97-05 paragraf

KPDS 1997 – 2005PARAGRAF SORULARI

KPDS 1997 MAYIS

83. 85. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

The unfavourable effects of cigaratte smoking on the heart have frequently been described, but the exact basis of these effects has not been clarified. Some investigators believe nicotine to the culprit, and there has been some experimental work in animals indicating that large doses of nicotine in conjunction with cholesterol feeding and vitamin D could produce a disease of the arteries resembling that seen in humans. An alternative explanation has been offered by another scientists who have pointed to possible role of carbon nonoxide being inhaled with the cigarette smoke.

83. It is pointed out in the passafe that nicotine ----.

A) is considered by some to be one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse affect on the heart.

B) is the only harmful factor in relation to smoking. C) affects animals more seriously than humans. D) has been established as more dangerous than

carbon monoxide for smokers. E) has an adverse effect anly upon the arteries.

84. According to the passage, studies into the adverse effects of smokign ----.

A) have ruled out any relationship between smoking and colesterol levels in humans.

B) have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a factor.

C) have so far not raised any controversial opinions.

D) have shown that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the body.

E) indicate that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be only minor factors.

85. The main concern of the passage is to ----.

A) describe certain experiments on animals relating to the effect of carbon monoxide.

B) emphasise the role nicotine and vitamen D play in heart disease.

C) demonstrate that the adverse effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate.

D) comprare the effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide on the heart.

E) give an account of the research work concerning animal diseases.


Agriculture remains the most crucial area of development; here it seems that the most intractable problems of resistance to change exist. One may argue that scientific training in agriculture by itself is unlikely to have any market impact on agriculture output. Any attempt at vocational training in agriculture presupposes that a meaningful structure of incentive exist for the individual farmer to increase his output, improve his techniques and expand his range of activities. Without such incentives and opportunities agricultural education can have little impact.

86. The author is of the opinion that improvement in the field of agriculture ----.

A) cannot be achieved through vocational training. B) can easily be realised. C) have already led to good results. D) are absolutely vital for productivity.E) have largely been confined to technology.

87. We can understand from the passage that the agricultural community ----.

A) tends to disregard the problems of the individual farmer.

B) is eager for more vocational training.C) is fully aware of the long-term benefits of

scientific training.D) has already begun to benefit from the improved

techniques. E) is not the one that welcomes change.

88. The author concludes that vocational training in agriculture ----.

A) will be an effective way of eliminating resistance to change in society.

B) will provide farmers with a wide range of opportunities.

C) will be futile unless it is backed up with various inceltives.

D) is regarded as priority for social development. E) has often been underestimated by various

authorities.

1



Some decades ago there was hardly such a subject as the economics of the education. Today, it is one oof the most rapidly growing branches of economics. Together with health economics, it makes up the core of the economics of human resources, a field of inquiry which in the last few years has been silently revolutionising such traditional subjects as grown economics, labour economics, international trade, and public finance. Consequently, the economics of education with ets concept of human investment has rapidly transformed large areas of orthodox economics.

89. The author points out that the term “the economics of education” ----.

A) has only come into use in very recent years. B) has for decades been under discussion among

economists. C) is of little significance in orthodox economics. D) has only been accepted in educational circles. E) is gradually disappearance from economic

writings.

90. According to the passage, the economics of education ----.

A) is not connected, in any way, with investment in man.

B) relates to a very narrow sphere of human activity.

C) has had no impact whatsoever on other areas of orthodox economics.

D) has today come into the foreafront of economic thinking.

E) is one of the earliest branches of general economics.

91. The author suggests that the earlier branches of economics ----.

A) have grown steadily in importance. B) have been sabstantially modified through the

introduction of economics of human resources. C) have been virtually unaffected by health

economics or the economics of human resources.

D) gave great importance to the idea of human investment.

E) constituted the essence of the economics of human resources.


Tigers grow to lengths of ten feet or more and can be bigger than the largest lion. They have immense strength. They clutch their powerful jaws and struggle. They swim very well and can often be seen splashing about in water on very hot days, since they apparently suffer from the heat. When the air is chilly, however, they avoid wet and damp vegetation. They can climb but don’t approach the leopard’s ability in this. They can negotiate treacherous rock areas but generally prefer to stay on level ground. They are not as well equipped with senses as one might expect. They apparently depend on their hearing while hunting. Their eyesight is not particularly good, and they seem unable to spot prey until it moves.

92. It is clear from the passage that tigers ----.

A) rely on their huge claws alone to catch and kill their prey.

B) are the most skilful climbers of all wild animals. C) are sensitive to significant variations in

temperature. D) closely resemble lions as regards size speed

and strength. E) rely heavily upon theri eyesight in location and

catching prey.

93. As is mentioned in the passage, a flat terrain ----.

A) is usually the favoured habitat of the tiger.B) rather than rocky cliffs gives tigers beter

opportunities for hiding.C) provides camouflage for leopards.D) is usually wet, so tigers prefer higher levels.E) usually has thicker vegetation which shelters

more prey.

94. From the passage we learn that, contrary to what is generally thought ----.

A) once a prey starts to move a tiger can rarely catch it.

B) hearing is the least developed sense of the tiger.

C) the leopard’s hunting ability is far behind that of the tiger.

D) rocky areas are invariably avoided by all wild animals.

E) the tiger’s senses are not porticularly well developed.

2



Scientists have long sought ways to define and measure human intelligence. And while theories of intelligence have grown more sophisticated since the 1800s when some believed mental abilities were determined by the size of a person’s head, researchers stil do not agree about certain fundamental principles of human thought. They, therefore, continue to debate such basic questions as whether heredity or the environment is more important in forming intelligence.

95. As we learn from the age-old controversy about whether intelligence depends upon heredity or the environment ----.

A) is now being ignored as it is seen to be fruitless.

B) was finally resolved in the 1800s.C) has only recently become a subject for serious

research. D) does not seem to have ceased yet.E) was more sophisticated in the 19th century than

it is today.

96. According to the passage, in the early nineteenth century, some people held the view that a person’s mental capacity ----.

A) could never be changed.B) depended on the head size.C) was purely heredity.D) was completely shaped by the environment.E) fundamental to his character.

97. One may conclude from the passage that a full understanding of the nature and the capacity of human intelligence ----.

A) can only be achieved by exceptionally sophisticated minds.

B) has finally been achieved by modern scientists. C) is sure to be realised within the next few years. D) is not likely to be achieved in the near future.E) will emerge through theoretical rather than

expermental studies.


The novelist E. L. Doctorow is best known for mixing fiction with historical fact, by placing his stories with the framework of public events. In fact, by integrating the front-page news of 20th century America with the lives of his characters, Doctorow gives readers the “feel” of an era, combining the unusual and the commonplace. His best novel, World’s Fair, shows how the events of he turbulent 1930s helped to mold the sensibilities of his youngprotagonist.

98. It is explained in the passage that Doctorow’s novel World’s Fair ----.

A) describes the damaging effects of the turbulent 1930s on the sensitive young protagonist.

B) is actually a full historical account of the great changes that took place in the 1930s.

C) demonstrate his theories concerning the relationship between man and his society.

D) fails to give his readers a “feel” of thi 1930s in America.

E) gives an account of how the thoughts and feeling of the main character are shaped by the period in which he lived.

99. From the passage we learn that a blend of fiction and history ----.

A) has not always been Doctorow’s primary concern.

B) is deliberately avoided by Doctorow in his most recent novel.

C) is striking feature of Doctorow’s writing.D) is commonly used by contemporary American

writers, including Doctorow himself. E) is never to be found in the traditional novel.

100. We see in the passage that Doctorow’s purpose in bringing together in his novels the usual and the extraordinary ----.

A) is to build up a concerning picture of a period. B) did not achieve the result he aimed for in

World’s Fair. C) has been frequently criticised by his readers. D) has not been properly appereciated except in

the case of World’s Fair. E) has been shared by other 20th centurly

American novelists.

3


KPDS 1997 KASIM83. 85. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. In 1964 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development was held. For the first time the poorer nations of the world came together to act as a pressure group on trading matters. The Conference made the following recommendations. The Developing countries should be given free access to world markets for their manufacturers and semi manufactures by the elimination of quotas and tariffs. International commondity agreements should be made for each major primary commodity in world trade to stabilise commodity prices. Moreover, compesation schemes, whereby the underdeveloped countries are compensated for the declining prices of their primary products, were recommended for consideration. The conference also resolved that the developed countries should aim to provide at least 1 per cent of their national income as aid for the underdeveloped countries.

83. As can be understood from the passage, the 1964 United Nations Conference on Trade and development was remarkable because ----.A) the developing countries now had the change,

for the first time, to have free access to the markets of the developed countries.

B) it failed to formulate a policy that would ensure the stabilization of world commodity prices.

C) all the demands of the underdeveloped countries were accepted without reservation by the developed countries.

D) a number of deadlines were set for the signing of international commodity agreements.

E) the world’s pooper countries participating in the conference took joint action to influence the resolutions on trading matters.

84. With reference to this Conference, one development mentioned in the passage was that ----.A) each country was to benefit from compesation

schemes B) the idea of compensation schemes came to the

fore C) developed countries should not benefit from

compensation schemes D) compensation schemes were to be put into

effect as soon as possible E) the poorer countries should be compensated

for their general trade deficits.,

85. From the passage we learn that one of the resolutions adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ----.A) was soon revoked due to strong pressure

coming from underdeveloped member countries

B) considerably raised the world trade tariffis on a variety of commodities

C) concerned the amount of aid to be given by the developed countries to the underdeveloped

D) envisaged a step-by-step lifting of the world’s trade barriers.

E) made it imperative for the developed countries to open up their markets to the manufactured goods of the underdeveloped countries.


In earlier centuries it was thought that a great continent must exist in the southern hemisphere, around the South Pole, to balance the known land masses in north. Its real extent was better understood in the 18th century, particularly when Captain Cook sailed for the first time south of the Antarctic Circle and reached the edge of the ice pack. A portion of the ice-covered continent was first sighted by Edward Bransfiled in 1820. Explorers of several other nations also sighted portions of the coast-line in other quarters and wrote detailed accounts of their observations. However, in the light of these accounts, the first extensive exploration was made by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841 when a great part of the Antarctic was discovered.

86. As we can understand from the passage, it was assumed many centuries ago that the large land mass around the North Pole ----.

A) seemed to be impenetrable and, hence, inexplicable

B) could not have a counterpart in the southern hemisphere

C) had a regular and unchanging coastlineD) must have been balanced by similar extent of

land mass around the South Pole E) would be reduced in size once the edge of the

ice-pack began to melt.

87. It is pointed out in the passage it was only with Captain Cook’s voyage in the 18th century that ----.

A) the first serious expedition into the interior of the Antarctic was launched

B) a partially acurate assessment of the Antarctic could be made

C) people began to realize just how small the land mass here was

D) multi-national projects for the exploration of the Antarctic were put into effect

E) the rich natural resources of the Antarctic became known to the outside world.

88. It is from the passage that, following various earlier reports concerning the Antarctic ----.

A) Edward Bransfield joined the international project of study the ice-pack of the continent

B) many explorers from were discouraged from undertaking any serious exploration there

C) explorers from various countries began to compete with each other for the conquest of the continent.

D) Captain Cook decided to undertake a second voyage of discovery in the area

E) the first major, large-scale discovery of the continent was undertaken by James Clarke Ross in 1841.

