94630048-LTE-System-Principle-20110525.ppt

PowerPoint PresentationLTE system principle
Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
:32-35pt : R153 G0 B0 : FrutigerNext LT Medium : Arial :30-32pt : R153 G0 B0 : :20-22pt (2-5) :18pt : : FrutigerNext LT Regular : Arial :18-20pt (2-5):18pt : :
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to
Know the backgrounds of evolution
Know system architecture of LTE
Know key features of LTE
Objectives
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3GPP TS 36.401
3GPP TS 36.101
3GPP TS 36.211
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1. Overview
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1. Overview
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Mobile communications standards landscape
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Copyright @ 2010 Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd. All rights reserved
3GPP is working on two approaches for 3G evolution: the LTE and the HSPA Evolution
HSPA Evolution is aimed to be backward compatible while LTE do not need to be backward compatible with WCDMA and HSPA
By the end of 2007, 3GPP R8 is released as the first specs of LTE
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FDD LTE
TDD LTE
LTE will be the natural migration choice for mobile operators.
21Mbps
/5MHz
42Mbps
/5MHz
64QAM
64QAM
2x2
MIMO
DC
64QAM
2x2
MIMO
2x2
MIMO
28Mbps
/5MHz
84Mbps
/10MHz
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LTE is on track, attracting global industry support. With the HSPA mobile broadband eco-system in place, LTE is the natural migration choice for GSM/HSPA network operators. As a result of collaboration between 3GPP, 3GPP2 and IEEE, there is a roadmap for CDMA operators to evolve to LTE. It is clear that LTE is the next generation mobile broadband system of choice also for many CDMA operators, particularly leading players.
The LTE TDD mode provides a future-proof evolutionary path for TD-SCDMA, another 3GPP standard. An LTE TDD demonstration network is live at the 2010 World Expo, Shanghai, from May 1, 2010.
With LTE we have one single global standard, which in turn will secure and drive even higher economies of scale and also simplify roaming.
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SDR Facilitating Smooth Evolution
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Spectrum refarming starts from 900M/1800M, which can be utilized for LTE deployment.
SDR technology supports flexible and smooth transition from 2G/3G to LTE.
Spectrum for LTE
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The SDR solution can facilitate smooth evolution, which can bring benefits as following:
Performance gain for no external combiners are needed in the reuse of legacy antennas and feeders (gaining up to 3dB in combining loss)
Maximum reuse of legacy site equipments to minimise deployment cost, including Antennas and feeders / power supply and batter backup / footprint in the equipment room / transmission / Simplified network architecture by reducing the number of RF modules;
Maintenance cost saving because of greatly reduced site visits when transiting from 2G/3G to LTE.
RF module is 100% shared by two radio technologies simultaneously, such as G/U, G/L, or U/L. Only software upgrade is needed to evolve from GSM/UMTS to LTE for RF module. Operator can flexibly adjust the configuration without site visit.
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Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment (less then 100ms) and transmission latency (less then 10ms)
Increased user data rates: (Peak data-rate requirements are 100 Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s for downlink and uplink respectively, when operating in 20MHz spectrum allocation)
Improved spectral efficiency
Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access technologies
Supporting flexible spectrum allocation (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz) to meet the complicated spectrum situation requirement
Simplified network architecture
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The LTE downlink transmission scheme is based on downlink OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA
LTE adopts shared-channel transmission, in which the time-frequency resource is dynamically shared between users. This is similar to the approach taken in HSDPA
Fast hybrid ARQ with soft combining is used in LTE
MIMO is supported by LTE, basically this is Spatial multiplexing which can increase data rate prominently
LTE supports flexible spectrum allocation in terms of duplex arrangement which support both FDD and TDD and bandwidth allocations which ranges 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
Support SON
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LTE is designed to operate in these frequency bands
2.1GHz, 1.9GHz, 1.7GHz, 2.6GHz, 900 MHz, 800 MHz, 450 MHz, etc , refer to 36.101 for details.
