9.19.1IntroductionIntroduction

PurposePurpose

What-What- We are going to learn about We are going to learn about compromisecompromise

HowHow- - by taking a final law exam on the by taking a final law exam on the ConstitutionConstitution

WhyWhy- so we understand how it affects my - so we understand how it affects my life.life.

Ch 9Ch 9The Constitution: The Constitution:

A More Perfect UnionA More Perfect UnionEssential Question:Essential Question:

How has the Constitution created “a more perfect Union”?How has the Constitution created “a more perfect Union”?

Objectives:Objectives:1.1.Identify the main features of the Constitution and describe the Identify the main features of the Constitution and describe the basic lawmaking process.basic lawmaking process.

2.2.Analyze how the Constitution divides powers among various levels Analyze how the Constitution divides powers among various levels and branches and preserves individual rights.and branches and preserves individual rights.

3.3.Explain how the guiding principles of the Constitution have created Explain how the guiding principles of the Constitution have created “a more perfect Union” and resulted in a government that can adapt “a more perfect Union” and resulted in a government that can adapt to changing times.to changing times.

9.1 9.1 IntroductionIntroduction

A.A. CompromisesCompromises1.1. ConstitutionConstitution has many compromises. has many compromises.

2.2. The most important one is creating a strong central The most important one is creating a strong central government that does not threaten individual freedoms. government that does not threaten individual freedoms.

B.B. StructureStructure1.1. FramersFramers wanted the Constitution to be easy to read. wanted the Constitution to be easy to read.

2.2. The Constitution is divided into sections called The Constitution is divided into sections called Articles.Articles.

3.3. Each article is split into sectionsEach article is split into sections

C.C. FrameworkFramework1.1. Strong framework with ability to add and change.Strong framework with ability to add and change.

2.2. Thy Constitution is a living document with the ability to Thy Constitution is a living document with the ability to change and grow.change and grow.

9.29.2The Preamble tells the Goals of The Preamble tells the Goals of

GovernmentGovernmentPurposePurpose

What-What- We are going to learn about We are going to learn about compromisecompromise

HowHow- - read and explain the parts of the read and explain the parts of the Preamble of the ConstitutionPreamble of the Constitution

WhyWhy- so we understand how it affects my - so we understand how it affects my life.life.

Ch 9.2Ch 9.2The Constitution: The Constitution: A More Perfect A More Perfect

UnionUnion

9.29.2The Preamble Tells the Goals The Preamble Tells the Goals

of Government of GovernmentA.A. PreamblePreamble

A.A. TheThe Preamble Preamble explains the reasons for the new government.explains the reasons for the new government.

B.B. The The Preamble to the United States ConstitutionPreamble to the United States Constitution is a brief is a brief introductory statement of the Constitution’s fundamental introductory statement of the Constitution’s fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It states in general terms, purposes and guiding principles. It states in general terms, and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of, the and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of, the Founding Fathers’ intentions regarding the Constitution's Founding Fathers’ intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achievemeaning and what they hoped the Constitution would achieve

B.B. ““We the People”We the People”

A.A. States that the Constitution gets its power from the people. States that the Constitution gets its power from the people. That is called popular sovereignty. That is called popular sovereignty.

9.29.2The Preamble Tells the Goals The Preamble Tells the Goals

of Government of GovernmentA.A. GoalsGoals

1.1. ““form a more perfect Union” form a more perfect Union”

a)a) States and national government to work together.States and national government to work together.

2.2. ““establish Justice”establish Justice”

a)a) To be ruled by laws. All people must follow.To be ruled by laws. All people must follow.

3.3. ““insure domestic Tranquility”insure domestic Tranquility”

a)a) Keep peace at home.Keep peace at home.

4.4. ““provide for the common defense”provide for the common defense”

a)a) Protect from foreign enemiesProtect from foreign enemies

5.5. ““promote the general Welfare”promote the general Welfare”

a)a) Support economy and help people prosperSupport economy and help people prosper

6.6. ““secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity”secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity”

a)a) Protect freedoms now and in future.Protect freedoms now and in future.