4



Oceanography is the scientific study of the world’s oceans which cover over 70 percent of the earth’s surface. The beginnings of modern oceanography go back to the 1870s when, for te first time, wide ranging scientific observations and studies of the oceans were undertaken by British. Since then, oceanography has developed into highly technical and interdisciplinary science which is now divided into several fields of study. These are biological oceanography, which deals with the study of the marine organism and marine ecology, chemical oceanography, which is concerned with the composition of sea water, and physical oceanography, which studies ocean currents, tides, waves, and the role played by the oceans in climate and weather. Geological oceanography is also another branch of oceanograhy and is mainly concerned with the formation, composition and evaluation of the ocean basins. Ofceanographic knowledge is essential to allow exploitation of the enormous food, mineral and energy resources of the oceans with minimum damage to the ocean environment.

89. In the passage, the writer does not dwell on ----.A) the purpose and research concerns of

biologinal oceanography B) the history of oceanography studies, and the

range of these studies C) how oceanographic studies can contribute to

the improvement of shipping D) the uses for us of the information provided by

oceanographic studies about the oceans E) what geological oceanography and chemical

oceanography deal with.

90. It is clear from the passage ttah, due to the complexity and variety of its recearch activities oceanography ----.

A) co-operates with some of the other sciences B) focuses only on the discovery of the new

energy resources in the oceans C) benefits extensively from the findings of biology D) is rarely concerned with the problems of the

ocean environment E) has developed into a separate and independent

discipline with no relationship with other sciences

91. We understood from the passage that over the last hundred years or so ----.

A) many wide ranging studies have been made of ocean currents and their effects on climate

B) the oceans have been extensively explored for food and mineral deposits

C) British scientists have carried out extensive studies of the ocean basis

D) scientists have been much concerned with the pollution of the ocean environment

E) much progress has been made in the development of oceanography as a science.


In 1945, following the Second World War, the allies, that is, the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain drew up and signed the Potsdam Agreement. The main points of this agreement were that Militarism and Hitlerism should be destroyed; that industrial power should be o reduced that Germany would neveragain be in a position to wage aggressive war; that surplus equipment should be destroyed or transferred to replace wrecked plants in allied territories; that Germany should be treated as an ecomomic whole; and that local self-goverment should be restored on democratic lines as rapidly as was consistent with military security.

92. As we learn from the passage, the Potsdam Agreement ----.

A) was originally proposed by the United StatesB) was the first treaty of its kind to be signed with

the Soviet Union C) was a treaty, which was signed by the allies,

with the principle aim of ensuring peace and security in Europe

D) improved the relations between the Soviet Union and the West

E) was drafted by the allies in consultation with Germany

93. According to the passage, on of the major provisions made in the Potsdam Agreement was that ----.

A) the necessary measures should be taken to prevent Germany from any future renewal of aggression

B) the rearmament of Germany should be under allied supervision

C) the military, but not the domestic, policies of Hitler should be discontinued

D) Germany’s industrial production should be reduced to a pre-Hitler level

E) local administrations in Germany should concern themselves only with social welfare

94. It is pointed out in the passage that the Potsdam Agreement envisaged ----.

A) a European political institution to safeguard peace

B) a step by step reduction of Germany’s economic efficiency

C) the restoration of democracy throughout Europe

D) the transfer of surplus equipment from Germany to the allied countries to help the recovery of industry there

E) the maintenance of military security through a new alliance with Germany

5



The police are a regular force established for the preservation of law and order and the prevention and detection of crime. The powers they have vary from country and with the type of government; the more civilised and democratic the state is the less police intervention there is. England, compared with other countries was slow to develop a police force, and it was not until 1829 that Sir Robert Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act established a regular force for the metropolis. Later legislation established country and borough forces maintained by local police authorities throughout England and Wales.

95. It is clear from the passage that one of the major concerns of the police is ----.

A) to uphold the law and maintain order in society B) to put on trial those guilty of criminal behaviour C) the enlargement of theri own powers as far as it

is compatible with democracy D) to uphold the universal principles of democracy E) to intervene, when necessary, in matters of

legislation.

96. We understnad from the passage that the powers of the police ----.

A) are much stronger in country areas then in cities

B) can not be limited in democratic countriesC) have been strongly criticized in EnglandD) were first defined by the British government in

1829E) are closely related to the political regime of a

country

97. The writer tells us that, before England set up a police force ----.

A) various countries had already estimated one of their own

B) the preservation of law and order was being maintained by local authorities

C) Sir Robert Peel showed little interest in the preservation of law and order

D) the prevention and detection of crime in the boroughs was almost impossible

E) Wales had the highest crime rate in Britain


The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) known as the International Bank or as the World Bank, is an agency of the United Nations established in 1945. It has the primary function of making loans available to assist developing countries. Usually, loans are made to finance specific projects of investment in underdeveloped countries; and the Bank will normally make a loan only if it is satisfied that the investment will yield a revenue sufficient to enable the payment of interest on the loan, and the repayment of the sum lent. In 1983 the Bank made loans to the value of $3.300 million. Thus a sizeable amount of lending is channelled through the Bank, but it is clear that some projects of great value to underdeveloped countries cannot be financed in this way, because they would not yield returns quickly enough or large enough to meet the Bank’s requirements for interest and repayment.

98. It is pointed in the passage that the World Bank was founded in order to ----.A) provide the United Nations with a constant

source of income for its various projects. B) bring all developing countries up to the same

level of economic prosperity C) provide underdeveloped countries in particular,

with the necessary financial support for the realization of their major development project

D) give loans to all the countries in the world on an equal basis, regardless of their economic position

E) make loans available to those countries not receiving support from the developed countries.

99. We can understand from the passage that the World Bank will usually not provide loans for investment projects in developing countries unless ----.A) It is absolutely certain that the money lent will

be returned in full and with interest B) It has been unanimously approved by the

United NationsC) these countries are in a position to finance a

good part of these projects D) these projects are indeed of vital importance for

the industrialization of these countries ,E) these countries are prepared to pay a sizeable

interest rate on the money lent.

100. The passage gives a general account of ----.

A) why the World Bank has relaxed its traditionally strict loan policies en favour developing countries.

B) how the World Bank was founded and has been financed by the United Nations

C) the ways and means by which the World Bank has influenced developing countries

D) how the financial policies of teh World Bank are controlled by the United Nations

E) the main funding policy followed by the World Bank in relation to underdeveloped countries

6


KPDS 1998 MAYIS


Paper has been known in one form or another from very early times. The papyrus reeds of the Nile swamps served the ancient Egyptians for sheets upon which to inscribe their records. The Chinese and Japanese, centuries later, were using something more akin to modern paper in substance, an Asiatic paper-mulberry, yielding a smooth fibrous material, being utilised. With the spread of learning in Western Europe the necessity of a readier medium made itself felt, and paper began to be manufactured from pulped rags and other substances. Other papermaking staples were later introduced, such as linen cotton and wood-pulp. The chief raw material in the world paper industry now is wood-pulp, the main exporters being the timber-growing countries of Canada, Sweden and Finland. 83. We can understand from the passage that, throughout history, paper ----.A) has played a vital role in the advancement of

learningB) has been a major export item for Asian

countries, and for China in particularC) has been produced from a wide range of

materialsD) has been valued as a means of communication

more in the West than in the EastE) has largely been used for documentation rather

than for learning 84. It is obvious from the passage that today the wood-pulp needed for the manufacture of paper ----.A) is largely provided by the countries which

produce a great deal of timberB) is produced from a variety of substances other

than timberC) can only be produced economically with the aid

of sophisticated technologyD) is normally made from raw materials locally

availableE) can most readily be prepared from timber with a

high fibrous content 85. The main concern of the passage is to ----.A) explain why there has been so little change in

the development of papermakingB) describe how the West learned the techniques

of papermakingC) account for the economic implications of the

paper industryD) give a historical account of papermaking with

emphasis on the main raw materials used

E) alert the reader to the fact that very large amounts of timber are consumed in papermaking


The great expansion in energy demand over recent years has been met to a large extent by petroleum oil. The total world reserves of petroleum oil are still uncertain since large parts of the world are still not fully prospected. The cutback in oil production and the rise in the price of Middle Eastern oil following the 1973 Arab-Israeli war unleashed a worldwide energy crisis which affected the economies of consumer countries. One result of this crisis has been that Britain has increased its North Sea oil production and become the fifth largest oil producing country in the world.

86. It is pointed out in the passage that, to meet its increasing energy needs, the world ----.

A) will have to develop new sources of energy in addition to petroleum oil

B) has had to face a recurrent energy crisisC) has, in recent years, relied heavily on

petroleum oilD) has had to rely more and more on British oilE) is learning to depend upon a larger variety of

energy sources

87. One can understand from the passage that further oil explorations ----.

A) would inevitably result in a drop in oil pricesB) are unlikely to produce any positive resultsC) should be carried out both in the Middle East

and in the North SeaD) may cause new tensions in the Middle EastE) could lead to the discovery of rich reserves of

petroleum as yet untapped

88. According to the passage, one result of the oil crisis caused by the Arab-Israeli war has been that ----.

A) the world has learned to reduce its energy consumption

B) Britain has become one of the leading oil producers

C) many new oil fields throughout the world have been prospected and brought into production

D) Britain has emerged as the largest exporter of petroleum oil in the world

7


E) consumer countries have had to redefine their economic priorities

89. - 91. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

In 1903 the United States signed a treaty with Panama, which gave the United States rights in perpetuity ever a 16 km wide strip of land extending across the narrowest part of Panama for the purpose of building and running a canal. The canal built, now known as the Panama Canal, connects the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and is just over 80 km long. Its depth varies from 12 to 26 meters. It is constructed above sea-level, with locks and has been available for commercial shipping since 3 August 1914. An agreement was reached in 1978 for the waterway to be turned over Panama by the end of the century. 89. According to the passage, with the 1978 agreement concerning the Panama Canal it was agreed that ----.

A) shipping through the Canal would be jointly supervised by Panama and the United States

B) the right to operate the Canal would rest with the United States for ever

C) the Canal would revert to Panama at the end of the century

D) the costs would be shared equally between Panama and the United States

E) the Canal had to accept commercial shipping from all countries

90. We understand from the passage that the locks in the Panama Canal are essential ----.

A) as, for a canal, 80 kilometres is a very long stretch of waterway

B) since the canal authorities need to be supervise shipping in the canal

C) last enemy ships attempt to enter the CanalD) even though the United States would have

preferred not to build themE) because there is a difference between the level

of the Canal and that of the sea 91. As it is pointed out in the passage, the Panama Canal ----.