Transmission bandwidth could be:
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LTE Release 8 Bands
N-*
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Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation
N-*
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Example
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N-*
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Huawei mirror site for 3GPP specifications.
http://szxmir01-in.huawei.com/www.3gpp.org/www.3gpp.org
The specification document for LTE is 36 series, inherits the structure of UTRAN 25 series:
36.1xx series is about the physical layer general aspect
36.2xx series is about radio interface physical layer
36.3xx series is about the radio interface layer 2 and 3
36.4xx series is about the terrestrial interfaces (S1, X2 )
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1. Overview
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LTE System architecture
Less equipment node and easier deployment
Less transmission delay and easier O&M
S1 and X2 interfaces are based on a full IP transport stack
UMTS
LTE
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LTE-SAE System architecture
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Transfer of user data
Integrity protection
Header compression
NAS node selection function
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1. Overview
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Transmission by means of OFDM can be seen as a kind of multi-carrier transmission.
Due to the fact that two modulated OFDM subcarriers are mutually orthogonal, multiple signals could be transmitted in parallel over the same radio link, the overall data rate can be increased up to M times.
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Each carrier in an OFDM system is a sinusoid with a frequency that is an integer multiple of a base or fundamental sinusoid frequency. Therefore, each carrier is like a Fourier series component of the composite signal. In fact, it will be shown later that an OFDM signal is created in the frequency domain, and then transformed into the time domain via the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
Frequency
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Efficient use of radio spectrum includes placing modulated carriers as close as possible without causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)
In order to transmit high data rates, short symbol periods must be used, In a multi-path environment, a shorter symbol period leads to a greater chance for Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI).
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) addresses both of these problems:
OFDM provides a technique allowing the bandwidths of modulated carriers to overlap without interference (no ICI).
It also provides a high date rate with a long symbol duration, thus helping to eliminate ISI.
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OFDM modulation implementation in LTE
Normally ,assume LTE sub carrier frequency f =1/Tu=15khz, and IFFT bin size N=2048, the sampling rate is fs =1/Ts =N ·f=30720000Hz
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Serial-parallel
Lower sampling frequencies (and proportionally lower IFFT bin size N) are possibly be applied, for example: for a 5 MHz system bandwidth the FFT order and sampling frequency could be scaled down to 512 and fs = 7.68 MHz respectively
Coded Bits
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LTE Channel and FFT Sizes
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N-*
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Time dispersion on the radio channel may cause ISI
To deal with this problem, cyclic-prefix insertion is typically used in case of OFDM transmission
The last NCP samples of the IFFT output block of length N is copied and inserted at the beginning of the block, increasing the block length from N to N +NCP. At the receiver side, the corresponding samples are discarded before OFDM demodulation
Subcarrier orthogonality will then be preserved also in case of a time-dispersive channel, as long as the span of the time dispersion is shorter than the cyclic-prefix length.
Cyclic-prefix insertion
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Downlink CP Parameters
N-*
~ 4.688µs
~ 1.406km
~16.67µs
~ 5km
~ 33.33 µs
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High spectrum efficiency - the bandwidth of each subcarrier would be adjacent to its neighbors, so there would be no wasted spectrum
With multiple subcarriers transmitting in parallel, long symbol duration is used, thus OFDMA is more tolerant to multi-path environment and better entitled to eliminate ISI (inter symbol interference)
Especially with a cyclic prefix, inter-symbol interference could be minimized
OFDM is flexible in allocating power and rate optimally among narrowband sub-carriers (scheduling)
Frequency diversity could be enabled due to the wide spectrum
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Peak to Average Power Ratio
The drawback of OFDM is the high peak-to-average ratio of the transmitted signal, which greatly decrease the efficiency of the linear amplifiers
This is especially critical for the uplink, due to the high importance of low mobile-terminal power consumption and cost.
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N-*
Peak
Average
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SC-FDMA, which has much in common with OFDMA, such as multi-carrier technology and guard interval protected symbol, but much higher power amplifier efficiency (lower PAPR) is adopt in uplink.
SC-FDMA is just the DFT-S-OFDM, which can be seen as an OFDM system with a DFT pre-coding. The localized RB distribution makes each user occupy consecutive part of the whole bandwidth, which looks like a single carrier.
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OFDM used in LTE
N-*
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
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N-*
Frequency
Power
Time
OFDMA Each user allocated a different resource which can vary in time and frequency.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
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Anti multi-path interference
Flexible multi-users scheduling
Save terminal’s cost & power consumption
Lower PAPR modulation technology: DFT-S-OFDM, which is similar to OFDM
Higher spectral efficiency compare with traditional single carrier technology.
