicated geology, NE-SW and NW-SE elongated shear faults are the most prominent fault structures in the region. These faults not only designate the routes of river systems but they also help to explain the coastal zigzag morphology.

The Sarıyer-Şile Fault indicates elongation from the Şile District at the Black Sea coast of the Kocaeli Peninsula to the west of Gümüşdere Village in the Çatalca Peninsula. It shows no interruption in the E-W direction. Paleozoic and Triassic rock units interact with Cretaceous and Paleocene rock formations along this fault. Moreover, the fault plane is almost vertical or at a steeper slope to the south whereas it has lower angle slope in Sarıyer neighborhood.

The Maltepe-Beykoz Fault is only observed on the Asian side and it shows NW-SE elongation. Although the characteristics of the fault are not fully understood, most geologists consider that it is a low angle reverse fault with small fractions. Pelitli, Kartal, and Denizli Formations come across with Kurtköy Formation.

The Yakacık Fault is developed and observed from the west of hills such as Yakacık Hill, Deliklikaya Hill, Kurfalı Hill, Orta Hill, and Gözdağ Hill. These hills are 200-380 m in height and the fault separates the Aydos Formation quartzite and Kartal Formation shale with macrofossils. The fault has low angle thrust fault characteristics.

Some geologists claim that the Çatalca Fault is a normal fault with a NW-SE elongation. Furthermore, they asserted that the fault develops at the eastern and western boundaries of the Çatalca Massive Unit and the fault spreads around Eocene and Oligocene deposits. However, after detailed study of outcrops throughout the fault location, it can be clearly seen that Eocene – Oligocene aged Soğucak Limestone, Pınarhisar, and Danişmen formation are transgressive over the Çatalca Massive. This transgressive overlapping of Tertiary Units upon Çatalca Massive has an undulating morphology and this boundary relation is hard to observe. Therefore, there is no direct evidence of horst forming effective tension forces in the region.

The Eastern side of the massive has high slopes and there is an important amount of height difference in tertiary deposits over the massive and tertiary deposits at the western side of Büyükçekmece Lake. This height difference could be an indication of an almost horizontal strike-slip fault called the Çatalca Fault. There is no proof that this fault is active and the height difference originates from weak zone of the fault that formed in a former glacial period.



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The Alibeyköy Fault is located in the Alibey River valley and it is a continuation of the Pirinçci valley with a NW-SE elongation. This morphological appearance can be seen from drainage patterns and this appearance also has uniformity with the Bosphorus and other significant river morphology. This drainage pattern developed from compression during the Oligocene with N-S elongation and it is controlled by weak zones due to conjugated faults and joints.

The Sazlıdere Fault developed in the Sazlıdere River Valley and its upstream tributaries (Dursunköy, Boyalık, and Çiftlik rivers). All of these rivers are elongated in a NW-SE direction and the main river valley elongates in the same direction with the Alibey River and Çatalca Fault.

The Kurna Village – Emirli Village Fault is located to the east of Ömerli Dam Lake and also the eastern side of Kurna and Emirli villages. It is thought to be a strike-slip fault and it separates the Ordovician Kurtköy and Yayalar Formation from the Lower-Middle Devonian Kartal Formation. It is located between Kurtköy and Ömerli and it breaks into smaller parts with NW-SE elongated shear faults.

Project Area Tectonics

According to the Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, the proposed Project site is located on the secondary and tertiary level earthquake zones (See in Figure 9-1). The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) which is a major active right lateral moving strike-slip fault throughout the boundary between Eurasian Plate and Anatolian Plate is believed to present some 20-50 km south of the Marmara Sea coasts. Although the fault is still active and may form high magnitude earthquakes with epicenters close to the metropolitan area, the proposed Project has been designed with the necessary strength to dilute and diminish any impacts resulting from possible earthquakes.

Figure 9-1 Seismicity Map of Istanbul

This Geology section of this report mostly explains the stratigraphic and tectonic structure of the Istanbul region. Although the geology of the district is described as a general distribution, it is beneficial to understand different units throughout the proposed Project site. Furthermore, some of the faults discussed above may coincide with the proposed Project site.



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The Sazlıdere and Alibeyköy Faults are located in the Çatalca Peninsula and these faults may overlap with the south-western part of the proposed Project site. In addition, the Kurna Village – Emirli Village and Maltepe – Beykoz Faults are located in the Kocaeli Peninsula and they also overlap with the proposed Project site. Furthermore, the Kurna Village – Emirli Village Fault crosses the south-eastern part of the Project site whereas the Maltepe – Beykoz Fault encounters the north-eastern part of the Project site. Lastly, the Şile-Sarıyer Fault coincides with the proposed Project site in a parallel direction when it crosses the Bosphorus.

According to Ambraseys and Finkel (1991), there were several destructive earthquakes happened throughout the history. Between 4th and 19th centuries number of these type earthquakes are 32. In every 300 year, there is an intense earthquake. Most effective earthquakes developed in the region are shown in Figure 9-2. Furthermore 20th century earthquake activities are also shown in the same figure.

Figure 9-2 Historical earthquakes in Istanbul Region based on macro-seismic data

(Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013).)

Apart from this, there are not any geological heritage sites according to Turkish Geological Heritage Protection Association (Jemirko Inventory List, 2012) near to the proposed Project site. It is significant to understand that the sources of these geological surveys are different from each other and also that the purpose of each of the source studies are likely to differ.

9.3.2 Land Use and Soil Type

Land ownership of the Project is distributed as shown below:

• Private real estate 7.18%

• Corporate real estate 0.43%

• Disputed land 0.24%

• 2B land 0.52%

• Forest area 79.21%

• Treasury 8.94%

• Parking areas 3.49%



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9.3.3 Hydrogeology

Different aquifer zone characteristics are classified into two main groups defined as grain related aquifers and rock related aquifers in Istanbul District.