9.39.3The Legislative Branch Makes The Legislative Branch Makes

LawsLawsPurposePurpose

What-What- We are going to learn about We are going to learn about compromisecompromise

HowHow- - byby understanding how power is understanding how power is divided between the three branches of divided between the three branches of governmentgovernment

WhyWhy- so we understand how it affects my - so we understand how it affects my life.life.

Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms• separation of powersseparation of powers

• Legislative branchLegislative branch

• bicameralbicameral

• CongressCongress

• House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives

• SenateSenate

• censuscensus

• apportionmentapportionment

• popular votepopular vote

• billbill

• vetoveto

• overrideoverride

• appropriateappropriate

• elastic clauseelastic clause

9.39.3A.A. The Legislative BranchThe Legislative Branch

1.1. Each of the government’s three branches has specific powers.Each of the government’s three branches has specific powers.

2.2. This This separation of powers separation of powers keeps any one branch from becoming keeps any one branch from becoming too powerful.too powerful.

3.3. Article I defines the Legislative BranchArticle I defines the Legislative Branch

B.B. The Structure of CongressThe Structure of Congress1.1. Congress controls the Legislative BranchCongress controls the Legislative Branch

2.2. Congress is bicameral or divided into two houses. Congress is bicameral or divided into two houses.

3.3. Senate(upper house) 2 per state (100), 6 year term (no limit), Senate(upper house) 2 per state (100), 6 year term (no limit), must be 30, citizen for 9 years and resident of state you serve.must be 30, citizen for 9 years and resident of state you serve.

4.4. House of Representatives (lower house) based on population House of Representatives (lower house) based on population (435), 2 year term (no limit), must be 25, citizen for 7 years and (435), 2 year term (no limit), must be 25, citizen for 7 years and resident of state you serve.resident of state you serve.

5.5. Congress uses Congress uses apportionmentapportionment, or planned distribution, to , or planned distribution, to determine how many of the 435 representatives each state determine how many of the 435 representatives each state receives in the House. A Census is taken every ten years to receives in the House. A Census is taken every ten years to count the populationcount the population

C.C. How Congress WorksHow Congress WorksA.A. Congress makes the nation’s laws, Congress makes the nation’s laws,

B.B. Can propose laws called a billCan propose laws called a bill

C.C. President must sign to make it a law. He can veto or vote no President must sign to make it a law. He can veto or vote no to a bill.to a bill.

D.D. Congress can cancel or override a veto by voting with a 2/3 Congress can cancel or override a veto by voting with a 2/3 majority.majority.

D.D. The Powers of CongressThe Powers of CongressA.A. Spend money or appropriate money.Spend money or appropriate money.

B.B. Raise an army, navyRaise an army, navy

C.C. Declare warDeclare war

D.D. Pay debtsPay debts

E.E. Grant citizenshipGrant citizenship

F.F. Carry out other power using elastic clause. (Article I section 8)Carry out other power using elastic clause. (Article I section 8)

Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms• Executive BranchExecutive Branch

• PresidentPresident

• Vice PresidentVice President

• Chief ExecutiveChief Executive

• candidatecandidate

• 2222ndnd Amendment Amendment

• native-born citizennative-born citizen

• commander in chiefcommander in chief

• AmbassadorsAmbassadors

• Executive departmentsExecutive departments

• vetoveto

• executive orderexecutive order

• pardonpardon

• cabinetcabinet

• impeachimpeach

9.49.4The Executive Branch Carries The Executive Branch Carries

Out the LawsOut the LawsPurposePurpose

What-What- We are going to learn about We are going to learn about compromisecompromise

HowHow- - understand how power is divided understand how power is divided between the three branches of between the three branches of government. government.

WhyWhy- so we understand how it affects my - so we understand how it affects my life.life.

9.49.4The Executive BranchThe Executive Branch

A.A. The Executive Branch Carries Out the LawsThe Executive Branch Carries Out the Laws1.1. Powers are specified in Article II of the Constitution.Powers are specified in Article II of the Constitution.

2.2. Enforces the laws that Congress passes.Enforces the laws that Congress passes.

3.3. The head of this branch is called President or Chief ExecutiveThe head of this branch is called President or Chief Executive

B.B. Electing the President Electing the President 1.1. Elected by electors from Electoral College not directly by the Elected by electors from Electoral College not directly by the

people or popular vote. people or popular vote.

