9/6/2011When discussing Anatomy & Physiology, it is important to “start small and work your way up”. Molecular and Cellular levels are first, what do you think are the next

3 levels based on that concept?

Chapter 6

Anatomy and Physiology

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

Define elements of the human body

Understand directional terms and body planes

Identify organs of all body systems

Compare diseases and disorders related to the body systems

What is the smallest element in the body?

The CELL! Varies in size, shape, and function They need food, water, and oxygen Basic structures:

Cell membrane- outer covering, holds substance inside and maintains shape

Nucleus- central portion of each cell. Directs cell’s activities and contains chromosomes (bearers of genes) which are made up of DNA

Genes carry inherited traits (eye/hair color, height, diseases and gender)

All cells have a nucleus except red blood cells (RBC)= enucleated

Cytoplasm surrounds nucleus and performs work (reproduction and movement)

Cell Types All cell types are different Their shape / function change to fit specific needsNerve Cells: have long, thin extensions that transmit nerve impulses over a distance

Epithelial Cells: thin, flat, and tightly packed to form protective layer over underlying cells

Muscle Cells: slender rods that attach at the ends of structures that they move

Tissues (Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task) There are 4 types

Connective Tissue: holds body parts together and connects them such as bones, ligaments, tendons

Epithelial Tissue: covers internal and external body surfaces (skin, linings of internal organs)

Muscle Tissue: expands and contracts to allow for bodily movement

Nervous Tissue: carries messages from all parts of the body to and from the brain and spinal cord

9/7/11

What does anatomy and physiology mean to you? What do you think you will gain from this chapter?

Organs Groups of tissue that work together to perform a specific function

Ex: Kidneys, which maintain water and salt balance in the blood

Ex: Stomach, which breaks down food into substances that the circulatory system can transport throughout the body as nourishment for its cells

Systems Groups of organs working together to perform one of the body’s major functions

Systems have separate/distinct functions but rely on one another to perform their tasks

Respiratory: consists of lungs & airways. Performs respiration, process which supplies the body with a constant supply of oxygen

Cardiovascular: consists of heart & blood vessels Pumps and transports blood throughout the body

Systems Cont… Skeletal: consists of bones.

supports & protects the body and is the body’s framework. Without bones, we would be a shapeless mass

Muscular: consists of muscles and cartilage Provides bodily movement

Nervous: consists of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves Regulates most body activities and sends/receives messages from sensory organs

Systems Cont… Endocrine: consists of the glands

Secretes hormones for the regulation of many of the body’s activities

Sensory: consists of the eyes, ears, and parts of other systems Related to the 5 senses

Digestive: consists of all organs of digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste Necessary for normal intake of food/water

Systems Cont… Urinary: consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Eliminates metabolic waste, helps to maintain acid-base and water-salt balance, helps regulate blood pressure

Integumentary: consists of skin, and accessory structures which are hair, nails, sweat glands, & oil glands Skin is largest organ and serves to cover and protect our body

Systems Cont… Lymphatic and immune: consist of the lymph, glands of the lymphatic system, lymphatic vessels, and nonspecific and specific defenses of the immune system Help protect the body from infection and disease

Reproductive: female consists of the ovaries, vagina, fallopian tubes, uterus, and mammary glands/breasts. Male consists of testes, penis, prostate gland, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles Controls reproduction and heredity

September 8, 2011

What is more important? That a health care professional that works with children be knowledgeable about anatomy and physiology or one who works with adults? Why?

Agenda

6 Senses Article Body Systems Review Body Systems Activity Body Systems Video

Q.O.D. - 9/9/11

Without using your notes/textbook…name at least one fact about “your body system”(the one you researched yesterday). Don’t just say “bones are in the skeletal system”.

http://www.usmagazine.com/stylebeauty/news/model-agency-ali-lohan-has-not-had-any-surgery-201189

Body Systems Group Work

Museum Activity

Video!

http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=FACE688E-E1F3-4156-9865-55837EF38042&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

9/12/2011How does anatomy relate to the profession you think you may be interested in? How will it help you?

Body Cavities There are 2 main cavities Dorsal Cavity: on the back side of the body. Is divided into the cranial cavity which holds the brain and the spinal cavity which holds the spinal cord

Ventral Cavity: on front side of body Is separated into 2 parts by a muscle called the diaphragm.