A) will continue to be run jointly by Panama and the United States

B) has continuously caused friction between the United States and Panama

C) has had an increasing volume of shipping since it was first opened

D) was constructed to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at their closest point

E) has become the world’s busiest waterway for commercial shipping


When there has been a serious disaster such as an earthquake or flooding, various relief efforts are rapidly put into effect. However, experience has shown that it is usually impractical to attempt mass immunisation immediately following a disaster and that, when attempted, it detracts from the overall relief effort without producing a discernible benefit. Effective immunisation requires prior planning good systems of communication and transport and access to the population at risk. These requirements cannot be met in the immediate postdisaster period. Efforts to achieve mass vaccination in the relief phase also drain whatever limited manpower, communication facilities, and transportation exist. 92. It is pointed out in the passage that, as part of the relief work following a disaster, ----.A) the most difficult to organise is the fair

distribution of suppliesB) mass immunisation is not usually to be

recommendedC) communication facilities are among the most

urgent measures to be takenD) it is important to plan comprehensively the

evacuation of the badly woundedE) one of the priorities must be the resettlement of

the displaced population 93. We can understand from the passage that, in the main, in the aftermath of a disaster, ----.A) it is not often possible to have access to

adequate communication facilitiesB) the transport of relief workers to the area

should be carefully plannedC) untold benefits are to be derived from mass

immunisationD) the distribution of food and medicine is the main

activity of the relief phaseE) conditions are not favourable for the

implementation of an efficient immunisation programme

94. We can understand from the passage that, if transport and communication facilities are inadequate, ----.A) then relief efforts will be adversely affectedB) the population at risk has to be removed to a

safer placeC) the problems facing relief workers will not be so

obvious

8


D) relief efforts have to be doubled to improve the situation

E) the amount of man power has to be increased by every means available


Universities are institutions of higher education whose principal objects are the increase of knowledge over a wide field through original thought and research and its extensions by the teaching of students. Such societies existed in the ancient world, notably in Greece and India, but the origin of the University as we know it today lies in medieval Europe, the word “universitas” being a contraction of the Latin term for corporations of teachers and students organised for the promotion of higher learning. The earliest bodies to become recognised under this description were at Bologna and Paris in the first half of the 12th century. Oxford was founded by an early migration of scholars from Paris, and Cambridge began with a further migration from Oxford. Other universities sprang up all over Europe from the 14th century onwards. 95. The main concern of the passage is ----.A) the comparison of different types of universityB) the development of the European universities

from the Middle Ages to the presentC) to describe the aims and the early history of

universitiesD) to explain how and why the medieval university

came into beingE) to emphasise the need for research in

universities

96. According to the passage, one of the primary goals of a university is to ----.A) encourage the establishment of higher

education institutionsB) undertake the furthering of knowledge, teaching

and research in a wide variety of fieldsC) provide students with professional trainingD) supervise the research undertaken by other

institutions in societyE) make arrangements for the exchange of

students and scholars in the world

97. The writer points out that, although the origins of universities can be traced to antiquity, the history of the modern university ----.A) is closely linked to the history of Oxford and

Cambridge universitiesB) begins with the use, in the Renaissance, of the

word “universitas”

C) centres around the migration of scholars in Europe

D) really dates from the Middle AgesE) largely depends on the studies carried out at

Bologna and Paris


Romanticism is a term for a movement in the arts, that is, in music, painting, sculpture or literature, which seeks to give expression to the artist’s feelings about his subject rather than to be concerned with form and reality. The romantic view is that art is nature seen through a temperament; the realist view, on the other hand, is that art is a slice of life. In painting Delacroix (1789-1863) is the romantic artist par excellence with his uncontrolled expression of the passions and love of the exotic. In literature the Romantic movement reached its finest form in the works of Goethe, Schiller and Heine; in the poetry of Byron, Keats, Wordsworth, Shelly and Blake; and in the writings of Victor Hugo. Since Romanticism is partly a matter of temperament in the artist just as Classicism is, it may be found at all times and places, although whether or not it becomes predominant depends on contemporary taste.

98. The writer explains that the most distinctive characteristic of Romanticism is ----.A) an accurate description of the natural worldB) its dedicated concern with the issues of actual

lifeC) the expression of individual’s emotionsD) the importance it attaches to form rather than to

contentE) its avoidance of the pictorial and the exotic

99. It is suggested in the passage that as an approach to life, the Romantic view ----.A) is constantly recurrent in the human

temperamentB) has often been subordinate to ClassicismC) is out of favour in the contemporary worldD) is best expressed in music, not in other forms of

artE) came into being as a reaction against Realism

100. The passage quite simply describes ----.A) the influence of Romanticism in art upon

Romanticism in literatureB) the romantic quality of Delacroix’s painting and

its counterpart in literatureC) the similarities and differences between

Romanticism and other literary movements

9


D) the revival of Romanticism as an artistic temperament in the contemporary world

E) what Romanticism is and who its major exponents have been

KPDS 1998 KASIM


Eliminating poverty is largely a matter of helping children born into poverty to rise out of it. Once families escape from poverty they do not fall back into it. Middle-class children rarely end up poor. The primary reason poor children do not escape from poverty is that they do not acquire basic mental skills. They cannot read, write, calculate or articulate. Lacking these skills, they cannot get or keep a well-paid job. The best mechanism for breaking this vicious circle is to provide the poor with better educational opportunities. Since children born into poor homes do not acquire the skills they need from their parents, they must be taught these skills in school. 83. The writer makes the point that, once people have overcome poverty, ----.A) the skills of reading and writing cease to be

important for them.B) they cease to mix socially with the poor.C) they soon learn to adopt middle-class manners

and ways.D) it is most unlikely that they will ever become

poor again.E) they become eligible for well-paid employment

in industry. 84. According to the writer, if poverty is to be overcome, ----.A) the only effective means for this would be to

provide better education.B) more well-paid jobs should be offered to the

poor.C) all children, regardless of their social class,

should receive the same formal education.D) middle-class children should be given better

educational opportunities.E) the education of children should be based on

mental skills alone. 85. The main argument of the passage is that----.A) the elimination of poverty can only be achieved

if the poor and the rich attend the same school.B) middle-class children do not need to learn basic

mental skills at school, since they learn them at home.

C) the children of the poor must learn basic mental skills at school so that they can escape from poverty.

D) as basic mental skills are not being taught efficiently at schools, educational reform is essential.

E) children born into a poor family will inevitably stay poor all through his life.


Not just in substance but in manner too, Robin Trevelyan, who is the Prime Minister’s new righthand man, is a politician in the old style. He avoids the flourish which characterises modern politicians. His speeches are at best unemotional, at worst dull. He is all but incapable of inspiring an audience. His face is inexpressive, solid almost. He evades making promises and is completely lacking in vision. He is a politician whose talent has never been to inspire the mob.

86. We can understand from the passage that Robin Trevelyan ----.A) cannot keep his real feelings from the public

eye.B) has, with his speech, always been able to sway

public feeling.C) is, with his dramatic speeches, a typical

politician of our time.D) is trusted and valued by the prime minister.E) is one of those rare politicians who really

understands the psychology of the people.

87. With regard to the Prime Minister’s new righthand man, it is pointed out in the passage that one of his shortcomings as a politician is ----.A) his lack of any genuine belief in his own party.B) his inability to follow someone else’s lead.C) his reluctance to commit himself or articulate a

vision.D) his tendency to scorn public opinion.E) his fondness for modern political manners.

88. In this passage, the writer has set out to ----.

A) highlight the rare political qualities of the present Prime Minister.

B) criticise modern British politics in the person of the Prime Minister.

10


C) portray the ideal type of a politician in our time.D) account for the failure of the Prime Minister’s

previous adviserE) present a concise study of the political

personality of the Prime Minister’s new adviser.


Work is central in British culture. When someone asks one ‘What do you do?’, they really mean ‘What work do you do?’. When a woman is asked ‘Do you work?’, what is meant is ‘Are you doing a paid job?’. Yet many people without a paid job work at other kinds of productive activities. Women, notably, perform an unpaid ‘double shift’ in the home as housekeepers and mothers. To confine the term ‘work’ to paid employment, therefore, restricts it far too narrowly. There are many other kinds of work, some of which can take more time and energy than we put into our paid employment from the voluntary working in the garden to repairs to the house or the car. In other cultures, work is not as highly valued as this; some people value leisure more, and work only as much as they need in order to provide basic necessities.

89. The writer suggests that people tend to regard the word ‘work’ as ----.

A) referring only to paid employment.B) being limited only to voluntary work.C) relating only to physical effort.D) interchangeable with “leisure”.E) an activity with an end-product.

90. The writer points out that, unlike the case in Britain, in some cultures ----.

A) work in any form is highly respected.B) unpaid activities such as housework make up

virtually the whole of a woman’s day.C) voluntary work is held in high respect.D) it is leisure, not work, that is of primary

importance.E) people are unwilling to work to meet even their

basic necessities.

91. According to the passage, unpaid jobs ----.

A) are invariably more pleasurable than paid ones.B) can be quite as time-consuming as paid ones.C) are always assigned to women rather than to

men.D) are not readily available in Britain.E) are occasionally taken on by people who go out

to work.


Alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are psychoactive drugs that are freely available in our society. Their wide spread use shows that they provide a common solution to the problems of vast numbers of individuals. The extent and the nature of their use is not , however, uniform but varies with the particular sub-culture involved. To take alcohol, for example, there are wide differences between the drinking habits and rituals of merchant, seamen and businessmen, between Italians and Jews. Each sub-group in society will have a conception of what the permissible and desirable effects of alcohol are, how much it is necessary to drink to achieve this desired state; what is normal and what is deviant drinking behaviour.

92. It is pointed out in the passage that psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, nicotine and caffeine are widely used because ----.

A) sub-groups in society identify themselves with them.

B) people with problems find them helpfulC) their effects have been proved to be harmlessD) they are much cheaper than many other drugs

and legally obtainableE) society at large regards them as harmful

93. According to the author, the consumption of alcohol in the world ----.

A) is particularly widespread among members of sub-cultures

B) is directly related to the economic prosperity of each sub-group

C) varies from race to race, culture to culture and class to class

D) is closely linked with the increase of deviant drinking behaviour

E) has made the practices and behaviour of sub-cultures in society more uniform

94. The writer points out that there is little agreement among sub-groups ----.

11


A) about the extent to which psychoactive drugs should be produced

B) about the benefits of psychoactive drugsC) as regards why businessman drink so muchD) as to why Italians and Jews have different

drinking habitsE) as to how much alcohol can be properly

consumed95. 97. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

In the early 1970s, there was a great deal of optimism about improving women’s position, ending male privilege and doing away with gender divisions and even gender difference. Equal opportunities legislation was enacted in many countries, and the voice of the women’s movement was heard criticising discrimination between the sexes in every sphere of working life. Now it is clear that legislation can make only a marginal difference to entrenched patterns of job segregation and inequality. The voices of feminism, too, are varied; some demand equality with men while others pursue the revaluation of women’s skills and ‘womanly’ virtues.

95. It is pointed out in the passage that many people in the early 1970s ----.A) realised that a majority of women were not

genuinely interested in job segregationB) were doubtful as to whether legislation could

improve the position of women in societyC) actively took part in women’s demonstrations

against male aggression and dominance in the workplace

D) confidently expected the elimination of the inequality existing between the sexes

E) were scarcely aware of there being any discrimination between the sexes

96. According to the author, legislation against gender discrimination ----.A) has contributed surprisingly little towards the

improvement of women’s position in societyB) has been grossly neglected especially in less

prosperous countriesC) has, in many countries, already made the

position of women fully equal to that of menD) has brought about balance in society that

satisfies the women’s movement everywhereE) has been fully successful in eradicating job

segregation in industrial countries 97. According to the passage, there are people in the feminist movement who ----.A) argue that women don’t deserve equal

opportunities with men in working lifeB) believe that women’s qualities have been

undervalued and should be reassessed

C) are convinced that women would have a stronger position if they kept their femininity

D) believe that the movement is far from achieving any of its original objectives

E) are concerned that the legislation against sex discrimination in working life may be revoked in the near future


All of us are born, all of us will die; but there is infinite variety in the nature and circumstances of these two events themselves and in what happens to our bodies and our minds in between. Some individuals, for example, are born without difficulty and grow uninterruptedly during childhood and adolescence, suffering at worst only minor infectious diseases and accidents. As adults, they reproduce their kind. They age gradually until, in extreme old age, they die peacefully without pain or discomfort. This is an idealised picture of how we would like things to be, rather than the reality that most people experience. Death comes to many of us, not when we are old, but during or before birth, in infancy, in adolescence, in early adulthood or in middle age. 98. One point made by the author in this passage is that we, as human beings, ----.A) must face the fact that accidents in old age are

inevitableB) have all similar opportunities but use them

differentlyC) all enjoy a happy childhood and a healthy

adolescenceD) should take certain measures to avoid

infections diseases in childhoodE) have widely differing experiences of birth, life

and death 99. The writer points out that, though most people expect life to be free of care and death easy, ----.A) this is not likely to happen either in adolescence

or in adulthoodB) they have to strive hard to attain this idealised

conditionC) this is, in fact, very rarely the caseD) for many people a worthwhile life has more to it

than thisE) this is seldom the case except in old age

100. In this passage the writer points out the disparity between ----.A) the basically fortunate lives of the majority and

the tragic experience of a small minority

12


B) what everyone expects of life and what he actually achieves in life

C) the early happy years of our lives, and the later tragic ones

D) the near ideal life experience of the few and the actual life experience of the majority

E) the happier middle years of a person’s life and the more trying later years

KPDS 1999 MAYIS


The Amazon is the largest river in the world. It carries about a quarter of the world's running water and is the second longest after the Nile. Much of it is brown, brackish, piranha-infested and bitterly cold. Ranging from narrow tributaries and raging rapids to stretches of prodigious width and calm, the river's banks can take half a day to reach. In parts, it can drop up to 40 metres in less than a kilometre Furthermore; it runs through deep canyons and steep gorges that have been carved out by its turbulent waters.