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Downlink PRB Parameters
Normal CP Configuration
N-*
2
1
3
4
5
6
Nsymb
DL
160
144
144
144
144
144
144
2048
2048
2048
2048
2048
2048
2048
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OFDM Symbol Mapping
N-*
Row Space: 1.25
Segment: 3 pound
OFDMA Each user allocated a different resource which can vary in time and frequency.
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Basically LTE uses shared-channel transmission, similar to HSDPA, the time-frequency resource is dynamically shared between users
LTE can take channel variations into account not only in the time domain, as HSPA, but also in the frequency domain
For LTE, scheduling decisions can be taken as often as once every 1 ms and the granularity in the frequency domain is 180 kHz
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Multi-Antenna Technique — MIMO
Fundamentals of MIMO:
The data to be sent will be divided into multiple concurrent data streams.
The data streams are simultaneously transmitted from multiple antennas through the spatial dimensions, through different radio channels, and received by multiple antennas.
And then can be restored to the original data according to the spatial signature of each data stream.
Receive diversity: SIMO
Transmit diversity: MISO
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MIMO Modes
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Mode 2
transmit diversity
It weakens the interference caused by channel fading and is applicable within low SINR environment
Mode 3
open-loop space division multiplexing
It increases the peak rate and is applicable within high rate and SINR environment
Mode 4
Closed-loop spatial multiplexing
It is weighted according to the channel characteristics, increases the peak rate, and is applicable within low rate but high SINR environment
Mode 5
Multi-user MIMO
It increases cell coverage
It weakens interference and increases cell coverage
Mode 8
Dual-antenna port: Dual-stream BF
It increases cell throughput
Adjust MIMO mode according to channel quality and user’s velocity
Compared to non-adaptive MIMO mode, adaptive MIMO can bring 10% gain in average cell throughput.
Adaptive MIMO Scheme
According to channel quality, eNodeB automatically switches the MIMO modes between DL special multiplex/UL MU-MIMO and DL transmit diversity/UL receive diversity. According to UE velocity, eNodeB automatically switches the MIMO modes between closed loop and open loop.
Transmit diversity and receive diversity apply to poor channel quality scenario. Open loop MIMO mode applies to higher UE velocity.
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Array gain: It increases the transmit power and can be used for beamforming.
Diversity gain: It weakens the interference caused by channel fading.
Spatial multiplexing gain: It doubles the rate within the same bandwidth after spatial orthogonal channels are constructed.
Advantages of MIMO
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UL Virtual MIMO
Increase the UL spectrum efficiency.
The uplink channels of paired users must be with good orthogonality to each other to prevent interference.
Multi-users use the same time-frequency resource.
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In typical urban area:
~50% gain over SIMO @ Micro
Macro
Micro
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eNodeB
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LTE is characterised by high-data-rate service and provides abundant MIMO modes to improve the system capacity. 2x2 MIMO is the basic configuration for LTE.
In typical urban scenario, 2x2MIMO improves 28% gain in average cell throughput over SIMO @ Macro base station and 50% gain @ Micro base station.
Huawei’s RF module has two channels and one RF module can support 2x2 MIMO. Comparing with industry, Huawei’s 2x2 MIMO solution can be early deployed and save the hardware invest and footprint.
Conditions for the simulation results:
Macro Cell Simulation Assumption Case 1:
Carrier Frequency (CF):2.0GHz; Inter Site Distance (ISD):500meters;Bandwidth (BW):10MHz;Path Loss (PLoss):20dB;Speed:3km/h
Carrier Frequency (CF):2.0GHz; Inter Site Distance (ISD):500meters; Bandwidth (BW):10MHz; Path Loss (PLoss):10dB; Speed:30km/h
Carrier Frequency (CF):2.0GHz; Inter Site Distance (ISD):1732meters; Bandwidth (BW):10MHz; Path Loss (PLoss):20dB; Speed:3km/h
Micro Cell Simulation Assumption Case 1:
Scenario: Outdoor-to-indoor; Carrier Frequency (CF):2.0GHz; Inter Site Distance (ISD):130meters; Bandwidth (BW):10MHz; Path Loss (PLoss):NA; Speed:3km/h
Scenario: Outdoor-to-outdoor; Carrier Frequency (CF):2.0GHz; Inter Site Distance (ISD):130meters; Bandwidth (BW):10MHz; Path Loss (PLoss):NA; Speed:3km/h
Scenario: Outdoor-to-outdoor; Carrier Frequency (CF):2.0GHz; Inter Site Distance (ISD):130meters; Bandwidth (BW):10MHz; Path Loss (PLoss):NA; Speed:30km/h
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More Gains through Higher-order MIMO
23%~90% increasing in edge user throughput
4x4 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO:
~ 50% gain in average cell throughput
23%~90% increasing in edge user throughput
2x4 MU-MIMO v.s. 1x2 SIMO:
~50% gain in average cell throughput
UL 2×4 MU-MIMO
DL 4×4 MIMO
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2x2 MIMO applies to initial deployment. With the more and more demands to high-data-rate service, higher order MIMO scheme can be recommended.