2.2. Has a 4 year term, elections are held every four years.Has a 4 year term, elections are held every four years.

3.3. 2222ndnd Amendment limits them to 2 terms. Amendment limits them to 2 terms.

4.4. Swears an oath to defend the Constitution.Swears an oath to defend the Constitution.

5.5. Must be at least 35 years old, a native-born citizen, and have Must be at least 35 years old, a native-born citizen, and have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years.lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years.

C.C. The Powers of the PresidentThe Powers of the PresidentA.A. President is also commander in chief of the U.S. armed forces.President is also commander in chief of the U.S. armed forces.

B.B. President can negotiate treaties with other countries, must be President can negotiate treaties with other countries, must be approved by Congress.approved by Congress.

C.C. President nominates ambassadors and Supreme Count justices, must President nominates ambassadors and Supreme Count justices, must be approved by Congress.be approved by Congress.

D.D. President can President can veto, veto, or cancel, laws that Congress passesor cancel, laws that Congress passes

E.E. In certain cases, presidents can issue an In certain cases, presidents can issue an executive orderexecutive order, which has , which has the force of lawthe force of law

F.F. President has the power to President has the power to pardonpardon, or grant freedom from , or grant freedom from punishment, people accused or convicted of crimes.punishment, people accused or convicted of crimes.

G.G. The The cabinetcabinet advises the president and consists of the heads advises the president and consists of the heads (Secretaries) of each executive department. Departments have (Secretaries) of each executive department. Departments have smaller agencies in them.smaller agencies in them.

D.D. Removing the PresidentRemoving the PresidentA.A. House of Representative can impeach, bring charges against, a House of Representative can impeach, bring charges against, a

president.president.

B.B. Senate tries all impeached cases and can remove the president from Senate tries all impeached cases and can remove the president from office.office.

9.59.5The Judicial Branch Interprets The Judicial Branch Interprets

the Lawsthe LawsPurposePurpose

What-What- We are going to learn about We are going to learn about compromisecompromise

HowHow- - understand how power is divided understand how power is divided between the three branches of between the three branches of government. government.

WhyWhy- so we understand how it affects my - so we understand how it affects my life.life.

Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms• Judicial BranchJudicial Branch

• unconstitutionalunconstitutional

• district courtdistrict court

• appellate courtappellate court

• Supreme courtSupreme court

• justicesjustices

• chief justicechief justice

• judicial reviewjudicial review

9.5 9.5 The Judicial BranchThe Judicial Branch

A.A. The Judicial Branch Interprets the LawThe Judicial Branch Interprets the LawA.A. ““The Supreme Law of the Land” – No other law or action by the The Supreme Law of the Land” – No other law or action by the

government or by any state can conflict with the Constitution. government or by any state can conflict with the Constitution.

B.B. Article III of the Constitution outlines the courts’ duties.Article III of the Constitution outlines the courts’ duties.

C.C. Protecting the Constitution is principal job.Protecting the Constitution is principal job.

D.D. The highest court is called the Supreme CourtThe highest court is called the Supreme Court

E.E. It also resolves disputes that involve national laws, the federal It also resolves disputes that involve national laws, the federal government, or the states. government, or the states.

F.F. People accused of a federal crime can be tried in federal court.People accused of a federal crime can be tried in federal court.

B.B. Federal Court SystemFederal Court SystemA.A. Congress has power to create inferior(lower) courts. They Congress has power to create inferior(lower) courts. They

created district courts and appellate courts.created district courts and appellate courts.

B.B. Most case start in the district court. Those cases can be Most case start in the district court. Those cases can be appealed or revived by the appellate court and even the appealed or revived by the appellate court and even the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

C.C. The Powers of the Supreme CourtThe Powers of the Supreme CourtA.A. Final say in any case.Final say in any case.

B.B. Today the Supreme Court has 9 justices or judges.Today the Supreme Court has 9 justices or judges.

C.C. Only cases that go directly to the Supreme Court are case Only cases that go directly to the Supreme Court are case involving a state or ambassador from another country.involving a state or ambassador from another country.