Figure 9-3 The Hydrogeology Map Shows Aquifer Groups Istanbul District (Modified from Emay and Protek (2013))

Grain related aquifer zones are generally located in vast areas at Çatalca Peninsula and these aquifers develop inside Quaternary Alluviums and Neogene – Paleogene sands or gravels. Furthermore, grain related aquifers are observed as unconfined or confined in different locations and shallow to middle depth drilling activities could be seen for groundwater supply.

According to the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) studies, the aquifer group is exposed to potential pollution activity and also water yields or quality of water from these wells are in medium to low quality.

Rock related aquifer zones, however, are mostly located in the Kocaeli Peninsula in the Asian side. These aquifers develop in cracks and voids within Paleozoic and Mesozoic aged rock formations (see Table 9-4).

Siliceous rock materials such as quartzite, granite, greywacke form the host rock for recharge for different springs throughout the region. The common features of siliceous rock originated water sources are low hardness level and low flow rate.



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Table 9-4 General Distribution of Hydrogeological Groups in Istanbul District

Hydrogeological Groups Features Area (km

2)

Area (%)

Widespread and Rich Aquifer Host Unconsolidated Formations

Groundwater yield is efficient.

(specific flow > 2 lt/s/m)

672.2 12.8

Inconsequent Aquifer Host Unconsolidated Formations

Groundwater yield is medium. (0.5 lt/s/m specific flow > 2 lt/s/m)

156 2.9

Inconsequent Aquifer Host Consolidated Formations

Plenteous spring containing, groundwater yield is medium. (0.5 lt/s/m specific flow > 2 lt/s/m)

24.8 0.5

Widespread and Rich Aquifer Host Consolidated Formations

Generally deep groundwater level. Groundwater yield is efficient.

(specific flow > 2 lt/s/m)

43.3 0.8

Impermeable Formations Groundwater yield is insufficient.

(specific flow < 0,1 lt/s/m)

2,752.9 52.3

Permeable Formations Groundwater yield is insufficient.

(0,1 lt/s/m <specific flow < 0,5 lt/s/m)

1,615.9 30.7

Total 5,265 100

(Retrieved from DSI Maps – Istanbul Environmental Condition Report, 2009)

Kocaeli Peninsula has a lower degree of groundwater productivity than Çatalca Peninsula. In particular, Silivri, Çatalca and Bakırköy districts are important. However, the Bakırköy aquifer has lost its artesian water supply property of in the last 50 years. In fact, the water level of this aquifer has been lowered to 250 m due to excessive consumption, so that it no longer has any storage or transport capacity.

The DSI 14th Regional Office has the authority to distribute search and usage certificates in the Istanbul District within this framework (Table 9-5). However, unplanned and rapid urbanization of the district has generated significant deficiencies in the water network and this inadequacy has created severe burdens on groundwater sources. Excessive utilization of groundwater sources can lead to irreversible loss of capacity and eventually the groundwater level has been lowered to 350 to 400 m according to the Istanbul Municipality.



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Table 9-5 Groundwater Licence Areas

Licence Area Groundwater Reserve

(106 m

3/year)

Allocation

(106 m

3/year)

Situation

Çatalca – Yalıkavak

0.50 - Open

(Since Jul 25 1970)

Karacaköy – Terkos Plains 4.00 0.90 Open

(Since Jul 25 1970)

Kağıthane Valley 7.00 7.20 Closed

(Since Nov 281972)

Riva Village – Alaçalı Coastal Plain

2.00 - Open

(Since Oct 24 1970)

Topkapı – Küçükçekmece Plain

13.50 65 Closed

(Since Mar 10 1966)

Küçükköy – Paşaçayırı Plain 0.66 0.90 Closed

(Since Feb 15 1967)

Coastal Plain of Kartal District

1.50 - Open

(Since Mar 16 1972)

Tavşanlı River Coastal Plain 5.50 6.85 Open

(Since Jul 19 1968)

Büyükdere Coastal Plain 1.5 - Open

(Since Sep 25 1972)

Tuzla Plain

1.50 - Open

(Since Feb 29 1972)

TOTAL 37.16 80.85

(Retrieved from DSI Maps – Istanbul Environmental Condition Report, 2009)

Groundwater well distribution has shown an increase especially in developing industrial and construction fields. Therefore, the level of groundwater consumption has also risen in these areas. Moreover, inefficiencies in the water network of the district, the high cost of waterworks production, and groundwater usage preference in some sectors (for example, construction) has induced a new business line development for groundwater distribution. Although there are laws and regulations prohibit this type of consumption, the groundwater resource which could be used during any extraordinary conditions such as severe drought seasons, possible war conditions, disasters or earthquakes has been reduced rapidly.

There are nine groundwater operation fields allowed by DSI in Istanbul District. The operational fields have 37.19 million m3 reserves per year. In fact, there are 315 permits and the total annual water allocation amount is 6,820,027 tonnes (DSI, 2008). However, groundwater consumption is quite common in both metropolitan and rural areas. Therefore, unauthorized usage of groundwater wells significantly influence the accuracy of the gathered data.

In addition to this, spring water usage has been widespread in Istanbul and surrounding areas for more than 100 years (Table 9-6). Hamidiye is important for springs in the Çatalca Peninsula whereas Taşdelen and Yakacık springs have importance in the Kocaeli Peninsula. According to the Hydrogeological Interaction



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Report (Yüzer, E., January 2013) which explains the Potential Impact of the Project on Taşdelen Spring; the tunnel construction of the project located between Çamlık-Reşadiye KM: 0+000 - 12+998 will create an effect on jointed quartzite aquifer. Therefore, an alternative route, shifted 400 m to the south, was suggested to Emay – Protek joint venture according to this report. This alternative route, which is referred to as the “Taşdelen Variant”, has been accepted and the tunnel construction is being planned taking account of this fact. Thus, any possible adverse impact on the historical Taşdelen Spring will be eliminated. Aydos and Alemdağ Hills and proximate regions become important for groundwater sources in the east while Kemerburgaz region holds the significance in the west.