83. We learn from the passage that, though the Amazon has the largest volume of water of any river in the world, ----.A) it is not the longestB) it is in no parts particularly wideC) there is very little topographical variety in its

courseD) it is seldom used for the transportation of goodsE) it is in most parts congested with mud and

slime, hence slow-moving

84. It is pointed out in the passage that the waters of the Amazon ----.

A) shelter many species of exotic fishB) are in parts muddy and not freshC) form a chain of spectacular waterfallsD) are not suitable for the survival of piranhaE) flow calmly throughout its course

85. The passage largely deals with ----.

A) the differences and the similarities between the Amazon and the Nile

B) the varying problems of navigation along the Amazon

C) the geological formation of the course of the Amazon

D) the number and the size of the Amazon's many tributaries

E) the size of the Amazon and its topographical end aquatic features


The great window-dresser Gene Moore seems to have been self-taught. As a young man his main idea was to get away from Birmingham, Alabama, then a town of steel and pollution. It was, he said, the wrong place to be born in for anyone with dreams. He dreamt of being a concert pianist and then of being a painter. But he decided that he did not play very well, and presently gave up painting. In New York in the 1930s he got various casual jobs. One was with a store that decided he had flair and put him in its display department, and that was the start of his career. He worked for a number of shops promoting their wares, and built a reputation for innovative ideas.

86. One understands from the passage that it took Gene Moore very many years to ----.

A) find out what he was really good atB) return to his native town of Birmingham,

AlabamaC) realise that he hated living in an industrial cityD) accept the fact that he wasn't a gifted artistE) get a department store of his own in New York

87. It is suggested in the passage that Gene Moore spent his early years ----.

A) preparing for the career of his choice which was window-dressing

B) in New York where he made his dreams come true

C) in an environment that he felt was hostile to his creative development

D) in Alabama where he got his professional training

E) painting industrial landscapes in Alabama

88. It is clear from the passage that Gene Moore become a window-dresser ----.

13


A) in order to make a name for himself in New York's fashion circles

B) more by accident than by designC) only after he had established himself as a

musician and a painterD) almost as soon as he arrived in New YorkE) even though he lacked any form of creative

talent as his employers knew well


Pollution is no respecter of national boundaries today. But environmental scientists can still be surprised by the distances that large quantities of industrial pollutants can sometimes be carried by winds. For instance, a group of chemists at the University of Washington in Seattle have been involved in a case study of such pollutants which reached the West Coast of America all the way from Asia. They are keen to understand how such an event could take place and to what extent it could have been forecast. In fact, back in March 1997, pollutants such as carbon-monoxide from Asia had been spotted as far across the Pacific Ocean as Hawaii. Thus, it seems increasingly likely that the West Coast of America is particularly exposed to pollution from Asia. 89. It is suggested in the passage that industrial pollution in our world today ----.A) is largely concentrated in the Pacific OceanB) is gradually being brought under full controlC) has been the main concern of scientists from

the University of WashingtonD) can be predicted and the necessary measures

takenE) can travel amazing distances

90. It is pointed out in the passage that one of the issues the chemists from the University of Washington are seriously concerned with ----.A) is how to clean up the Pacific Ocean and save

it from industrial pollutantsB) is whether it may be possible to foretell the

movements of pollutants from AsiaC) is whether it might be possible to change the

course of industrial pollutants along the West Coast

D) has been the measurement of carbon monoxide levels around Hawaii

E) should be the prevention of the emission of pollutants along the West Coast of America

91. One can conclude from the passage that Asian industry appears to ----.A) be in desperate need of reconstruction and

relocationB) be doing all it can to prevent environmental

pollutionC) be emitting more carbon-monoxide than any

other industrial pollutantD) pose a serious environmental threat to the

West Coast of AmericaE) be a major competitor for the American

industrial enterprises along the West Coast92. 94. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

Most poetry anthologies are assembled by poets. This is not necessarily a good thing. They are in fact assembled for many different reasons. Some resemble star charts, trying to define the scope of the new and show us what direction poetry is heading. Others turn their gaze on the past, seeking to define poetries of earlier centuries or to identify influential currents of thinking and feeling. Yet other anthologies strive to present enduring images of the beautiful for the reader's pleasure, as if poems were bunches of flowers.

92. From the passage we understand that the writer ----.A) considers the main role of poetry anthologies to

be the cultivation of a sense of beautyB) is in favour of poets' compilation of poetry

anthologiesC) is rather critical of the way that most poetry

anthologies are compiledD) is himself compiling an anthology of modem

poetryE) seems to favour anthologies that give priority to

the poetry of the past

93. According to the passage, a major concern of some poetry anthologies is to ----.A) introduce readers to the works of poets who

have generally been overlookedB) emphasise the vital importance of poetry in our

everyday lifeC) help people to understand and appreciate the

art of the pastD) offer guidance to aspiring young poetsE) illustrate certain major intellectual and literary

movements of the past

94. The writer compares some anthologies of modern poetry to "star charts' because ----.

14


A) they attempt to foresee forthcoming trends in poetry

B) he is himself a representative of this type of poetry

C) his own predictions have rarely been accurateD) he doesn’t believe the future can be interpreted

by reference to the pastE) they provide a comprehensive perspective of

various poetical movements


Everybody needs vitamins and minerals to remain healthy. The questions are, which ones, how much and when? And the answer is surprisingly simple: take XXX. Actually, the Department of Health has recognised 18 essential vitamins and mineral that we need on a daily basis. The daily amount required of these vitamins and minerals is termed the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). XXX meet this requirement and more. As a new vitamin complex, it contains these 18 essential vitamins and minerals, plus a total of no less than 31 other micro-nutrients, including the complete antioxidant group and folic acid. There is no more complete a multimineral-multivitamin on the market. So, because you don’t always eat as you should, it makes sense to take XXX. 95. One essential point made in the passage is that ----.A) vitamins and minerals must always be taken in

conjunction with other micro-nutrientsB) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins

and minerals is actually not adequateC) the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins

and minerals should not be exceeded by a supplementary intake of other nutrients

D) micro-nutrients, such as folic acid, are an adequate substitute for the 18 basic vitamins and minerals

E) a daily intake of vitamins and minerals is vital for good health

96. In the passage it is claimed that XXX ----.A) is the easiest way of getting an adequate

supply of vitamins and other micro-nutrients daily

B) has been strongly recommended by the Department of Health

C) is the only multimineral-multivitamin complex currently on sale

D) is particularly effective if it is taken after mealsE) is an aid to better eating habits

97. It is clear from the passage that, in taking vitamins and minerals, the basic problem one faces is to ----.A) decide the quantity required in any given

situationB) keep the correct balance between the twoC) avoid an excessive intake of the anti-oxidant

groupD) determine the kind and the amount to be taken

dailyE) follow a strict diet that includes them all 98. 100. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız.

In Japan, there is a government investment and loan programme, known as zaito. Unlike normal government spending, zaito relies not on tax revenues but on people's savings. These are drawn from the publicly-owned postal-savings system, which by law must place all deposits with zaito, and from the postal life-insurance schemes and various pension funds. The finance ministry, which has run zaito for more than 100 years, then lends the money out. During the second World War, zaito financed Japan’s military build-up. Afterwards, it paid for reconstruction and helped to channel low-cost funds into such strategic industries as steel and car-making. More recently, it has turned to “social” investments, such as infrastructure projects and housing. 98. According to the writer, the most distinctive feature of zaito is that ----.A) it has continued to be in use for longer than

was originally envisagedB) its revenues are invariably directed towards

military rearmamentC) it provides the government with a revenue

raised not through taxation but by way of personnel savings

D) it does not come under the mandate of the ministry of finance

E) it has aroused a great deal of resentment among Japanese savers

99. It is pointed out in the passage that the resources of zaito were once used to ----.A) strengthen the financial position of pension

funds in the countryB) provide houses for the care of the elderly in

JapanC) improve the efficiency and performance of the

Japanese postal-servicesD) revive Japan's industrial potentialE) provide a supplementary source of income for

the needs of the ministry of finance

15


100. One can easily conclude from the passage that the implementation of zaito has ----.A) changed over the years in accordance with the

pressing needs of the countryB) always been strictly confined to housing

projectsC) greatly increased the operational capacity of

the Japanese army todayD) always had in adverse impact upon the saving

habits of the Japanese peopleE) given a boost to the governments insurance

and pension policies KPDS 1999 KASIM


Edison, one of the pioneers of modern technology, lacked formal education. His understanding of literature, art, history and philosophy was superficial. Also, despite the fact that he had invented the phonograph and founded a recording company, his musical taste was abominable. He is, therefore, sometimes regarded with disdain by academic scientists, who often forget that his ingenuity, inquiring spirit and tireless efforts contributed significantly to the development of modern technology.

83. We can understand from the passage that some scientists in the universities ----.

A) are oblivious of Edison's achievements and look down on him

B) argue that modern technology owes everything to Edison

C) have followed closely in Edison's footsteps and upgraded his inventions

D) possess the same inquiring spirit as Edison didE) have no greater an appreciation of literature

than did Edison

84. It is stressed in the passage that. with his creative talent, Edison ----.

A) became a favorite model for the scientists in the universities

B) achieved great success in many disciplinesC) was able to contribute enormously to the

progress of modern technologyD) exercised a lasting influence in the music worldE) was able to put his formal education to

pragmatic uses

85. This passage, while admitting some deficiencies in Edison, ----.

A) seeks to establish his moral integrityB) in fact stresses his achievements in the

humanitiesC) finds nothing to criticize in his academic abilitiesD) suggests that he has been unjustly criticized by

non-scientistsE) actually focuses on the value of his work in

technology


Under increasing social pressure in the late nineteenth century, some universities opened their doors to a small number of women. More significant, however, was the founding of many women's colleges, frequently run by women. These colleges strove over the years to maintain a curriculum equivalent to that of the largely male universities. Therefore, many leaders of the women's college movement saw themselves as social reformers. Although women entered universities in large numbers in the first half of the twentieth century, their participation was limited by their professional objectives: teaching, social work, nursing, home economics and the like were "women's fields".