D.D. They review thousands of cases a year but only hear about a They review thousands of cases a year but only hear about a 100.100.

E.E. The power to decide if laws or acts by the legislative and The power to decide if laws or acts by the legislative and executive branches conflict with the Constitution is called executive branches conflict with the Constitution is called Judicial Review.Judicial Review.

F.F. Appointed by President but approved by Senate: no special Appointed by President but approved by Senate: no special requirements, term is for “life”requirements, term is for “life”

G.G. The federal court can strike down state or federal laws it The federal court can strike down state or federal laws it finds to be unconstitutional.finds to be unconstitutional.

H.H. Has 94 district courts and 13 courts of appeals, which review Has 94 district courts and 13 courts of appeals, which review lower-court decisions.lower-court decisions.

Important QuestionsImportant QuestionsWhat are the responsibilities of the Supreme What are the responsibilities of the Supreme

Court?Court?

Hear appeals from court appealsHear appeals from court appeals Hear all cases involving international Hear all cases involving international

diplomats and disputes between the statesdiplomats and disputes between the states

9.69.6Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances

PurposePurposeWhat- We are going to learn about compromise

How- by understanding how the framers of the Constitution try to check and balance federal powers

Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms• checks and balanceschecks and balances

• checkschecks

• balancesbalances

• amendmentsamendments

9.69.6Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances

A.A. Checks and Balances Between the BranchesChecks and Balances Between the Branches1.1. To keep any one branch from dominating another the framers developed To keep any one branch from dominating another the framers developed

checks and balances. This limits the power of the other two brancheschecks and balances. This limits the power of the other two branches

B.B. Checking the Power of the Other BranchesChecking the Power of the Other Branches1.1. Checks allow one branch to block the actions of another.Checks allow one branch to block the actions of another.

2.2. Congress can pass laws, president can veto, congress can override, Congress can pass laws, president can veto, congress can override, supreme court has power of judicial review and can call the law supreme court has power of judicial review and can call the law unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

C.C. Balancing the Power of the Other BranchesBalancing the Power of the Other Branches1.1. Balances allow each branch of the government to have some role in the Balances allow each branch of the government to have some role in the

action and power of the branches.action and power of the branches.

2.2. President can appoint judges but congress must approve.President can appoint judges but congress must approve.

9.79.7The Amendement ProcessThe Amendement Process

PurposePurposeWhat- We are going to learn about compromise

How- by understanding how did the framers of the Constitution try to check and balance federal powers

Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

9.79.7The Amendment ProcessThe Amendment Process

A.A. The Amendment ProcessThe Amendment Process1.1. In order to grow with the country the Constitution can be changed by In order to grow with the country the Constitution can be changed by

adding an amendment.adding an amendment.

2.2. To give the Constitution stability or strong framework the framers made it To give the Constitution stability or strong framework the framers made it very difficult.very difficult.

B.B. Changing the ConstitutionChanging the Constitution1.1. Article V describes the amendment process.Article V describes the amendment process.

2.2. Amendments can be proposed two ways.Amendments can be proposed two ways.A.A. Congress may propose an amendment with a 2/3 vote in both houses.Congress may propose an amendment with a 2/3 vote in both houses.

B.B. Congress can call a national convention where state legislatures may propose an Congress can call a national convention where state legislatures may propose an amendment.amendment.

3.3. There are two ways to ratify amendmentsThere are two ways to ratify amendmentsA.A. ¾ of state legislatures may ratify or approve¾ of state legislatures may ratify or approve

B.B. A special convention can be held where ¾ of the states ratify or approve.A special convention can be held where ¾ of the states ratify or approve.

4.4. Once it is ratified it becomes part of the Constitution.Once it is ratified it becomes part of the Constitution.

C.C. Amendments so FarAmendments so Far1.1. 10,000 amendments have been proposed, only 27 have been ratified.10,000 amendments have been proposed, only 27 have been ratified.

2.2. First 10 were added immediately, called the Bill of RightsFirst 10 were added immediately, called the Bill of Rights

9.89.8The Federal SystemThe Federal System

PurposePurposeWhat- We are going to learn about compromise

How- by understanding how the framers of the Constitution try to balance state and federal powers

Why- so we understand how it affects my life.

Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms

• Representative democracyRepresentative democracy

• DelegatedDelegated

• ReservedReserved

• ConcurrentConcurrent

• federalismfederalism

9.89.8The Federal SystemThe Federal System

A.A. The Federal System Connects the Nation and the StatesThe Federal System Connects the Nation and the StatesA.A. The United States is a The United States is a representative democracy representative democracy – a government led by – a government led by

officials chosen by the people.officials chosen by the people.

B.B. The U.S. is a federal system- government which power is shared between the The U.S. is a federal system- government which power is shared between the national and state government.national and state government.

B.B. Powers Belonging the National Government.Powers Belonging the National Government.1.1. Powers granted in the Constitution to the federal government are Powers granted in the Constitution to the federal government are delegated delegated

powerspowers..1.1. Declaring war, coining money, making treatiesDeclaring war, coining money, making treaties

C.C. Powers Belonging the State Government.Powers Belonging the State Government.1.1. Powers kept by the state government or by the citizens are Powers kept by the state government or by the citizens are reserved powers.reserved powers.

2.2. The Constitution does not specificity list the powers of the states, but it does The Constitution does not specificity list the powers of the states, but it does states that powers not given to the national government belong to the states.states that powers not given to the national government belong to the states.

1.1. Schools, marriage, establishing local governments, owning property, licensing doctors and lawyers, Schools, marriage, establishing local governments, owning property, licensing doctors and lawyers, or most crimes.or most crimes.

3.3. States must work with other states by accepting other state laws.States must work with other states by accepting other state laws.1.1. Driver’s license, legal contracts, help track down criminals.Driver’s license, legal contracts, help track down criminals.

D.D. Shared PowersShared PowersA.A. Concurrent powers Concurrent powers are powers shared by the federal and state governments. are powers shared by the federal and state governments.

Shared Powers.Shared Powers.A.A. Collect taxes, build roads, borrow money, and regulate education.Collect taxes, build roads, borrow money, and regulate education.

B.B. Federalism is sharing of power. It is complicated and continues to evolve.Federalism is sharing of power. It is complicated and continues to evolve.

E.E. The Law of the LandThe Law of the LandA.A. The Constitution is “Supreme Law of the Land.” This means all state The Constitution is “Supreme Law of the Land.” This means all state

constitutions, laws and judicial decisions must agree with the Constitution.constitutions, laws and judicial decisions must agree with the Constitution.

B.B. Everyone who hold office must promise to protect the Constitution.Everyone who hold office must promise to protect the Constitution.

Important QuestionsImportant QuestionsWhich section of the Constitution provides Which section of the Constitution provides

flexibility so that the federal government flexibility so that the federal government can respond to unexpected issues and can respond to unexpected issues and situations?situations?

Article I, section 8; also know as the elastic Article I, section 8; also know as the elastic clauseclause

Vocabulary TermsVocabulary Terms

• native born citizennative born citizen

• naturalized citizen or naturalizationnaturalized citizen or naturalization

• immigrantimmigrant

• majority rulemajority rule

• interest groupinterest group

• community service groupscommunity service groups

• political action committeespolitical action committees

• draftdraft

• subpoenasubpoena

Rights and Rights and Responsibilities Responsibilities of Citizenshipof Citizenship

CitizenshipCitizenshipI.I. Becoming a U.S. CitizenBecoming a U.S. Citizen

A.A. Native Born- Native Born- anyone born in U.S. or a territory it controls is a citizen.anyone born in U.S. or a territory it controls is a citizen.1.1. People born in Puerto Rico are U.S. Citizens because it is a territory of People born in Puerto Rico are U.S. Citizens because it is a territory of

the U.S. the U.S. 2.2. person of foreign birth is granted full citizenship if parent is U.S. citizen.person of foreign birth is granted full citizenship if parent is U.S. citizen.

B.B. Naturalized citizen- Naturalized citizen- If parent is NOT U.S. citizenIf parent is NOT U.S. citizen people born in foreign people born in foreign countries can become citizens.countries can become citizens.