Table 9-6 List of Operating Water Springs in Istanbul District

Spring Name District Location

Altınpınar Spring Çatalca Gümüşpınar Village Akçapınar Spring Çatalca Karamandere Village Gümüşpınar Spring Çatalca Gümüşpınar Village Mispak Spring Çatalca Karamandere Village Yalı Spring Çatalca Yalı Village Mimella Spring Çatalca Çiftlik Village Ayazma Spring Çatalca Akalan Village İmren Spring Çatalca İhsaniye Village Ulupınar Spring Çatalca Karaca Village Mega İçme Çatalca Çakıl Village Güzelpınar Spring Gaziosmanpaşa Cebeci Village Özpınar Spring Gaziosmanpaşa Oğaz Village Mercan Spring Eyüp Pirinçci Village Kum Spring Eyüp Kemerburgaz Kemer Spring Eyüp Kemerburgaz Hamidiye Spring Eyüp Kemerburgaz Hamidiye Burgaz Spring Eyüp Kemerburgaz Fındık Spring Eyüp Kemerburgaz Hisar Spring Eyüp Kemerburgaz Çobanpınar Spring Eyüp Göktürk Village Binbaşı İçme Eyüp Kemerburgaz Başpınar Spring Eyüp Kemerburgaz Güvenpınar Spring Eyüp Kemerburgaz Kestane Spring Sarıyer Eski Sular Yolu Sırmakeş Spring Beykoz Dereseki Village Beypınar Spring Beykoz Akbaba Village Akasya Spring Beykoz Dereseki Village Çubuklu Spring Beykoz Çubuklu District Haznedar Spring Beykoz Akbaba Village Taşdelen Spring Ümraniye Taşdelen Özkayışdağı Spring Maltepe Büyükbakkalköy Çamlıbel Gözleri Spring Maltepe Büyükbakkalköy Çamoluk Spring Kartal Yakacık District Beys Spring Pendik Göçbeyli Village Vakıf Karakular Beykoz Dereseki Village Kayla Spring Beykoz Dereseki Village Florist Spring Maltepe Büyükbakkalköy Taşeren Spring Kartal Aydos Aquanet Spring Şile Yeniköy Village Turkish Red Crescent Spring Şile Bıçkıdere Village Nisa Spring Şile Bıçkıdere Village Akpınar Spring Şile Bıçkıdere Village Kırkpınar Spring Şile Ulupelit Village Kervansaray Spring Şile Kervansaray Village Saray Spring Şile Kervansaray Village Taşpınar Spring Şile Bıçkıdere Village Emirdağ Spring Şile Kömürlük Village



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Spring Name District Location

Kovanpınar Spring Şile Kurna Village Özlempınar Spring Şile Kurna Village İpekpınar Spring Şile Kurna Village Beyza Spring Şile Bıçkıdere Village Zambak Spring Şile Yeşilvadi Village Şadırvan Spring Şile Bıçkıdere Village

(Retrieved from Istanbul Environmental Condition Report, 2009)

9.3.4 Waste Management

There are three hazardous waste landfills located in Turkey, which are İZAYDAŞ (İzmit Metropolitan Municipality, İzmit Waste and Residue Treatment and Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc.), ERDEMİR (Ereğli Iron and Steel Manufacturing Inc.), and İSKEN (İskenderun Energy Production and Trade Company). Because İzaydaş is located the closest to the Project area, it will be highly likely that any hazardous waste generated by the Project will be transported via certified trucks to İzaydaş.

There are also domestic waste and non-hazardous waste disposal sites and landfills and waste oil recovery facilities either in Istanbul or in close proximity within Istanbul Province. Istanbul Municipality has designated excavation/debris and waste storage areas in Istanbul District. These facilities are located in close proximity to the proposed Project area and the construction camp and plant sites. Table 9-7 shows the solid waste disposal facilities in Istanbul (Istanbul Environmental Development Plan, 2009).

Table 9-7 Solid Waste Disposal Facilities in Istanbul

Facility Name Capacity (tons/day)

Baruthane Aktarma İstasyonu 1,500 Halkalı Aktarma İstasyonu 2,500 Yenibosna Aktarma İstasyonu 2,500 Hekimbaşı Aktarma İstasyonu 2,500 Küçükbakkalköy Aktarma İstasyonu 1,500 Aydınlı Aktarma İstasyonu 2,500 Silivri Aktarma İstasyonu 1,600 Odayeri Düzenli Depolama Sahası Kömürcüoda Düzenli Depolama Sahası

8,000 3,500

Kompost Tesisi 700 Tıbbi Atık Yakma Tesisi 24



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Figure 9-4 Solid Waste Disposal Facilities in Istanbul

9.4 Value (Sensitivity) of Resource

9.4.1 Geology and Soils

There are no geological heritage sites in the area, according to data used for the Project. In addition, there are no important mineral resources, active mining operation or exploration activities. Geological resources are not therefore a sensitive resource in the Project area.

9.4.2 Hydrogeology

Groundwater resources are therefore a sensitive resource, because they are under very significant pressure and there has been rapid draw down of aquifers throughout the region. Increasing urbanization and unlicensed extraction continues to put pressure on limited supplies of groundwater. Therefore, it is important that the Project does not affect groundwater supplies in the area.

In addition, surface waters within / close to the area are a sensitive resource. If suitable mitigation techniques are not applied, there are contamination risks of this water.

Furthermore, some dams close to the Project route are a sensitive resource. The Project site crosses over the catchment areas of some dams and some parts of the Project route are located within the protection zones of these dams. Therefore it is important to apply mitigation measures according to related regulations.