Above diaphragm is the thoracic cavity which holds heart, lungs, major blood vessels

Below diaphragm is the abdominal cavity which holds the organs of the digestive and urinary systems

Bottom portion of abdominal cavity is pelvic cavity which holds the reproductive system

Directional Terms Deep: through the surface (deep cut) Superficial: on or near the surface (scratch)

Proximal: near point of attachment to trunk (proximal end of thighbone joins hipbone)

Distal: away from the point of attachment to the trunk (distal end of thighbone joins the knee bone)

Supine: lying on one’s spine facing upward

Prone: lying on one’s stomach facing downward

Planes of the body 3 imaginary planes divide the body and cut through the body in different sections

Sagittal plane: divides the body into 2 parts, right and left (equally: the midsagittal plane)

Frontal or coronal plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior

Transverse plane: divides body horizontally into a top, or superior part, and a bottom, or inferior part.

Transverse Plane

Regions of the Abdominal Cavity

Large cavity divided into 9 regions to describe the location of organs, injuries, or pain Epigastric Region: The area above the stomach Hypochondriac Regions (left/right): 2 regions just below ribs, immediately over the abdomen

Umbilical Region: region surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

Regions of the Abdominal Cavity Cont….. Pg. 177

Lumbar regions (left/right): 2 regions near the waist

Hypogastric Region: area just below the umbilical region

Iliac, or inguinal regions (left/right): 2 regions near the upper portion of the hipbone

It gets EASIER! There is a simpler way using 4 quadrants

Right upper quadrant (RUQ): On right anterior side, contains part of liver, the gallbladder, and parts of the pancreas and intestinal tract

Right lower quadrant (RLQ): On right anterior side, contains appendix, parts of intestines, reproductive organs in female, and urinary tract

The last 2 quadrants…..

Left upper quadrant (LUQ): On left anterior side, contains stomach, spleen, parts of liver, pancreas, and intestines

Left lower quadrant (LLQ): On left anterior side, contains parts of intestines, reproductive organs in female, and urinary tract

9/14/2011

If you had to live the remainder of your life without 2 body systems, what would they be and why?

What is vital for life? Our cells need oxygen to live, respiratory system supplies oxygen, cardiovascular system carries the oxygen through the blood to cells

Always check for open airway/breathing when treating anyone (esp. emergency)

Next check for circulation (i.e. cardiovascular system)

Respiratory and cardiovascular systems are VITAL FOR LIFE!! (most responsible for keeping us alive!)

Respiratory System

Consist of: Lungs- main organ of system Provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Outside of lungs is a moist, double layer of membrane called the “pleura”/ “pleurae”

Outer layer of membrane: Parietal pleura Inner layer of membrane: Visceral pleura Both layers make lung movement easier by protecting lungs and providing moisture

Space between the 2 pleura: pleural cavity

Respiratory cont….. Right lung (larger lung) has 3 lobes Left lung has 2 lobes We can live without one or more lobes (even without an entire lung)

Respiratory Tract: system of passageways through which air moves in and out of the lungs

Muscles: that move air in/out of lungs

The system performs 2 major tasks: External respiration (breathing) air exchange between body and outside environment

Internal respiration: bringing oxygen to cells /removing carbon dioxide from cells

External Respiration Inspiration, or inhalation, brings air into the mouth or nose.

Nose is divided into 2 nasal cavities by a piece of cartilage (nasal septum)

Air passes through cavities and sinuses, gets warmed by blood in mucous membranes.

Small hairs (cilia) filter out foreign bodies

Ex. Resp (The Throat)

Air reaches the throat, or pharynx, a passageway for both air and food that is divided into 3 sections

1. Nasopharynx: lies above soft palate which is a flexible muscular sheet that separates nasopharynx from rest of pharynx Contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which aid in body’s immune defense

Ex. Resp (The Throat) 2. Oropharynx, back portion of mouth, contains the palatine tonsils Made up of lymphatic tissue (immune system)

Part of mechanism that triggers swallowing

3. Laryngopharynx, bottom section of pharynx Point where respiratory tract divides into the esophagus and larynx.

External Respiration cont…. Esophagus - passageway for food (digestive system)

- Epiglottis (movable flap of cartilage covering larynx opening, glottis) prevents food from going into the larynx

Aspiration: swallowing & inhaling simultaneously pulling food into larynx Could cause choking and need Heimlich

Larynx (voice box)

External Respiration cont…

Larynx, or voice box, is place from which air passes to the trachea or windpipe.

Air goes into larynx to form sounds of speech and singing

Contains vocal chords (size/thickness determine pitch)

Trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects larynx to right & left bronchi (both contain cartilage and mucous glands)

Bronchi are passageways through which air enters both lungs (get smaller as they branch out, smallest are bronchioles

Q.O.D. -- 9/15/11

List as many (H.S.L.) activities as you can that require you to use your respiratory system.

Today

Video –Respiratory System Review

List the 3 sections of the throat The esophagus does…? The larynx does …? The epiglottis is used for…?

More info…Your questions, answered!