1.1. person must move to U.S. and complete long application process.person must move to U.S. and complete long application process.C.C. ImmigrantImmigrant – person who permanently moves to new country. – person who permanently moves to new country.

1.1. legal immigrants have many of same rights/responsibilities as U.S. legal immigrants have many of same rights/responsibilities as U.S. citizens.citizens.

2.2. Cannot vote or hold public officeCannot vote or hold public office3.3. Immigrants who break law can be deported, or returned to country of Immigrants who break law can be deported, or returned to country of

originorigin4.4. Legal immigrants over 18 can petition for naturalizationLegal immigrants over 18 can petition for naturalization

a.a. Must live in US for 5 yrsMust live in US for 5 yrs

b.b. Must be able to financially support self. If not, must find sponsorMust be able to financially support self. If not, must find sponsorD.D. Two differences between naturalized and native-born citizens:Two differences between naturalized and native-born citizens:

1.1. Naturalized citizen can lose citizenshipNaturalized citizen can lose citizenship2.2. Naturalized citizen cannot become president or vice president Naturalized citizen cannot become president or vice president 3.3. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) oversees process of U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) oversees process of

becoming citizen and sets hearing to test the person’s qualifications becoming citizen and sets hearing to test the person’s qualifications tests in reading, writing, speaking Englishtests in reading, writing, speaking English

Responsibilities of CitizenResponsibilities of CitizenB.B. Duties of Citizens – to other citizens, the government and to ourselves Duties of Citizens – to other citizens, the government and to ourselves

1.1. Know and obey the lawsKnow and obey the laws

2.2. Respect people in authority and to respect rights of othersRespect people in authority and to respect rights of othersa.a. parents, police and teachersparents, police and teachersb.b. government protects children whose parents who don’t take government protects children whose parents who don’t take

proper care of themproper care of them

3.3. Paying taxesPaying taxesa.a. used for public roads, police and fire departsused for public roads, police and fire departsb.b. property taxes, sales taxes, tariffs property taxes, sales taxes, tariffs c.c. Income taxes – pay certain percentage of income to federal Income taxes – pay certain percentage of income to federal

governmentgovernmentd.d. progressive – increases as you make more moneyprogressive – increases as you make more moneye.e. Regressive – same for all people regardless of incomeRegressive – same for all people regardless of income

1.1. sales and city taxessales and city taxes

Rights Rights andand Responsibilities of Responsibilities of CitizenshipCitizenship

4.4. Protect and defend the nation from harmProtect and defend the nation from harma.a. help in war efforthelp in war effortb.b. Draft – helps raise the needed number of soldiersDraft – helps raise the needed number of soldiers

1.1. men must register at 18men must register at 182.2. gives govern list of people in case war breaks outgives govern list of people in case war breaks out3.3. women do not have to registerwomen do not have to register

5.5. Citizens can be called to serve on a juryCitizens can be called to serve on a jurya.a. help fulfill 6help fulfill 6thth Amend right to trial by jury Amend right to trial by jury

6.6. Testify in court Testify in court a.a. you witness a crime you witness a crime

Rights Rights andand Responsibilities of Responsibilities of CitizenshipCitizenshipA.A. Citizens and ElectionsCitizens and Elections1.1. Elections are the basis of representative democracyElections are the basis of representative democracy2.2. Must be 18 yrs to voteMust be 18 yrs to vote

B.B. Citizens and Government Citizens and Government

1.1. Interest groups can be formed to influence politicians on certain issuesInterest groups can be formed to influence politicians on certain issues

a.a. Million Mom MarchMillion Mom March

2.2. Can write letters or attend meetingsCan write letters or attend meetings

C.C. Community ServiceCommunity Service

1.1. Civic Virtue – commitment to helping othersCivic Virtue – commitment to helping others

a.a. community volunteers ,neighborhood watch, during Revolution, women community volunteers ,neighborhood watch, during Revolution, women made cloth and other goods for colonistsmade cloth and other goods for colonists

D.D.Government volunteersGovernment volunteers

1.1. Red Cross, Habitat for HumanityRed Cross, Habitat for Humanity