9.4.3 Waste Management

The hazardous wastes will have to be disposed of appropriately following the necessary regulations in order to avoid impacts on the environment. Other wastes that can be re-used will be re – used as filling materials etc. It is expected that appropriate mitigation measures will be applied for minimizing of wastes.



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9.5 Potential Impacts

9.5.1 Construction

9.5.1.1 Geology and Soils

There are no geological heritage sites according to Turkish Geological Heritage Protection Association (Jemirko Inventory List, 2012) in the vicinity of the proposed Project site and therefore there are no impacts associated with the development on geology.

In addition, there is no information on localized ground conditions including the presence of quarries, excavations or other mineral extraction activities that could be affected by or possibly obstructed by the Project.

However, there are explored mining locations for industrial minerals such as clay, quartzite, bentonite and dolomitic limestone (See in Mineral Map of Istanbul in Appendix 9-1). Although these mining areas are known, there are no actual mining operations in the vicinity of the Project site according to the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA). This inferred information is also consistent with the Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2013). Thus, there will be no direct impact on the Project site during construction activities, nor impacts on these mineral reserves.

Nevertheless, this report also indicates that route of the Project at Odayeri Junction, (see Appendix 8-1), is located within the old mining quarries and these areas are being used as dumping area of excavation materials. It is observed that these areas include open pits of old quarries and uncontrolled landfills and due to these unstable conditions, visible surface tension cracks and mass movements are examined. In addition, open pit areas were filled with storm water and ponds with 20 to 100 m depth occur in this location. Therefore, there could be some indirect constraints on the Project site during the construction activities.

According to the results of the Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013); geotechnical studies throughout the Project site shows that route of the proposed Project is in proximity to the Black Sea and it is located on first, second, and third degree of zones in the earthquake zoning map prepared by Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD). Hence, there will be indirect impact on the Project site during either the construction or operational activities.

In addition, according to the same report, quartzite, dolomitic limestone, quartz wacke-quartz arenite, arkose-sandstone, sandy loam with mica schists, reefal limestone, volcanics, grey wacke – sandstone – shale, clay stone, loam with unconsolidated gravel, clayey limestone – shale, sandy loam debris, sandy loam intercalated clay, clay - coal intercalated sand, and alluvium form the geological units in the route of the Project with respect to rock strength quality. Thus, there will be no impact on the Project site during construction activities.

Furthermore, there is sandstone, clay stone, and shale that have high bearing capacity between Başakşehir and Odayeri. In addition, tension cracks due to massive movement of unconsolidated clay are observed in this part. Gümüşdere region, has rigid to moderate sandstone shale layers. This geological settling changes in the proximity of Garipçe Village as there are volcanic rocks, and debris comprising a sand and loam mixture. Between Poyraz Village and Riva River located in the Asian side, there are rigid to moderate volcanic rocks and clay stone and siltstone layers. Although these geological settlings continue towards Riva River and Öğümce, there is an alluvium layer that has total length of 6-7 km with partials in between volcanic rocks. There are rigid to moderate arkose – sandstone unit located between Öğümce and Reşadiye. Finally, route of the Project is located on sandstone, limestone, and quartzite rock units. Hence, there will be no direct impact on the Project site during construction activities, but there may be indirect impact.



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According to the geological settling observed between Riva River and Öğümce, alluvium units has low bearing capacity and this unit has potential for subsidence. Therefore, there will be indirect impact on the Project site during the construction activities.

The loss of soil will be happen the Project site during construction activities, which is unavoidable. Most of this soil is of the forest type as mentioned before..


There could be a risk to water sources from construction activities. There are risks to groundwater resources and recharge areas from spills of pollutants, such as hydrocarbons, during the construction and operation of the Project that may result from drainage design issues or accidents that release unforeseen levels of pollutants into the environment.

According to the Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013); there are six (6) different hydrogeological units, defined as impermeable units, semi-impermeable units, semi-permeable units, permeable units, granular and permeable units, and permeable rock units. According to the Istanbul Hydrogeological Map (Emay and Protek-2013) from the same report it could be observed that the European part, is mostly located on an impermeable unit. Approximately 75 % of the Project appears to be located on an impermeable unit whereas 20 % of the Project is located on a semi-impermeable unit. The rest (approximately 5%) of the Project is located on granular and permeable units on this side of the Bosphorus.

Furthermore, it could be observed that the Asian part, is mostly located on semi-impermeable rock units with 85 % proportion. The residual part (15%) of this side is mostly located on granular-permeable and semi-permeable units which were shown as bedding strata of the Riva River’s main tributaries. Therefore, these proportions of the Project will need extra attention for accidental spillage from the road, comprising hydrocarbons, herbicides, salt and other substances that could enter this potential aquifer.

According to the hydrogeology section of Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013); the Project site is located on some of the important drinking water basins of Istanbul Districts such as Alibeyköy Dam, Historical Dams constructed between 1620-1839 in the Belgrade Forest (Kömürcü Dam, Valide Sultan Dam, Büyük Dam, Topuzlu Dam, Ayvad Dam, Kirazlı Dam, and Yeni Dam), Ömerli Dam, and Elmalı II Dam. This report claimed that the Project site coincides with all of the above mentioned water reservoir basins; however; according to Map of Istanbul Environmental Plan the Project site crosses over the catchment area of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams. Therefore, the Project site has not share common areas with the catchment areas of historical dams in the Belgrade Forest. Hence, there will be impact on the Project site during either the construction or operational activities and there could be impacts on the groundwater elements of the catchments for Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams.

In addition, last part of the Project site is mostly (95 %) located in the protection areas described in the Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR). However, this section is also coincides with the existing Trans European Motorway (TEM) and this development could be accepted as a precedent. Hence, there will be impact on the Project site during either the construction activities as well as impacts on the WPCR protection areas..

Furthermore, according to the hydrogeology section of Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013); the flood plain of Riva River is located on the route of the Project. Therefore, these proportions of the Project will need an extra attention due to flood behavior of this portion, where the Project may affect flood plain capacity and characteristics.