86. It is clear from the passage that higher education for women ----.A) received very little public attention prior to the

twentieth centuryB) had always been a primary concern for

governments throughout the nineteenth century.

C) became feasible only after the establishment of women's colleges

D) only became available in the closing years of the last century

E) was soon on a level with that for men

87. To start with, as the writer suggests women's access to higher education ----.

A) was confined to certain professionsB) was greatly eased when radical social reforms

were introduced in the nineteenth century.C) reached its highest peak in the late nineteenth

centuryD) began to decline in the early decades of this

centuryE) has still not reached the anticipated goal

88. It is explained in the passage that the early colleges founded for women ----.

16


A) offered training in a very wide range of disciplines

B) were largely governed by male administratorsC) made a great effort to keep their educational

standards on a level with those of men's universities

D) acted as pioneers for social reforms in all aspects of the community

E) avoided any interaction with men's colleges


Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and water vapour. The variability of the latter is meteorologically of great importance. The ozone layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation, especially lethal to plant life, lies between 12 and 50 kilometres above the earth. The lower level of the atmosphere, up to a height of about 12 kilometres, is known as the troposphere, and it is in this region that nearly all weather phenomena occur. This is the region of most interest to the forecaster studying temperature, humidity, wind-speed and the movement of air masses.

89. According to the passage, the earth ----.

A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the dangerous gases and water vapour that surround it.

B) is surrounded by gases in combination with water vapour

C) has an atmosphere which is comprised of extremely harmful gaseous substances

D) has a constant climate in spite of meteorological variations in the atmospheric gases

E) gives off a constant supply of water vapour into the atmosphere

90. As we learn from the passage, it is the plants of the earth that ----.

A) are most obviously affected by the meteorological changes in the atmosphere

B) benefit most from the water vapour in the atmosphere

C) help to reduce the effects of solar radiationD) suffer most from the ultra-violet radiation of the

sunE) contribute to the elimination of toxic gases in

the atmosphere91. We understand from the passage that the troposphere is of vital importance as regards the weather, ----.

A) even though wind-speeds cannot be accurately measured here

B) as it accommodates the ozone layerC) even though the atmospheric variability is not

predictableD) since it prevents solar radiation from reaching

the earthE) because all the meteorological phenomena

take place in this region


Edger Lawrence Doctorow is 55, and on almost anyone’s list he is counted among the leading serious American novelists today. Although he is not simply a writer of comedies, his books sell widely, and three have been made into movies. Readers, some critics excepted, have come to relish the blending of the fact and fiction that marks his odd scrutiny of the American past. In his recently published book, World’s Fair, he turns his historically inventive method on himself drawing heavily on material taken from his 1930s boyhood.

92. We understand from the passage that, in his works, Doctorow ----.A) uses both true and imaginary material in order

to depict the past of his countryB) deals with not only the comic but also the tragic

aspects of his own lifeC) concentrates on grotesque situations largely

pertaining to American historyD) constantly reiterates the events of his childhood

in the 1930sE) draws on the American past so as to instruct

the present

93. It is pointed out in the passage that Doctorow’s works ----.

A) turn historical facts and events into comic fictionB) have nearly all been made into filmsC) are rarely representative of the American way

of lifeD) have received relatively little criticism in literary

journalsE) have a wide appeal for American readers

94. According to the passage, Doctorow’s latest work ----.

A) has turned out to be the most popular of all his works

17


B) is already attracting the attention of the film makers

C) is a historical account of American life in the 1930s

D) is autobiographical, but employs the same method used in his earlier works

E) can be considered to be a political analysis of the years of his childhood


William Saroyan’s parents and relatives were Armenian immigrants who settled in the farming area around Fresno, California. Saroyan left school at fifteen and went to work, doing odd jobs. During this time he read widely and began writing in his distinctive natural style. By the late 1930s his many short stories, novels and plays had established him as a writer. Many of his stories have grown out of his experiences in the Armenian community around Fresno.

95. It is pointed out in the passage that Saroyan ----.

A) was already an established writer when he emigrated to America

B) based most of his stories on the life of the Armenian community that he knew so well

C) expected that one day he would be recognised as a great writer

D) began his career by writing short stories but later he became primarily a playwright

E) portrayed in his writings not only Armenian types but also other ethnicities

96. One point made in the passage is that Saroyan began his writing career ----.

A) with the aim of helping the Armenian community to be better understood

B) before he reached the age of fifteenC) after he arrived in AmericaD) as a self-taught manE) with the encouragement and support of his

parents

97. According to the passage, what made Saroyan’s writing so special was ----.

A) that he was influenced by a wide variety of other literatures

B) that they all dealt solely with Armenian immigrants

C) the fact that he was the first writer to present the Armenian community in literature

D) that the setting was in all cases Fresno in California

E) the simple yet striking manner in which he wrote them


For many years after Mt. Everest had been shown to be the highest mountain in the world, political conditions in Nepal, lying south of the summit, and in Tibet to the North, prevented mountaineers from attending an ascent. At last in 1921 the Tibetan authorities gave permission and the first expedition organised, as were all subsequent expeditions by international joint committee, was sent out. This was primarily a reconnaissance. Besides mapping the Northern flank, it found a practicable route up to the mountain. By 1939, six further expeditions had climbed on the northern face. Some were hampered by bad weather, others by problems previously little known, such as the effect of high altitudes on the human body and spirit. Nevertheless, notable climbs were accomplished, though the summit was never reached.

98. It is pointed out in the passage that during the 1920s and 1930s ----.A) the governments in the Everest area were

invariably suspicious of the purpose of the climbing expeditions

B) several attempts were made to climb Mt. Everest and learn more about it

C) it was Nepal that made possible the various efforts to climb

D) it was finally established that Mt. Everest was indeed the world’s highest peak

E) climbers heading for Mt. Everest encountered almost no problems

99. We learn from the passage that the first Everest expedition ----.A) was sponsored and encouraged by the Tibetan

governmentB) established that high altitudes have a negative

impact on the human bodyC) aimed to explore the terrain and chart out a

feasible route to the peakD) was greatly hampered by the adverse political

conditions prevailing in Nepal and TibetE) undertaken by an international team failed to

achieve its objectives

18


100. According to the passage, several expeditions had, by the end of the 1930s, attempted to climb Mt. Everest but ----.A) none of them succeeded in reaching the topB) none of them achieved any measure of success

at allC) no suitable routes to the top could be foundD) unfavourable weather conditions meant that no

progress could be made at allE) only one or two of them were in any way

successful KPDS 2000 MAYIS


Heat-waves, if the temperature is high enough, above 40°0 for instance, lead to wilting, and even death in plant, because of structural damage to essential proteins. The problem is that plants react by closing their pores when, due to a serious heat-wave, they are subjected to water stress, so shutting down on transpiration and conserving water. Just as the body would overheat dangerously if it shut its pores to prevent sweating, so, in a plant, the shutting of the pores will cause permanent damage. if not death. Temperatures above -5°0 can damage most plants if lasting for half an hour or more. High soil temperatures will also damage roots and prevent nutrient uptake.

83. As we learn from the passage, a heat-wave can cause serious damage to plant life ----.

A) even if the essential proteins remain unharmedB) even when the temperature remains below

40°CC) unless the soil temperature remains stableD) through harming the plant's essential proteinsE) especially if the soil is fertile

84. It is pointed out in the passage that the death of a plant in a heat-wave is due to ----.

A) a sudden loss of proteins which can occur within half an hour

B) excessive transpiration in an effort to keep its temperature down

C) overheating in the plant following the closing of the little holes in its surface

D) a structural deformation which cannot be detected easily

E) the plant's inability to conserve water in its cells

85. It is understood from the passage that, in extremely high temperatures, the roots of a plant ----.A) fail to supply the plant with adequate nutrientsB) dry out well before the leaves begin to wiltC) store an adequate amount of nutrients to

prolong plant lifeD) increase their nutrient intake in order to protect

the plantE) maintain their vitality so that they can function

normally86. 88. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. A conspicuous feature of cities in many countries, in particular those of Western Europe, is that buildings and streets devastated during the war are, once peace is reinstated, rebuilt in exactly the same manner as they existed before. Enormous efforts are taken to recreate the environment with total fidelity. This reflects the extent to which ordinary people value the traditions and culture of the past. In Japanese cities, however, one sees little evidence of such respect for tradition. Tokyo presents an extreme example: it is quite common these days for the appearance of a street or quarter to change almost beyond recognition every year. In provincial cities as well, one often finds that an absence of several years has rendered a city almost unrecognisable.

86. It is emphasized in the passage that in Western Europe, in the post-war period ----.A) people relished the chance to break with

tradition and create a new style of cityB) new style of architecture were favoured in the

bigger citiesC) every effort was made to rebuild the cities in the

pre-war styleD) environmental concerns were usually

disregarded in the reconstruction of citiesE) many countries were still doubtful about the

permanence of the peace

87. According to the passage, unlike the Europeans, the Japanese ----.

A) take every opportunity to promote their traditions and culture

B) reconstructed their cities in accordance with their cultural traditions

C) were reluctant to introduce any novelties into city planning

D) paid considerable attention to environmental matters in rebuilding their cities

E) are, on the whole, indifferent to their past

19


88. With reference to Japanese writer points out that ----.

A) the cities are constantly undergoing massive changes In appearance

B) Tokyo is an extreme example of traditional designs in architecture

C) provincial cities have imitated Tokyo as regards city planning

D) in major cities, the streets invariably follow a similar design

E) there is a strong European Influence in city planning


Modern education is almost exclusively focused on preparing children for an urban future, as consumers in a global 'free" market. This makes a return to any sort of rural existence almost an impossibility for those tutored by the Western education system in the 21st century. The fact is that, for all the fashionable talk about cultural diversity, schools, colleges and universities today prepare their graduates poorly for anything other than a uniform urban existence. We educate the young from country to city alike, to be urban with urban appetites, skills, minds, dependencies and expectations. And as globalised future will overwhelmingly mean an urban future, our graduates of tomorrow will be trained, above all, to keep the wheels of the global economy running, with all the Implications that has for nature and society.

89. In this passage one feels that the author ----.

A) greatly values the educational system current in the West today

B) is not happy with the kind of education the young in the West are receiving today

C) admires the enormous contribution modern education is making to the global economy

D) look forward to the time when the world's population will all be urban

E) emphasises the high quality of modern education presently being offered to the young

90. The author argues that the young are everywhere being educated to ----.

A) be aware of the drawbacks of a global "free" market

B) appreciate equally both the rural and the urban ways of life

C) appreciate the joys of rural lifeD) feel comfortable only in a purely urban way of

life

E) play a creative role in the intellectual life of the 21st century

91. In the passage the author seems to ----.

A) deplore any effort in education to revive rural values

B) be confident of the future of the global economyC) favour free market policies throughout the worldD) expect that the young will create a better world

in the 21st centuryE) discount the idea that there is any cultural

diversity In modern life92. 94. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre cevaplayınız. People in other European countries have been wondering for some time why and how Norway has stayed out of the European Union. Austria, Finland, Sweden joined in 1994, almost without any public debate, just a few months after the their governments had proposed the joining. By then, the Norwegians had been debating the issue for 33 years, ever since their government had started the drive towards unionisation. One reason for the success of Norwegian resistance is that in both 1952 and 1987, when the Norwegian government sent off applications for joining the EEC, President De Gaulle of France rejected the proposals. He feared that the inclusion of Norway, as of England, would complicate and slow down EEC integration.