Compared with DL 2x2 MIMO, DL 4x2 MIMO and 4x4 MIMO increase by 13% gain and 56% gain respectively in average cell throughput.
Through UL MU-MIMO scheme, the UL cell throughput can be increased by 50% v.s. 2x2 MU-MIMO.
MU-MIMO: eNodeB schedules two UE on the same Time-Frequency resources. That is, on the same air interface bandwidth, two different data stream can be transmitted.
MIMO
2x2 MU-MIMO,2x4 MU-MIMO50%
LTEMIMO
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AMC, Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Radio-link data rate is controlled by adjusting the modulation scheme and/or the channel coding rate
Modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
Turbo code
Improve user’s experience
Features
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OFDM Signal Generation
N-*
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By restricting the transmission power of parts of the spectrum in one cell, the interference seen in the neighbouring cells in this part of the spectrum will be reduced, This part of the spectrum can then be used to provide higher data rates for users in the neighbouring cell
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Different subband allocated for different cell edge users among cells
Reducing the DL inter-cell interference among neighbor cells
30~50% throughput increased for cell edge users (<50% load)
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2
3
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9
1
1
4
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Cell
1,4,7
Cell
2,5,8
Cell
3,6,9
Frequency
Power
Frequency
Power
Frequency
Power
Huawei Confidential
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SON effectively reduces human intervention in deployment and operation stage. Thus, SON saves both CAPEX & OPEX.
SON with ICIC : SON helps inter-cell interference coordination to improve cell edge throughput and user experience
Network Planning & Design
SON effectively reduces OPEX. Meanwhile, its automatic resource optimization ensures high-end user QoS to help precise operation. SON effectively reduces human intervention in deployment and operation stage.
SON helps ANR establishment and thus help reduce human manipulation on NR initialization and configuration. SON also helps ICIC to optimize air-interface scheduling. Thus, it reduces confliction and interference of particular sub-frequencies among cells. Therefore, it improves throughputs at cell edge areas.
Huawei has demonstrated SON with T-Mobile at Austria in Aug 2009
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SON Improving Operation Efficiency
Self- configuration (Plug & Play)
Auto Software Management
SON makes LTE network more efficient and solves new challenges when network architecture changes
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The Self-Organizing Network (SON) will assist to improve the LTE network to be a highly intelligent network. The planning, deployment, optimization, and maintenance SON processes will increase the operational efficiency of the LTE network and assist in reducing operator’s OPEX.
Huawei SON solution consists of the following functionality areas:
Planning
According to Huawei’s approach, the planning consists of 2 steps:
Preparation of all configuration parameters, such as radio, transport, security including location by the OSS embedded planning tools
Optimization during the roll-out of the network with special focus to the radio relevant parameters
In first step, according to Operator requirements, the following SON approach applies:
Most default parameters of the wireless access are automatically derived
If the default parameters cannot be obtained, then provisioning parameters are completed by the self-optimization process
Value of Self-Planning2
Save OPEX for optimization after initial planning
Deployment
Deployment procedure consists of hardware and software installation, According to Operator requirements, eNodeB shall be able to support self-test, after being successfully powered-up and commissioned. Three major benefits from Huawei’s SON in deployment phase:
Only one site visit
Plug and play capabilities
Shorten overall deployment time
Self-test
Optimization
Manual radio parameter optimization generates a lot of effort in drive test and requires a large amount of manpower and resources to support. According to Operator, radio related self-optimization is related to RRM, ICIC and QoS.