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According to the preliminary environmental assessment study prepared by AECOM (December 2012); groundwater resources in the area are under very significant pressure and there has been rapid draw down of aquifers throughout the region. Increasing urbanization and unlicensed extraction continues to put pressure on limited supplies of groundwater. Groundwater resources are therefore a sensitive resource and it is important that the Project does not affect groundwater supplies in the area.

In this level it is difficult to determine the impacts of the Project on hydrology and groundwater supplies but we have to assume that receptors are sensitive to change caused by the Project.


During construction there will be the requirement to dispose of material from within the development area as required by the detailed design. In general, waste material generated by the development is likely to comprise Inert and Non- Hazardous waste, although there is the possibility of encountering material that could be classed as Hazardous Waste, for example drums of chemicals or paint, etc. Appropriate handling and disposal of this waste will be required. In addition, construction activities themselves will generate waste. Most of this will be Inert Waste, however, small quantities of Hazardous Waste including waste oils, solvents, etc., might also be generated. These wastes will have to be disposed of appropriately following the necessary regulations in order to avoid impacts on the environment.

9.5.2 Permanent and Operational

This section assesses the potential permanent and operation impacts of the proposed development.


No permanent or operational effects on designated geological sites are predicted as none are present within or vicinity to the Project site.

According to the Turkish Geological Heritage Protection Association (Jemirko Inventory List, 2012) there are no geological heritage sites close to the Project site and hence there are no permanent or operational effects associated with the development on geology.

Furthermore, there is no information on localized ground conditions including the presence of quarries, excavations or other mineral extraction activities that could be affected by or possibly obstructed by the Project.

Nevertheless, according to the Mineral Map of Istanbul in Appendix 9-1 prepared by General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), there are explored mining locations for industrial minerals such as clay, quartzite, bentonite and dolomitic limestone. Although these mining areas are known, there are no currently active mining operations close to the Project site. This information is also consistent with the Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2013). Thus, there will be no permanent or operational effects on the Project site during operational activities, nor are there likely to be any impacts on mineral resources as a result of the development and operation of the Project.

However, this report also shows that route of the Project at Odayeri Junction, (Appendix 8-1) is located within the old mining quarries and these areas are being used as dumping area of excavation materials. It is observed that these areas include open pits of old quarries and uncontrolled landfills and visible surface



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tension cracks and mass movements have been examined due to these unstable conditions. In addition, open pit areas were filled with storm water and ponds with 20 to 100 m depth were occurred in this location. Therefore, there could be indirect impacts on the Project site during the operational activities.

According to the results of the Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013); geotechnical studies throughout the Project site shows that the route of the proposed Project site is in the proximity of the Black Sea and it is located within the first, second, and third degree of zones in the earthquake zoning map prepared by Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD). Hence, there will be indirect impact on the Project site during either the construction or operational activities.

In addition, according to the same report there are geological formations throughout the Project site mentioned in Section 9.5.1.1. These geological formations will have no direct impact on the Project site during operational activities.

Furthermore, there are sandstone, clay stone, and shale that have high bearing capacity between Başakşehir and Odayeri. In addition, tension cracks due to massive movement of unconsolidated clay have been observed in this part. Gümüşdere region, has rigid to moderate sandstone shale layers. This geological settling changes in the proximity of Garipçe Village as there are volcanic rocks, and debris comprising a sand and loam mixture.

Between Poyraz Village and Riva River located in the Asian side, there are rigid to moderate volcanic rocks and clay stone and siltstone layers. Although these geological settlings continue towards the Riva River and Öğümce, there is an alluvium layer that has a total length of 6-7 km with partials in between volcanic rocks. There are rigid to moderate arkose – sandstone unit located between Öğümce and Reşadiye. Finally, route of the Project is located on sandstone, limestone, and quartzite rock units. Hence, there will be no direct impact on the Project site during operational activities, but there may be indirect impact.

According to the geological settling observed between Riva River and Öğümce, alluvium units have a low bearing capacity and therefore there is the potential for subsidence. Consequently, there will be indirect impact on the Project site during the operational activities.

Permanent loss of soils will occur in some parts of the Project site during operational activities, which is unavoidable. The type of this soil is forest soil as mentioned before.


During operation of the scheme there may be a risk to groundwater. This includes run-off or accidental spillage from the road, comprising hydrocarbons, herbicides, salt and other substances that could enter a local aquifer.

In addition, the design of drainage for the Project site which has been prepared by Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012) will determine risks to groundwater; for example, if there is extensive use of culverts or other similar measures.

According to the Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013); there are six (6) different hydrogeological units are determined and mentioned in Section 9.5.1.2. According to the Istanbul Hydrogeological Map (Emay and Protek (2013)) (from the same report) the European part is mostly located on an impermeable unit. Approximately 75 % of the Project is located on an impermeable unit whereas 20 % of the Project is located on semi-impermeable unit. The rest (approximately 5%) of the Project is located on a granular and permeable unit on this side.



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Furthermore, it can be observed that the Asian part is mostly located on semi-impermeable rock units (85 % proportion). The residual part (15%) of this side is mostly located on granular-permeable and semi-permeable units which are shown as bedding strata of the Riva River’s main tributaries. Therefore, this 15 % proportion of the Project will need extra attention for accidental spillage from the road, comprising hydrocarbons, herbicides, salt and other substances that could enter this potential aquifer.

According to the hydrogeology section of Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013); the Project site is located within a number of important drinking water basins. Although this report claimed that the Project site coincides with all of the water catchment areas, according to Map of Istanbul Environmental Plan the Project site only crosses over the catchment areas of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams. Therefore, the Project site does not share common areas with the catchment areas of historical dams in the Belgrade Forest. Hence, there will be impact on the Project site during the operational activities and there could be impacts on the groundwater elements of the catchments for Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams.