Brain Freeze! Snoring Sinusitus Tonsils Tonsil Stones

Internal Respiration

Structures inside lungs resemble upside-down trees with smaller branches

At end of bronchiole is a cluster of air sacs, alveoli

Alveoli: one-celled, thin-walled and connect to small blood vessels/capillaries in lungs

Oxygen is exchanged from alveoli into bloodstream via capillaries

Carbon dioxide is sent from capillaries into alveoli

Oxygen then goes to body’s cells

Internal Respiration cont Muscles for breathing: Diaphragm & Intercostal Muscles

Muscular contractions enlarge the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration and decrease volume when they relax during expiration

Diaphragm lowers and intercostals pull ribs upward and outward when they contract to enlarge thoracic cavity

Diseases/disorders of respiratory system

Respiratory system is site of many inflammations, disorders, and infections

Bronchitis, Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

Hemoptysis (coughing up blood), Lung Cancer, Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), Epistaxis (nosebleeds), Pneumonia

Tuberculosis, Anthracosis (black lung), Pleurisy, Influenza, and many breathing disorders

Cardiovascular System

Responsible for circulation of blood Heart: average adult’s is size of fist and lies in thoracic cavity between lungs (2/3 lies on left side)

Pericardium: is a protective sac covering heart and has 2 layers (visceral/inner layer and parietal/outer portion)

Heart has 3 layers of tissue. Outer most is epicardium, middle layer is myocardium, inner layer is endocardium which forms lining for chambers and valves of heart

Cardiovascular System cont

Parts of the heart – right and left sides, each side has 2 chambers (upper chambers are atriums, lower chambers are ventricles)

R & L sides are separated by a partition called a septum

Cardiovascular System cont

Blood Flow: flows in only one direction through the chambers of the heart with flow regulated by valves

Arteries carry blood away from heart and veins carry blood toward the heart

Valves of Heart: control blood flow, left valve between chambers is the bicuspid, right valve is tricuspid

Cardiac Conduction System: contained in conductive tissue and controls the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract

Q.O.D – 9/16/11

What do you do to keep your heart “healthy”?

http://rivals.yahoo.com/highschool/blog/prep_rally/post/Star-QB-has-to-have-part-of-leg-amputated-follow?urn=highschool-wp5827

Quiz

Heart Rate Relaxation / Mediation Target Heart Rate Zone Importance of Target Heart Rate Zone (Homework)

Q.O.D. – 9/19/11

What are some “things” that we can do to make our bones stronger?

Cardiovascular System cont

Circulation: arteries and veins are the vessels that carry blood to and from heart and lungs and to and from heart to rest of body

3 types of circulation: Coronary Pulmonary Systemic

Coronary Circulation: circulation of blood within the heart Coronary arteries branch off aorta (main artery through which blood exits the heart) to supply blood to heart muscle

Cardiovascular System cont Pulmonary Circulation: flow of blood between heart and lungs Pulmonary arteries carry blood low in oxygen from R ventricle to lungs to get oxygen (away)

Oxygen rich blood flows from lungs to L atrium through pulmonary veins (to)

Systemic Circulation: flow of blood between heart and cells Heart pumps O-rich blood through major arteries to cells (carotid, femoral)

Arteries lead to arterioles (smaller vessels) which divide into narrow vessels/capillaries

Blood travels back to heart through venules (small branches of veins) and veins

Upper body through Superior Vena Cava, lower through Inferior Vena Cava

Cardiovascular System cont Blood: a complex mixture of cells, water, and various proteins and sugars Sends life sustaining nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to body

Removes waste products from cells to prevent toxic buildup and regulates body temp

A thick liquid. Fluid part is plasma which is clear and consists of water, proteins, salts, nutrients, vitamins, and hormones

Cells or solids make up 45% and consists of Erythrocytes (red blood cells/RBCs), Leukocytes (white blood cells/WBCs), Thrombocytes (platelets)

Cardiovascular System cont

Blood types 4 types of human blood groups

O, A, B, AB Positive or negative element known as the Rh factor first found in Rhesus monkeys

RH factor is a type of antigen (causes body to produce antibodies

Cardiovascular System cont Diseases & Disorders of the Cardiovascular System:

Hypertension (high blood pressure), Stroke (blood clot blocks blood flow), Arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries), Aneurysm (disease/ birth defect/ trauma weakens artery wall)

Coronary Artery disease (CAD- narrowing of coronary arteries), Myocardial infarction (heart attack), Congestive heart failure (CHF- heart cannot pump as usual), Anemia (lack of O in RBCs), Hemophilia (excessive bleeding), Leukemia (abnormal increase in WBC)

Skeletal System Skeletal and muscular systems form framework that holds body together, allows movement, and protects/supports all internal organs

Born with 350 bones! Some fuse, a mature adult has 206

Skeleton consists of bones and joints which also serve as levers to lift and move while also storing calcium