92. We learn from the passage that the government of Norway ----.A) deliberated for over three decades whether or

not to become a member of the European Union

B) openly disagreed with De Gaulle on many issues concerning the future of Europe

C) has generally collaborated with England on matters concerning the European Union

D) never showed any desire to join what was known in the 1980s as the EEC

E) was exceedingly disappointed when Finland and Sweden decided to join the European Union

93. It is pointed out in the passage that De Gaulle ----.A) personally urged Norway. but not England to

join the EECB) was the statesman largely responsible for the

establishment of the EECC) was anxious to keep both England and Norway

out of the EECD) was disillusioned by the unwillingness of the

Norwegian government to join the EECE) was determined to keep the EEC solely for the

countries of Continental Europe

20


94. According to the passage, Austria, Finland and Sweden ----.A) had, in the 19S0s, been designated by De

Gaulle as future EEC membersB) entered the European Union with very little

opposition from their own peopleC) worked together to persuade Norway to join

them in applying for European Union membership

D) had all applied for EEC membership in the 19S0s but they were only admitted in the 1990s

E) were among the few European Union countries to favour England's membership


In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins in the Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a depth of up to 100 meters at rates of up to 8 kilometres an hour, and penetrates right up into the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia, bearing with it a climate that makes life just about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter. The energy it carries in the form of heat is equivalent to 100 times the entire use of energy in human societies across the world or put another way, more than 27,000 times Britain's electricity generating capacity. In terms of temperature the Gulf Stream heats the surface over a wide area by at least 5°C. Were the-Gulf Stream to fail, temperatures over northern Europe would fall by more than 10 centigrade degree during the winter months. Northern Europe would have a climate comparable to that of Siberia: just how it would support its current population is difficult to imagine.

95. This passage mainly deals with ----.

A) the adverse effects that Gulf Stream has on the wild life in Scandinavia

B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the climate in the Arctic Circle

C) the question of whether man can benefit from the energy latent in the Gulf Stream

D) the reasons why the climate of Scandinavia differs from that of Siberia

E) the course, climatic effects and energy capacity of the Gulf Stream

96. As we understood from the passage, one of the great benefits of the Gulf Stream is that it ----.A) causes an average ten percent rise in temperature in

Northern Europe throughout the winterB) provides a huge amount of electricity for the Northern

Europe countriesC) warms up the whole of Scandinavia and Siberia in

winterD) circles around Britain and then moves into the

northern watersE) carries warm waters nearly as far as the Arctic Circle

97. It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf Stream would theoretically barely meet the needs of the whole world

B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far more noticeable in the Arctic Circle than along the shores of Northern Europe

C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be almost impossible for Northern Europe to support its population

D) the Gulf Stream brings with it disadvantages as well as advantages for the people of Northern Europe

E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the people of Siberia are to survive


Within a short time after the outbreak of the Second World War, Britain was without imports of many vital pharmaceuticals that had formerly come from Japan, Germany and the Far East. As a result, the first wartime government set up systematic research into the cultivation and medical use of herbs, By 1940, women's voluntary organisations had been drawn into a national campaign to gather wild herbs, Up and down the country, County Herb Committees were organised to oversee the gathering, drying, distillation and distribution of the medicinal herbs. Lay people were given brief locally-based training in how to recognise herbs, store and dry them. Farmers were given subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to-find herbs, By 1943, every county had its herb committee and during the five years of the Second World War, over 750 tons of dried herbs were gathered and turned into medicines.

98, We learn from the passage that before World War 11, Britain ----.

A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far EastB) traded primarily with Germany, Japan and the Far

EastC) imported raw materials from Japan, Germany and the

Far East and exported pharmaceuticals to themD) was largely dependent on Germany, Japan and the

Far East for its pharmaceuticalsE) thought of exporting dried herbs for pharmaceutical

purposes

99) It is vividly described in the passage how, during World War II, the British government ----.

A) banned the import of all kinds of pharmaceuticals from Germany, Japan and the Far East

B) gave priority to the import of medicinesC) encouraged scientific research into improving the

efficiency and variety of vital pharmaceuticalsD) only gave subsidies to those farmers who were

interested in growing herbsE) took serious measures to ensure that the country

should not be short of medicines

21


100. It is clear from the passage that, of the special arrangements made in Britain during the war, one was ----.

A) the reduction of imports from Germany and JapanB) the Getting up of local and national organisations to

produce medicinal herbsC) the introduction of new agricultural policies to

increase production in every sphereD) the launching of a national women's campaign for the

distribution of medicines throughout the countryE) the training of local people in the production of herb-

based medicinesKPDS 2000 KASIM


Restorative justice does not ask “how do we punish?’, but instead asks ‘how do we get people to take responsibilty for what they have done?”. Paying a fine, or even going to prison are easy options for some people. They are all ways that offenders can avoid taking responsibility, because in this way they never have to face the human reality of what they have done. Prisons have been called “universities for criminals.” Young people go in for unpaid fines, often for victimless crimes, and they come out with a degree in burglary or worse. I am not saying that the answer is to tear down all prisons. Far from it. There are people who are dangerous to society, who the community will want to keep locked up. Prison can also be part of a sentencing package under restorative justice. But the vast majority of people in prison are not violent, and do not need to be there. What they do need is to be brought face to face with the human reality of the harm they have caused, and they must be given an opportunity to rectify.

83. In the opinion of the author, prisons ----.

A) teach people to become better citizens.B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever C) should be remodelled on the lines of

universities and polytechnics. D) should largely be reserved for violent people

who constitute a threat to societry E) are essential as more and more violence

occurs in society.

84. According to the writer, such a traditional punishment as fining ----.

A) helps to keep the crime – rate down.B) actually helps offenders to avoid facing the fact

that they have hurt society C) has been shown to be far more effective than

imprisonment D) is highly effective if the offenders are youngE) is regarded as a harder option than

imprisonment

85. According to the passage, restorative justice ----.

A) regards most criminals as not being responsible for the crimes they have committed

B) is only concerned with punishment when the criminal has proved violent

C) concentrates on criminal acts in which there is no victim.

D) is too idealised and has little chance of working succesfully.

E) is less concerned with punishment than with helping the offender to become a better citizen.


In the coming weeks, wine makers north of the equator will oversee the harvesting and fermenting of the first vintage of the millennium. But long before the finished product reaches the shelves – before it even makes it out of the barrel, in some casessamples will be offered to exporters and distributors. A select group of wine critics will also be given a taste. Most will record their impressions in the extravagant prose that wine journalists unfortunaltely love to use. Others will go one step further and assign numerical grades. These days a high score is more effective than mere praise. It can make a comparatively unknown wine into a highly desirable one that everyone is seeking to buy.

86. According to the passage, before the new season’s wines even reach the shops, wine critcs will have ----.

A) tasted samples and described or graded them B) suggested suitable prices for each typeC) bought up large quantities of what they think

will sell well D) advised producers on the fermenting process

for the next year’s vintage. E) compared their impressions with those of other

wine critics.

87. In the opinion of the writer, most of the wine journalists ----.

A) don’t like the practice of awarding wines numerical grades

B) generally use too many exotic words and literary expressions

C) have very little influence on the public’s choice of wine.

D) are less influential than distributors in the business of buying and selling of wines.

E) should be consulted at all stages of the wine-making process.

22


88. It is emphasized out in the passage that the practice of awarding numerical grades to wines ----.

A) is not as reliable or satisfactory as the pratice of describing wines.

B) is not at all popular among exporters and distributors

C) has had a truly amazing effect on wine sales D) means that little known wines never get a

chance to be known E) is rapidly giving way to the system of verbal

descrpition


One never finishes learning about art. There are always new things to discover. Great works of art seem to look different each time one stands before them. They seem to be as inexhaustible and unpredictable as real human beings. It is an exciting world of its own with its own strange laws and its own adventures. Nobody should think he knows all about it, for nobody does. Nothing, perhaps, is more important than just this: that to enjoy these Works we must have a fresh mind, one which is ready to catch every hint and to respond to every hidden harmony mind, most of all that has not been dulled by the terminology and ready–made phrasses of art appreciation. It is infinitely better not to know anything about art than to have the kind of half-knowledge which makes for snobbishness. The danger is very real.

89. According to the passage, great works of art are, in a way like real people ----.

A) and we can expect to like them for some reasons, dislike them for others.

B) because there is a lot to learn about them before we finally know them

C) and one needs a special vocabulary if one is to discuss them effectively

D) because they can surprise us and give us something new each time we face them

E) though, naturally, they are incapable of change

90. The writer feels that, if we are to enjoy works of art we must ----.

A) concentrate on the ones that appeal to us and ignore those that don’t.

B) learn everything there is to learn about artC) keep finding new works of art to look at and

compare them with our old favourites. D) look at them again and again until we have

seen and understood everything about them E) come to them without preconceived ideas and

with a readiness to respond to whatever they have to offer.

91. In the opinion of the writer ----.

A) the world of art is more exciting than the real world.

B) the cliches of art appreciation are extremely dangerous and likely to stand in the way of genuine appreciation.

C) it is easy for everyone to appreciate great art. D) everyone can and should acquire some kind of

half–knowledge of art. E) it is not advisable to keep going back to a work

of art until we have exhausted all it has to say to us.


In theory, the multimedia age should be killing off bookshops. Who still has time to read books, what with surfing the internet, viewing scores of new digital television channels, and putting in ever–longer hours at work? And presumably those few people who do still read books will be buying them on the internet. After all, Amazon, a bookseller, is the most cited example of a successful online retailer. So much for the theory. What about the practice? This week the largest bookshop in Britain opened up in the old Simpson’s of Piccadilly in London. With 265.000 titles and 1,5 million books, the new branch of Waterstone’s stretches over seven floors. A department store, which once sold everything from sushi to plus – fours, is now devoted entirely to one product–books. The new Waterstone’s is almost next door to Hatchards, a mere five– storey bookshop, with a well established clientele, and two smaller bookshops. It is also less than a mile from Borders, another huge bookstore in Oxford Street.

92. The passage suggests that, in this world of technological advance one might, in theory, expect that ----.

A) internet, among other things, would make book shops obsolete

B) internet would prove a serious rival to television C) smaller bookshop would be brought up by

larger ones. D) internet book retailers like Amazon would find

few customers E) new digital television channels have little

chance of success

93. In the passage, we are given a great deal of information about the new Waterstone’s bookshop, ----.

A) together with the number and quality of the staff employed there

B) including the exact postal addressC) and the incredible variety of second hand books

to be found there is given special emphasis D) but it is the oriçinal use of floor space that

receives special attention

23


E) including the fact that the premises once belonged to a department store that sold literally every type of goods.

94. As if to emphasise his own surprise, the writer makes the point that the new Waterstone’s bookshop ----.

A) is designed and run like a department store. B) has deprived neighbouring bookshops of a lot

of their trade. C) plans to open yet another branch in Oxford

Street D) is situated in a neighbourhood of well

established bookstores E) is not likely to attract many customers


The seventeenth–century scientist Francis Bacon was the first to insist that science be methodically separated from values so as to make it truly ‘neutral’ or objective. In reality, he did nothing of the sort. His ‘scientific knowledge,” instead of being value–free, set out explicitly and purposefully to give humanity power over nature. ‘Truth and utility are perfectly identical, he wrote in his Novum Organum, and ‘that which is most useful in practice is most correct in theory’. In effect, he merely replaced the old ‘subjective’ values of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ with the values of ‘useful’ and useless’, or more precisely of contributing or not contributing to man’s domination over or transformation of the natural world.’ There were to be no limits to this transformation. His goal was explicitly stated. It was “achieve all things achievable”. At least he was honest enough to admit the fact. Modern sciene has followed Bacon’s lead exactly but does not admit it.