In addition, last part of the Project site is mostly (95 %) located in the protection areas described in the Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR). However, this section is also coincides with the existing Trans European Motorway (TEM) and this development could be accepted as precedent. It is recommended that the impact of the Project on these water catchment areas could be followed by regular surface and groundwater sampling studies. Hence, there will be impact on the Project site during operational activities as well as impacts on the WPCR protection areas

Furthermore, according to the hydrogeology section of Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013); the flood plain of Riva River is located on the route of the Project. Therefore, these proportions of the Project will need an extra attention due to flood behavior of this portion, where the Project may affect flood plain capacity and characteristics.

Groundwater resources in the area are under very significant pressure and there has been rapid draw down of aquifers throughout the region due to uncontrolled residential and industrial usage. Increasing urbanization and unlicensed extraction continues to put pressure on limited supplies of groundwater. Therefore groundwater resource is a sensitive receptor and it is important that the Project does not affect groundwater supplies in the area.

9.5.2.3 Waste Management

During the operation of the development there will be no significant waste management issues associated with the road, other than during road repair works, road sweepings, gully cleaning, etc. Any waste generated is likely to comprise Inert and Non-Hazardous waste, although there is the possibility of material that could be classed as Hazardous Waste, such as tar or other chemicals. Appropriate handling and disposal of this waste will be required.

The only source of Hazardous waste would be caused by incidents such as collisions involving transported chemicals or other substances. However, such incidents are unlikely and contingency plans should be in place to deal with these in any case.



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9.6 Mitigation Measures

9.6.1 Construction Activities


No mitigation measures will be required during construction activities, as there are no geological heritage sites within the development area.

In addition, it is unlikely that construction of the scheme will impact on any mineral resources, according to the Mineral Map of Istanbul prepared by General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) mentioned above and therefore no mitigation is required.

Mitigation of soils will include ensuring that soils are adequately protected and/or temporarily removed during construction works, then restored/replaced after construction works have been completed in appropriate areas. Topsoil will be separated from sub-soil. Topsoil will be stored on an area having a slope not more than 5% and the quality of top soil will be protected. At the end of the construction, the topsoil will be used for landscaping.

There are some mitigation measures for the part of the route of the Projects located on Odayeri Junction. Geotechnical studies will be detailed and new precautions such as, ground reinforcement, using of supporting wall, construction of barrages and protective concrete walls; will be taken according to results of studies.

In addition, there are other mitigation measures for the last parts of the Project. The route of the Project is located on first degree of zones of the earthquake zoning map prepared by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD). Thus, extra structure reinforcement will be applied. Geotechnical studies (investigation of ground investigations) will be done regularly. Ground sliding and changing of ground conditions resulted because of ground mass movements and fault zones will be controlled and recorded regularly.

No mitigation measures will be required during construction activities in terms of geological formations throughout the Project site mentioned in Section 9.5.1.1.

However, according to the geological settling observed between Riva River and Öğümce, there are alluvium units that have low bearing capacity and this unit has potential for subsidence. In addition, tension cracks due to the massive movement of unconsolidated clay have been observed for the first parts of the Project. Therefore, for these parts, the best soil improvement techniques will be selected and applied. Extra soil improvement and soil and ground strengthening will be applied for subsidence on alluvium strata. These mitigation measures coincides with the results of the report prepared by Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2013).


Mitigation of hydrogeological risk during construction activities will comprise ensuring effective environmental management of these activities.

Firstly; suitable adequate bunding and storage arrangements will be constructed for preventing of spills of fuel and all chemicals used for the Project construction etc.

In addition, there are different hydrogeological units in the Project sites. In the Asian Part, there is the part of the Project on granular-permeable and semi-permeable units which were shown as bedding strata of the Riva



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River’s main tributaries. These proportions of the Project will need an extra attention for accidental spillage from the road, comprising hydrocarbons, herbicides, salt and other substances that could enter this potential aquifer.

Furthermore, according to the Map of Istanbul Environmental Plan given in Appendix 8-1, the Project site crosses over the catchment area of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams. There could be impacts during construction activities; however, there is no need of mitigation measures described in the Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR) for the catchment areas. However, extra attention will be paid and water quality sampling studies will be done regularly and no discharging of any liquid will permitted. Some sections of the Project are located on the protection areas of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams according to WPCR. Therefore, mitigation measures described in the WPCR will be applied in these areas.

Some parts of the Project are located on long – range protection zones of Alibeyköy Dam. There are no mitigation measures required in the relevant clause of the regulation (20) of the WPCR. On the other hand, some sections of the Project are located in the medium-range protection zone of Ömerli Dam. According to clause 19 of the same regulation, in the sections of the roads that will situated in such areas as per zoning plans and at obligatory cases, only transportation – related functions shall be allowed, but construction of any facilities such as way stations, fuel stations, etc, will not be permitted. Moreover, some parts of the Project are located in the short-range protection zone of Elmalı II Dam. According to clause 18(ı) of the same regulation, for obligatory roads, the same permits apply. Therefore for the part of the Project located on the protection zones, any facility other than roads will not be constructed.

According to the hydrogeology section of the Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013); the flood plain of Riva River is located on the route of the Project. Therefore, these proportions of the Project will need extra attention due to flood behavior of this section. Some mitigation measures such as, dewatering applications; stream remediation, concrete embankment construction and rising of road level will be applied.

Groundwater resources in the area are under very significant pressure and there has been rapid draw down of aquifers throughout the region already mentioned. No mitigation measures will be required during construction activities if groundwater resources are not be used and the appropriate mitigation measures are implemented to prevent pollution of groundwater resources

Although some studies were conducted to undertake this hydrogeological impact assessment, more specific study are likely to be required for the effects of hydrological and hydrogeological properties of the Project site. However, the intention will be that the Project activities will not affect groundwater supplies in the region.