ANR for great OPEX saving
The ANR (Automatic Neighboring Relation) functionality enable e-NodeB plan and configure the neighbor relation automatically, solving the problem of incorrect neighboring relation configure which can greatly reduce the OPEX for the operator. Besides, Huawei enhances the ANR function to support Inter-RAT ANR.
Maintenance
According to {Operator} requirements, most of the operational workflows should be automatic, improving the efficiency and significantly reducing the OPEX costs. Huawei believes the following objectives are the most important.
Real-time performance report
Automatic software upgrade
Automatic inventory
LTE SON Trial in T-Mobile Austria
Huawei have tried SON with T-Mobile in Austria. After two rounds, the handover success rate is raised to 97%, most of the parameters were planned and optimized by SON.
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Typical SON Features at Initial Stage
MLB: Mobility Load Balancing
ANR: Automatic Neighbor Relation
Optimizing cell reselection and handover parameters
Reduce call drop rate, handover failure rate,
Reduce unnecessary redirection
Plug & Play Installation
Shorten deployment duration
ANR:
The automatic neighbor relation feature takes advantage of the eNodeB algorithm to plan and configure automatically the neighbor relations, and to solve the problems of incorrect neighboring relations configuration. This feature greatly reduces the OPEX for the operator by avoiding human intervention and saving labor work.
With ANR, Missing or incorrect neighboring relations can be found or optimized. Therefore, no handover failure is caused by missing or incorrect neighboring relations configuration.
ANR can automatically add and update neighboring relations in the Neighboring Relation Table (NRT). However, the manual configuration of NRT’s attribution including NO HO and NO REMOVAL has higher priority than ANR algorithm. For example, if operator sets up NO REMOVAL, ANR will not remove this record from NRT.
The inter-RAT ANR functionality is also ready, it takes advantage of the eNodeB algorithm to plan, configure neighboring relations, and solve the problem of incorrect neighboring relations between E-UTRAN and GERAAN/UTRAN/CDMA2000.
Self-configuration:
When the eNodeB is powered on, it obtains the data needed to establish the OM link, such as the IP address, subnet mask, IP address of the EMS, and IP address of the security gateway, through the DHCP server. When the OM link is established successfully, the eNodeB downloads and activates the configuration data file and software automatically according to the instruction from the EMS. Then, the eNodeB performs a self-test to ensure that it is ready to provide services and reports the test result to the EMS.
After the software and configuration data file are downloaded, the M2000 or LMT automatically launches a comprehensive self-test procedure on the eNodeB. After the test is complete, the M2000 or LMT obtains a test report, indicating the eNodeB status.
The test report contains the following contents:
eNodeB basic information, such as type, name, MNC, MCC, and electrical serial number
Software version information/Board status information, such as information about the baseband and RF units
Transport status information ( physical layer and link layer)/Clock status /Cell status /Environment temperature and humidity
From eRAN2.0 the eNodeB can establish an IPSec link with the security gateway automatically during the self-configuration procedure. if the eNodeB is equipped with a GPS device, it can report geographical information (from the GPS device) to the EMS, and the EMS will identify the eNodeB automatically by comparing the received geographical information with the predefined geographical information. Automatic transport setup is supported. The eNodeB has three types of transport-related interfaces: S1 interface, X2 interface, and OM channel interface. Accordingly, the eNodeB provides three automatic transport setup processes: S1 setup, X2 setup, and OM channel setup. The general network topology is shown in the following figure.
MLB
In some situation of commercial LTE network, some serving cells have high load but other neighbor cells load is low because of the differentia of UE service. Under this condition, it can trigger load balancing algorithm.
The serving cell measures the cell load and receives the neighboring cell’s load at the same time. The serving cell evaluates the load and decides whether to handover to neighboring cell. If the serving cell load is very high which is beyond the threshold, at the same time, the neighboring cell’s load is low, some UEs begin to handover to neighboring cell in advance. The cell load is defined according to TS 36314, which is utilization rate of PRB.
For intra-frequency load balancing, there are two type of load balance: active load balancing and idle load balancing. The idle load balancing is to update Qoffset and notice UE by system broadcast information.
The active load balancing procedure includes the following steps: load measurement and evaluation, load information exchanges, load balance decision, modification of CIO parameter and monitoring of performance.