95. According to the author, the broad goals of modern scientists are identical with those of Bacon, ----.

A) except that they regard nothing as ‘useless’B) only they avoid saying soC) although Bacon never actually discussed goals D) and even more ambitiousE) but they consider him too subjective in his

outlook

96. It is argued in the passage that though Bacon was determined to make science objective and value–free, ----.

A) he knew he was setting himself an impossible task

B) this was impossible as truth and utilty are inseparable

C) he did not want man to have dominion over nature.

D) he was himself greatly influenced by the concepts of right and wrong.

E) he actually simply substituted one set of values for another.

97. We understand from the passage that Bacon regarded science as a means to ----.

A) establish what was useful and what true.B) overcome such subjective values as ‘good’ and

‘evil’ C) protect the natural world and so preserve itD) give man power over nature so he could benefit

from it. E) keep the natural world unchanged and unspoilt.


If a greater proportion of the food people eat were to be locally produced, this would be of great benefit to the farmer. A mix of local, regional, national, and international production would still be available; indeed, the goal would not be to put an end to the international trade in food, but to avoid transporting food thousands of miles then it could instead be produced next door. Such a shift would help revitalise rural economies ruined by the global economy. Less money would go into the hands of corporate middlemen, and far more would remain in the hands of farmers. This would especially be the case with the direct marketing of food via farmers’ markets and farm stands and other forms of community supported agriculture. If farmers were not impelled to specialise their production in a few global commodities, the trend towards ever larger and more highly mechanised farms would slow down. Moreover, since small farms use a proportionally higher amount of human labour than mechanised inputs, a return to smaller farms would help bring back some of the 700, 000 farm jobs the UK has lost during the last half – century of agricultural progress.

98. It is stresssed in the passage that it would be to the advantage of the farmer and the rural economy at large if ----.

A) people were to eat locally produced food more often.

B) the sale of farm products were in the hands of corporate middlemen

C) the advantages of a global economy were better appreciated

D) the practice of direct marketing of food at farmers’ markets were forbidden

E) the marketing of all food products were at a national or international level.

99. According to the author, farms are growing larger and more highly mechanised ----.

A) as this is the only sure way to make money out of farming

B) as this is what the rural community wants

24


C) since no one is willing to work on the landD) because imported foodstuffs are so much

cheaper E) as farmers feel obliged to concentrate on a very

few products for global markets.

100. The author is opposed to the trend towards larger and more highly mechanised farms ----.

A) as they result in unnecessarily high food prices B) since the quality of food they produce is poor C) because it has resulted in a great many farm

labourers losing their jobs. D) though the admits the quality of food they

produce is high E) though this is what the owners of small farms

want KPDS 2001 MAYIS


In the case of shallow tunnels or in urban areas it is often possible, by means of carefully sited boreholes to gain an idea as to the nature of the ground and water conditions. Under high mountains boring becomes expensive so reliance has to be placed upon geological interpretations. As strata can vary so much, surprises are often met with and techniques sometimes have to change in a single tunnel. In the Severn railway tunnel (4 mls 628 yd long. completed in 1886) great quantities of water were unexpectedly encountered and are still being pumped out.

83. The writer explains that when a tunnel does not go deep underground, ----.

A) one can learn about the type of ground it is to pass through by means of strategically placed boreholes

B) the type of strata it is to pass through is unimportant

C) it may prove unsuitable in urban areasD) the geological nature of the terrain does not in

general, have to be taken into consideration E) the techniques used to excavate it vary very

little

84. We understand from the passage that before any tunnel is opened ----.

A) an exact understanding of the nature of the rock strata around it must be gained

B) samples of the ground through which it is to pass must always be taken

C) it is desirable to get an idea of the nature of the ground that is being tunnelled

D) the area surrounding it should be drained of any underground water

E) the suitability of the site has to be testblasted.

85. It is pointed out in the passage that the geological interpretations made of the strata through which a tunnel is to go ----.

A) are based on samples of the ground taken form boreholes

B) cannot detect underground waterwaysC) are particularly relevant in urban areasD) are not always reliableE) are especially useful if underground water is

suspected.


Water of doubtful purity for drinking can be rendered safe by boiling and then can be cooled in water bags or in earthenware containers, which must be protected from dust and files. When boiling is not possible, drinking water can in many areas be adequately sterilised by chlorination; one tablet of Halazone is added to one litre of water and allowed to stand for 30 minutes. Water containing suspended matter should be filtered first. There is, however, the danger of a particularly serious infectious disease in many regions of Africa, the Middle and Far East, and South America. In these regions the water of rivers, lakes and canals may be infected, and the disease is acquired when the water comes in contact with the skin.

86. In this passage the writer point out that boiling ----.

A) is the only safe method of producing drinking water

B) is commonly used in Africa and the less developed countries to purify water.

C) is a reliable method of making impure water safe to drink

D) will purify water but must not continue for more than 30 minutes

E) is one method of combating infectious diseases in third world countries

87. We learn from the passage that, when sterilisation of water is to be carried out by means of chlorination, ----.

A) it is important to make sure that the water is not infected

B) it must be preceded by filtrationC) great care must be taken that no dust be

allowed to get into the water D) the best containers for the job are earthenware

ones E) the process should be followed by the boiling of

the water

25


88. We understand from the passage that, in certain regions of the world, such as parts of Africa and Asia, ----.

A) filtration is vital for the removal of suspended matter from the water.

B) river water may be so infected that boiling cannot purify it.

C) people are cautioned not to use canal water because it is always infected

D) Halazone tablets are frequently used to sterilise infected water

E) skin contact with infected water can cause the development of a highly infectious disease


As with all revolutions, the causes of the American Revolution which separated the original thirteen American colonies from Great Britain were social, economic and political and so inextricably interwoven that it is difficult to appraise them. First there was the distance from Great Britain and the environment of a new country which, whether they willed it or not, had gradually over a period of 150 years turned Englishmen into Americans. The older stock was largely English but the bulk of them, as a comtemporary historian commented, “knew little of the mother country, having only heard of her as a distant kingdom, the rulers of which had in the preceding century persecuted and banished their ancestors to the woods of America”. With each generation and with each move westward old contacts were broken. Furthermore large groups of colonists had come from Germany, Ireland and other parts of Europe and had no ties with England and, in the case of the Irish, no affection.

89. The writer makes the point that is very hard to ----.

A) assess the separate causes of the American Revolution because they are so complex.

B) justify the American Revolution historicallyC) relate the American Revolution to the economic

circumstances of the time D) account for the political causes of the American

Revolution. E) explain the social implications of the American

Revolution on Britain

90. According to the passage, by the time the American Revolution took place, ----.

A) generations of the colonists in America had dreamed of gaining their independence

B) the non-British immigrants had demographically far exceeded the British ones

C) many of the British colonists were stil trying to maintain their ties with the mother country

D) the colonists living in America felt they no longer had any ties with Bratin

E) the number of the Irish in America had more than doubled

91. The writer points out that, among the non- British colonists in America, it was the Irish who ----.

A) had suffered most at the hands of the BritishB) were the least friendly towards BritainC) united with the German colonists to oppose

Britain D) were among the first ones to settle thereE) felt they had been unjustly banished to these

parts


Translation renders knowledge mobile. The task of the scientific translator, no less than the literary translator, has been to create new texts, to multiply sources into new languages, and thereby to produce new “oriçinals”. Over time, translation itself has built a great scientific library, ever more enriched, and accessible. Although we may think of scientific translation as literal, mechanical work, this has never been the case. The reasons for this are complex, but have much to do with the lack of exact one to one correspondence among languages. Translating science always involves interpretation, the remaking of an original. If it did not, machine translation would have long ago rendered the scientific translator extinct.

92. According to the passage scientific translation, just like literary translation, ----.

A) requires a kind of rewriting of the oriçinal text B) should avoid the temptation of trying to interpret

the oriçinal text. C) is becoming increasingly mechanised and

making translators themselves redundant D) has actually played a very small part in the

spread of knowledge E) is presently being carried out into fewer and

fewer languages

93. The writer stresses that the job of a scientific translator ----.

A) requires more technical knowledge than linguistic

B) is far easier than that of the translation of literary texts

C) has been made much easier with the introduction of machine translation

D) is actually far more creative than has generally been assumed

E) goes back farther in history than does that of the literary translator

26


94. As the writer suggests, an important obstacle that a scientific translator faces, is that ----.

A) new scientific texts are growing more and more complex in content

B) very few people are interested in the translations of scientific Works

C) the machine translation of scientific texts has reached a high level of efficiency

D) the work is so mechanical and tedious that it offers almost no statisfaction

E) the exact translation of one language into another can almost never be achieved


The ideal of a family life shared by all in 19th century. England survived into the early 20th century, until home life was seriously dislocated in 1914 by World War I which was a war on the largest scale the world had ever known. But since the last decade of the 19th centruy new developments and inventions had been rapidly affecting the home life of an increasing number of people. Town and country were knit more closely together by easier railway travel, cheap and efficient postal services, the popularity of the bicycle, the development of the petrol engine and the cheap popular newspaper; such things as these helped to break down social formalities and to place women again on a more equal footing with men.

95. It is pointed out in the passage that, as a result of a variety of changes in the way of life in England at the turn of the century, ----.

A) travel by rail became the most popular form of transport

B) living conditions in the country couldn’t keep up with those in the towns

C) the position of women in society improved significantly

D) country people were for the first time able to benefit from postal services

E) the urban people had the unique opportunity of exploring the countryside on their bicycles

96. According to the author, one of the damaging effects in England of World War I, was that ----.

A) more and more people began to leave urban areas and move to the countryside

B) the manufacturing industry experienced a severe recession

C) technological progress was adversely affected D) the traditionally close family life was badly

disrupted

E) everbody began to take an interest in political and economic affairs

97. The author points out that World War I ----.

A) helped to bring town life and country life closer together

B) showed people how important family life was C) was of a greater magnitude than any previous

war had been D) was an important factor in the break down of

social formalities E) had been expected as far back as the last

decade of the 19th century


Most people take it for granted that prices will always rise, and understandably so. A 60-yearold American has seen them go up by more than 1,000 % in his lifetime. Yet prolonged inflation is a comparatively recent phenomenon. Until about 60 years ago prices in general were as likely to fall as to rise. On the eve of the first world war, for example, prices in Britain, overall, were almost exactly the same as they had been at the time of the great fire of London in 1666. Now the world may be reverting to that earlier normality. The prices of many things have fallen over the past 12 months or so. Not only computers and video players, but a wide range of goods – from cars and clothes to coffee and petrol- are in many countries, cheaper than they were a year ago.

98. It is emphassised in the passage that, up to the last half century or so, ----.

A) a period of prolonged inflation was a rare occurrence

B) prices were rigidly controlled to avoid inflation C) Britain was one of the few countries to suffer

from inflation D) people were more disturbed by a fall in prices

than by a rise in prices E) it was extremely unusual for prices either to rise

or to fall

99. We understand from the passage that the experience of average Americans over the last 60 years or so, ----.

A) has made them one of the most economyconscious nations in the world

B) has taught them to expect continual price increases

C) has impressed on them the need to produce more and more goods.