Material to be disposed of will be assessed and where required tested to confirm its chemical characteristics so that it can be categorized as Inert, Non-Hazardous or Hazardous Waste as appropriate.

Measures will be put in place to ensure that as much of the excavated material as possible generated through construction is re-used on other areas of the development. Where possible, alternative uses for extracted material will be sought, e.g. as fill for other construction Projects in the area. Where material has to be disposed of this will be carried out in accordance with the related regulations.

For construction sites, waste minimization measures will be put in place. Where waste material will be generated this will be handled and disposed of according to current legislations.



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9.6.2 Permanent and Operational Activities


Mitigation measures that will be applied during permanent and operational activities are similar to measures during construction activities. Because the impacts are almost the same and so, recommended mitigation measures are similar.

No mitigation during operation of the route is required in terms of geological heritage sites within the development area. Also, there are no .any mineral resources according to Mineral Map of Istanbul prepared by MTA, so no mitigation measures will be required.

Where areas of soil are retained and/or created there should be designed to avoid erosion or run-off affecting soils off site.

In addition, there should be some mitigation measures for the Project section located at Odayeri Junction, because the reason for this is that this part is located within the old mining quarries and these areas have been used as dumping areas for excavation materials. Some structural conditional effects are likely observed. Therefore, new geotechnical studies will be done, reports will be prepared and new precautions such as, ground reinforcement, use of supporting walls, construction of barrages and protective concrete walls, will be taken according to the results of studies.

In addition, other mitigation measures will be applied for last part of the Project. This part of the Project is located on first degree of zones of the earthquake zoning map prepared by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey (AFAD). Thus, extra structure reinforcement will be applied. Geotechnical studies (investigation of ground investigations) will be done regularly. Ground sliding and changing of ground conditions resulted from ground mass movements and fault zones will be controlled and recorded regularly.

No mitigation measures will be required during construction activities in terms of geological formations detailed in Section 9.5.1.1 throughout the Project site.

Nevertheless, according to the geological settling alluvium units are present between the Riva River and Öğümce and these units have low bearing capacity and therefore this unit has potential for subsidence. In addition, tension cracks due to massive movement of unconsolidated clays are observed for the part of the Projects. Therefore, the mitigation measures will be applied for these parts of the Project will include selecting and applying of the best soil improvement techniques. Furthermore, extra soil improvement and soil and ground strengthening will be applied for subsidence on alluvium strata. These mitigation measures coincide with the results of the report prepared by Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2013).


Mitigation measures that will be applied during permanent and operational activities are similar to measures during construction activities, as the impacts are almost the same and so, recommended mitigation measures are similar.

Mitigation of hydrogeological risk during operational activities and Project development will comprise ensuring effective environmental management of these activities.

Firstly; suitable adequate bund and storage and drainage arrangements will be constructed in order to prevent the spills of fuel, chemicals etc used for Project development.



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In addition, different hydrogeological units are present in the Project sites. In the Asian Part, there are granular-permeable and semi-permeable units which constitute bedding strata of the Riva River’s main tributaries. These proportions of the Project will need particular attention for accidental spillage from the road, comprising hydrocarbons, herbicides, salt and other substances that could enter this potential aquifer. It is expected that, as part of the detailed design, dewatering studies, culvert design for preventing of mixture of rain water and groundwater will be done on these zones.

In addition, according to the Map of Istanbul Environmental Plan given in Appendix 8-1, the Project site crosses over the catchment area of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams. There could be impacts during operational activities and during Project development; however, there are no mitigation measures described in the WPCR for the catchment areas. However, particular attention will be needed in this area and water quality sampling studies will be done regularly. In addition, no discharging of any liquid will permitted.

Some parts of the Project are located in the protection areas of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams according to WPCR. Therefore, mitigation measures described in WPCR will be applied in these areas. Other parts of the Project are located within the long – range protection zones of the Alibeyköy Dam. However, there are no mitigation measures defined in clause 20 of the regulation. On the other hand, parts of the Project are located within the medium-range protection zone of Ömerli Dam. According to clause 19 of the same regulation, in this section, roads will be situated in such areas as per zoning plans and at obligatory cases only and only transportation–related functions will be permitted. Construction of any facilities such as way station, fuel station etc. will not be allowed.

Furthermore, some parts of the Project are located within the short-range protection zone of Elmalı II Dam. According to clause 18 of the same regulation, for obligatory roads, the same permits are applied. Therefore, for the part of the Project located within the protection zones, any facility other than the road will not be constructed.

The flood plain of Riva River is located on the route of the Project and therefore these proportions of the Project will need extra attention due to flood behavior of this portion. Some mitigation measures such as dewatering applications; stream remediation, concrete embankment construction and raising of the road level will be applied.

Groundwater resources in the area are under very significant pressure and there has been rapid draw down of aquifers throughout the region as mentioned. No mitigation measures will be required during operational activities and Project development if groundwater resources would not be used and the appropriate mitigation measures are implemented to prevent pollution of groundwater resources.

Although some studies have already been conducted to as part of this assessment, more specific study will be required for the effects of hydrological and hydrogeological properties of the Project site. It is expected that more field surveys will be undertaken for this reason during operational activities and during Project development.


Mitigation measures for waste management during operation will include development of management systems with the objective of minimizing waste.



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9.7 Residual Impacts

Residual impacts associated with the construction and operational phases, comprising those impacts that are likely to remain after mitigation measures have been put in place, are discussed and assessed below.

9.7.1 Construction


There are no geological resources, such as geological heritage sites, in the vicinity of the proposed Project and therefore there are no impacts associated with the development on geology. Therefore there will be no residual impacts on geological resources within or near to the sites. The impact is therefore is Negligible.