For inter-frequency load balancing, there is only one type of load balancing: active load balancing. The active load balancing procedure includes the following steps: load measurement and evaluation, load information exchanges and load balance decision.
Intra-LTE load balancing is used in the scenario of overlap coverage area by the multi intra-frequency LTE cells or multi inter-frequency LTE cells.
It can utilize the network resource fully and improve the system capacity by balancing the load between the neighbor cells. In addition, it reduces the rate of system overload and improves the access success rate.
MRO:
This feature is used to resolve too-early and too-late handover failures, together with ping-pong events.
The major MRO parameter adjustment are the CIO (Cell Individual Offset) for intra-frequency MRO, CIO and A2 measurement threshold for inter-frequency MRO, A2 and B1 measurements threshold for inter-RAT MRO.
A2 and B1 measurements threshold adjustments reduce respectively UE dropping rate without A2 report, and handover failure or dropping rate without B1 report.
CIO will be adjusted online for the offset, which explicitly declares the HO threshold between measurement results of signaling quality from both of the source and target cells. Hence, changing the CIO will significantly speed up or delay handover. The major MRO parameter adjustment is the CIO.
Both too early and too late handovers are captured at the source eNodeB by exploiting the fact that the source eNodeB is informed of too late handovers that have been prepared by the UE context release mechanism. Only outgoing handover failures are captured. There is no need to capture incoming handovers.
The reduction of ping-pong handovers exploits the UE History Information that is passed from the source eNodeB to the target eNodeB during the handover preparation. When the UE History Information is received, the target eNodeB identifies ping-pong if the second newest cell's GCI is equal to that of the target cell and the time spent in the source cell is less than a ping-pong time threshold. Ping-pong is corrected by decreasing the Cell Individual Offset.
Thank you
P-*
GSM
9.6kbit/s
1 FDD 2110 2170 0 0-599 1920 1980 18000 18000-18599
2 FDD 1930 1990 600 600-1199 1850 1910 18600 18600-19199
3 FDD 1805 1880 1200 1200-1949 1710 1785 19200 19200-19949
4 FDD 2110 2155 1950 1950-2399 1710 1755 19950 19950-20399
5 FDD 869 894 2400 2400-2649 824 849 20400 20400-20649
6 FDD 875 885 2650 2650-2749 830 840 20650 20650-20749
7 FDD 2620 2690 2750 2750-3449 2500 2570 20750 20750-21449
8 FDD 925 960 3450 3450-3799 880 915 21450 21450-21799
9 FDD 1844.9 1879.9 3800 3800-4149 1749.9 1784.9 21800 21800-22149
10 FDD 2110 2170 4150 4150-4749 1710 1770 22150 22150-22749
11 FDD 1475.9 1500.9 4750 4750-4999 1427.9 1452.9 22750 22750-22999
12 FDD 728 746 5000 5000-5179 698 716 23000 23000-23179
13 FDD 746 756 5180 5180-5279 777 787 23180 23180-23279
14 FDD 758 768 5280 5280-5379 788 798 23280 23280-23379
17 FDD 734 746 5730 5730-5849 704 716 23730 23730-23849
33 TDD 1900 1920 26000 36000-36199 1900 1920 36000 36000-36199
34 TDD 2010 2025 26200 36200-36349 2010 2025 36200 36200-36349
35 TDD 1850 1910 26350 36350-36949 1850 1910 36350 36350-36949
36 TDD 1930 1990 26950 36950-37549 1930 1990 36950 36950-37549
37 TDD 1910 1930 27550 37550-37749 1910 1930 37550 37550-37749
38 TDD 2570 2620 27750 37750-38249 2570 2620 37750 37750-38249
39 TDD 1880 1920 28250 38250-38649 1880 1920 38250 38250-38649
40 TDD 2300 2400 28650 38650-39649 2300 2400 38650 38650-39649
eNB
UE
F
DL
= F
DL_low
+ 0.1(N
DL
-N
Offs-DL
Extended Cyclic
f = 15kHz 512 for slot 0, 1, …5 ~16.67µs ~ 5km
f = 7.5kHz 1024 for 0, 1, 2 ~ 33.33 µs ~ 10km
Amplitude
Time
OFDM
Symbol
12
7
213456
N
symb
DL
1601441441441441441442048204820482048204820482048

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94630048-LTE-System-Principle-20110525.ppt

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