In addition, there are no active quarries, mining excavations or other mineral extraction activities that could be affected by or possibly obstructed by the Project. Therefore, there will be no effect because of the construction facilities. The impact due to construction is therefore is Negligible. However, there are mining locations for industrial minerals such as clay, quartzite, bentonite and dolomitic limestone in the vicinity of the Project; however, although these mining areas are known they are currently not in operation, so there will be no impact and therefore this is defined as Negligible.

Damage to the soils during the construction facilities is unavoidable. However, additional attention will be paid to areas where the Project will be developed, particularly where there are issues of public interest (for example in relation to forest soils) The impacts on soils will therefore be Minor.


Mitigation measures will be applied to minimize hydrogeological risk during construction activities, in addition standard environmental management measures will apply.

The Project site is located on different hydrogeological units. In the Asian Part, art of the Project is located on granular-permeable and semi-permeable units which were shown as bedding strata of the Riva River’s main tributaries. Extra attention will be paid for accidental spillage from the road, comprising hydrocarbons, herbicides, salt and other substances that could enter this potential aquifer. Necessary mitigation techniques will be applied for minimizing of impacts. The overall impacts will be Minor.

In addition suitable necessary arrangements will be constructed for preventing of all kinds of harmful materials, chemicals etc. Therefore negative impacts will be prevented on environmental hydrogeological resources, so the impacts will be Negligible.

The route of the Project crosses over the protection zones of some dams. Necessary mitigation measures will be applied according to the appropriate regulations set out in the WPCR. The impact is therefore is Minor.

Groundwater resources in the area are under very significant pressure and there has been rapid draw down of aquifers Groundwater resources will not be used during construction activities. The impact for this aspect is therefore is Negligible.


Wherever chemically suitable, excavated materials will be reused on site in the formation of embankments, screening and landscaping bunds, etc. However, there may be the requirement to dispose of excess or contaminated material, which cannot be used in the construction of the development.



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In addition, the construction process will generate other waste, although the majority of this will be classed as Inert Waste. Assuming that the proposed mitigation measures are put in place and that waste is identified and handled appropriately, according to related regulations, it is likely that the potential impact in terms of waste management during construction will be Minor.

9.7.2 Permanent and Operational

Residual impacts associated with the operational and development phase, comprising those impacts that are likely to remain after mitigation measures have been put in place, are discussed and assessed below.


No residual impacts on geology and geological structures are predicted. The impact during operation of the Project route is therefore assessed as Negligible.

There are no significant mining activities, extraction, excavations and important mineral resources in the area as mentioned before that will be affected by the operation of the Project. Impacts are therefore assessed as Negligible.

Impacts on soils will be permanent and negative; however, public interest of this Project is very important and therefore the impact is assessed as Minor.


There will be mitigation measures and effective environmental management to minimize of hydrogeological risk during operational and development activities.

There are different hydrogeological units in the Project site. In the Asian Part granular-permeable and semi-permeable units are present which were shown as bedding strata of the Riva River’s main tributaries. Extra attention will be paid with regard to accidental spillage from the road, comprising hydrocarbons, herbicides, salt and other substances that could enter this potential aquifer. There will be suitable mitigation techniques for minimizing of impacts, so the impacts will be Minor.

In addition, suitable necessary arrangements will be implement to prevent all kinds of harmful materials, chemicals etc., entering groundwater. Therefore negative impacts will be prevented on environmental hydrogeological resources, so the impacts will be.

The route of the Project crosses over the protection zones of some dams. Necessary mitigation measures will be applied according to related regulations. The impact is therefore is Minor.

Groundwater resources in the area are under very significant pressure and there has been rapid draw down of aquifers However, groundwater resources will not be used during operational activities. The impact is therefore is Negligible.


During the operation of the Project wastes will be generated etc. There will be mitigation measures for waste management during operations including implementation of management systems with the objective of minimizing waste and disposing of it appropriately. The impact is therefore is Negligible.



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9.8 Summary

This section deals with environmental issues associated with geology, soils and waste management conditions relating to the Project. The current conditions within the route corridor are described and likely effects of the development on potentially sensitive receptors assessed. These impacts have been divided into two categories:

• Short-term construction impacts; and

• Permanent and operational impacts.

The potential impacts during construction and operational activities and mitigation measures proposed for each parameter are described. Some of the impacts are indirect impacts, some of them are direct impacts. For direct impacts, the Project site and development of the Project affect the issue directly. For indirect impacts, the Project site and development of the Project do not affect the issue directly, in the other words, if mitigation measures do not apply for these issues, there will be possible negative results and these cause negative impacts on the environmental issues.

In the Project area there are no geological heritage sites, important geological structures or active mining areas. Therefore, there will be no direct or indirect impact caused by the Project site during construction and operational activities and no mitigation measures will be required in terms of geology, soils or mining. Although some geological structures affect the environment, there will be indirect impact, so during development of the Project, precautions will be taken and mitigation measures will be implemented.. In terms of soil structure, there will be loss of soil on forest land and other type of lands, but although public interest of this Project is very important and soils will be lots, overall the impacts on the soil resource will not be significant.

On the route of the Project, there are hydrogeological resources within or close to the site. There are river beds close to the route and drinking water protection zones relating to dams on the route. Necessary mitigation techniques will b implemented in accordance with the Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR) risks and impacts are minimized.

During operational and construction activities wastes will be generated. The wastes will be classified according to related regulations, they will be minimized. If possible, they are reused for filling etc.

Residual Impacts, that are likely to remain after mitigation measures have been put in place, have been identified and assessed and range from Negligible to Minor. Therefore none of these impacts relating to geology, soils, mineral resources, waste management and hydrogeology are assessed as being significant.

Table 9-8 Summary of Residual Impacts

Issue Construction Operation

Geology Negligible Negligible

Soil Minor Minor

Mineral

Resources

Negligible Negligible

Mining

Activities

Negligible Negligible



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Issue Construction Operation

Hydrogeology Minor Minor

Waste

Management Minor Negligible

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