D) has encouraged them to cut down on expenditure

27


E) has made them fear deflation more than inflation

100. The writer of this passage suggests that, economic trends, worldwide, ----.

A) can rarely be accurately predictedB) have been characterized by everincreasing

inflation C) have not been affected by a drop in prices in a

few countries D) have been affected by the danger of deflation E) seem to be changing as the prices of many

goods are falling

KPDS 2001 KASIM


Angling is the art of catching fish with very basic equipment, in fact just a rod, a line and a hook, or even just a line and a hook, the special feature of the pursuit being the attraction of the prey by a suitable bait. The requisites for a successful angler are knowledge of the haunts and habits of fish, skill in the use of tackle and a patience much in excess of that required for most out – of – door sports. Skill in the use of rod and line depends more upon actual experience by the waterside than on acquisition of theories published in books and magazines.

83. The passage emphasizes the fact that, for an angler to succeed, ----.

A) it is essential for him to know a lot about the ways of fish, and have great patience

B) he must have read a great deal of theoretical material about fish

C) it is of vital importance that he has all the right equipment

D) he must have a wide variety of bait for each species of fish

E) he needs to train in the various methods of angling

84. It is pointed out in the passage that angling ----.

A) is a very intricate art that has to be learned from books.

B) is a sport simillar to many other outdoor sports C) is a kind of fishing in which a very simple and

limited type of tackle is used D) requires not so much actual experience as

theoretical knowledge E) depends more on the tackle and bait than on

the angler’s skillful use of them

85. The passage is mainly concerned with ----.

A) the different methods of attracting fish to the bait

B) the art of angling and the requirements of success in angling

C) the pleasure and satisfaction the angler gets out of this activity

D) the theoretical aspects of the art of angling E) the importance and variety of the tackle used in

angling


The parachute was used for certain kinds of military operation in World War I, but it was not until about 1925 that a conception of airborne forces, that is to say, large numbers of troops moved about by aircraft and deposited at or near the field of battle, by glider, parachute or aeroplane, came into being. Russia was the first to develop the idea on a large scale, and in army manoeuvres in 1930 she conducted practical trials. The Italians were also early in the field with the idea of parachute troops. The Frech had created an airborne battalion, but it was disbanded before the war. Great Britain had done almost nothing to develop airborne forces up to the outbreak of war in 1939.

86. The author points out that the idea of airborne forces ----.

A) first emerged in the mid 1920 sB) was a closely guarded secret for many years C) was slow to gain approval as it was felt to be

dangerous D) was first developed by the Italians during World

War I E) was immediately recognized as of vital

importance during World War I

87. We learn from the passage that Britain ----.

A) vehemently disapproved of the use of airborne forces

B) was exremely slow to recognize the importance of airborne forces in time of war.

C) and France cooperated in manouevres of their airborne forces.

D) was very concerned when Russia began military manoeuvres with airborne forces.

E) was one of the first to build aircraft for airborne forces

28


88. It is obvious form the passage that one of the benefits of airborne forces is that ----.

A) it gives army and airforce the opportunity to compete with each other

B) they can be trained in a very short period of time

C) their main equipment is the parachute which is cheap and easy to supply

D) troops can be transported rapidly by air to a position close to the scene of battle.

E) they can easily be mobilized and just as easily be disbanded.


Letters are often autobiographical records of great importance and some collections of correspondence are practically autobiographies. The preservation and publication of the letters of famous persons is practice that goes back to antiquity. Thirteen letters described to Plato are still in existence at least some of these are considered by modern scholars to be genuine. Genuine letters of Epucurus and Socrates have also been preserved. Cicero’s letters to his friend Atticus, to his daughter and to other correspondents are among the most intimate and interesting autobiographical documents of antiquity.

89. According to the passage, it is believed that Plato ----.

A) preferred letter writing to other forms of autobiographical writing

B) was the first of the ancients to write autobiographical letters

C) wrote only thirteen letters which contain a great many details about his private life

D) stated the tradition of letter writing and this was taken up by Epicurus and others

E) may have left behind over a dozen letters

90. The writer points out that letter writting ----.

A) requires both a great deal of insight and precision of expression to be effective

B) was considered by Cicero to be a form of art which should be cultivated

C) is a practice that only celebrated people are interested in

D) has been traced back to ancient times and frequently reflects the personality of the letter writer

E) has furnished scholars with more factual and historical material than official documents have done

91. As the author suggests, Cicero ----.

A) Expected that his letters would be preserved as records of his age

B) was extremely fond of his daughter and wrote most of his letters to her

C) wrote letters to Atticus which are not nearly as personal as those to his daughter

D) followed the lead of Platon in the art of letter writing

E) reflected his own self and life in his letters with remarkable sincerity


Literature in Australia is a branch of English literature in general, as one might expect from the fact that the population is very largely of British stock and that in education Australia followed English and Scottish traditions as it did in its other institutions. Unlike Canada or South Africa, Australia never had two cultures and two literary traditions, and its isolation during the 19th century meant that its cultural links were almost entirely with Britain. Australians read English books and English magazines for the most part, and 19 th – century Australian writers hoped or expected to have their books published in England and wrote mainly with an eye to English readers.

92. In the passage it is stressed that Australians ----.

A) avoided the example of Canada and South Africa in establishing their own cultural identity

B) were trying to create their own genuine literature as early as the 19th century

C) were for a long time culturally and educationally closely affiliated with Britain

D) were extremely prejudiced against boks and magazines published in 19th – century Britain

E) in the 19th century felt so isolated they turned to Britain for support

93. We learn from the passage that the people of Australia ----.

A) have closer ties with Scotland than with England

B) are, to a great extent, of British origin C) are similar to the people of Canada and South

Africa in their literary and cultural traditions D) set up educational institutions unlike those in

England. E) like the people of South Africa, have never had

any interest in the indigenous population of their country.

29


94. It is emphasised in the passage that England and Scotland provided models for ----.

A) the establishment of cultural insitutions in Australia as well as in Canada.

B) Canada and South Africa as they developed their cultural and literary traditions

C) Australian institutions only during the eraly 19th century

D) Australia not only in education but also in other respects

E) cultural activities in Autstalia, but gave no support to Australian writers


An insecticide is a substance employed to destroy insects. It is significant that the word dates from the mid – 19th century only since then has any real progress been made in preventing the attacks and subsequent damage of insects, formerly regarded as unavoidable. Most of the earlier methods were based on the recommendations of such writers as the Roman author Pliny or upon folklore. A few were soundly based on observation and experience, but most were fanciful stories of doubtful logic. The evolution of modern insecticides owes much to gradually improving methods of testing in early times natural plant products and minerals were used; later a great variety of industrial by–products and synthetic substances became avaliable.

95. We learn from the passage that, up to the 19th century, ----.

A) most of the insecticides were industrial by– products.

B) insecticides had been used in accordance with the advice of Pliny

C) methods used to combat insects had little scientific basis

D) the harmful effect of insects were not widespread enough to require the use of insecticides

E) Pliny was the only author to dwell on the subject of insect control.

96. The writer points out that in recent times synthetic subtances ----.

A) are no longer used in the making of insecticides B) rather than natural ones have been used in the

production of insecticides C) are small in number and not easily available D) are proving more effecient than industrial by–

products in insect control E) have fallen out of favour for various reasons

97. We learn from the passage that progress in methods of testing ----.

A) has revealed the value of natural products in the production of insecticides

B) dates back to the Roman author, PlinyC) has led to an increase in the manufacturing of

synthetic materials D) has developed alongside improved methods of

extraction E) has facilitated improvements in the

development of insecticides in our time.


Stockholm this year celebrates the centenary of the Nobel Prize, an event that has already been marked by a major exhibition in the city’s old Stock Exchange building. The exhibit, “Cultures of Creativity”, explores the life and work of Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite and one of Stockholm’s most illustrious citizens. The prize he established, first awarded in 1901, has subsequently gone to more than 700 scientists, writers and peacemakers for their contributions to humanity. The exhibit also examines the qualities needed to foster creativity and courage, and it explains how nominees and winners are selected.

98. It is emphasized in the passage that the Nobel Prize ----.

A) has contributed enormously to the international fame of Stockholm

B) is generally awarded to scientists rather than to writers and peacemakers

C) is awarded to celebrate the invention of dynamite

D) has been awarded to vey many people over the last hundred years

E) is the primary reason for the fame of Alfred Nobel

99. According to the passage, Alfred Nobel ----.

A) will always be remembered for his contribution to the prosperity of humanity

B) had been involved in various creative projects before he invented dynamite.

C) was a much admired and respected member of the Stockholm community

D) was known for his scientific creativity and political courage

E) gathered around him many scientists who were working on explosives

30


100. We learn from the passage that one of the major aims of the exhibit “Cultures of Creativity” is to ----.

A) demonstrate the procedures whereby candidates for the Nobel Prize and its winners are chosen

B) publicize and honour the achievements of the Nobel Prize winners

C) celebrate a hundred years of scientific advance D) inform people of the main qualitifications

required for application for Nobel Prize candidacy

E) demonstrate how scientific and humanitarian progress can be achieved simultaneously

KPDS 2002 MAYIS


Does advertising encourage waste by persuading consumers to buy goods that they do not need? In reply to this, it has been pointed out that all the consumer really needs, is a bare minimum of clothing, food and shelter, and that one of the distinguishing marks of any civilized community is that it lives well above the minimum subsistence level. Most advertising is designed to influence the consumer’s spending power. In western countries, advertising has played a great part in bringing laboursaving equipment, and so a degree of leisure, and even luxury, to millions. Advertising that encourages the public to want more is also claimed to act as an incentive making people want to earn more in order to buy the goods advertised, and therefore making them work harder. For this reason advertising has been defended as having an essential part to play in the move towards higher standards of living. The defenders of advertising also point out that it is not solely concerned with encouraging the public to spend. Bank, insurance companies and building societies are amongst the commercial advertisers who encourage saving.

83. The basic aim of this passage is to ----.

A) emphasize the vital importance of advertising for banks and insurance companies.

B) initiate a controversy as regards the advantages and disadvantages of advertising

C) enlighten the public as to the misleading aspects of advertising

D) draw attention to the large amounts of money wasted as a result of advertisements

E) present a positive attitude towards advertising and its benefits

84. According to the passage, one of the ultimate benefits of advertising is to ----.

A) make working life more competitive and sociable

B) encourage people to attain a higher and better standard of living

C) help banks and insurance companies to extend their activities to all sections of society

D) make the public better informed about how to manage their savings

E) advise working people on how to avoid excessive spending on luxury goods

85. One of the points made in passage is that----.

A) advertising does not always aim at making people spend

B) advertising is most effectively practised in western countries

C) luxury goods are more extensively advertised than other goods

D) the consumer can easily be deceived by the clever advertising of very ordinary goods

E) those who attack advertising are the very people most affected by advertising


Though Italy’s national boundaries have altered relatively little since unification in the 1860s, national identity is quailified by sharp internal differentiation. Economic and occupational structures, standarts of living, political loyalties, cultural traditions and even language vary substantially between parts of the country. Only since the 1970s has there existed a comprehensive system of regional government with financial and legislative authority. However, the division of powers between central and regional governments is imprecise, and in practice the latter depend on substantial resources from the former. In the absence of clear and effective rules, relations between the regions and the central government are determined by a process of political bargaining. In this process, political alliances and personal linkages play a vital role. In this respect, the Italian system may be defined as a kind of federalism.

86. It is clear from the passage that in Italy, during the past 25 years or so, regional government ----.

A) has slowly become more powerful while central government has grown less

B) has enjoyed considerable power though this is not very specific in nature

C) has frequently been on bad terms with central government

D) has become financially independent of central government

E) has resisted all efforts on the part of the central government to bring uniformity to the country

87. The passage puts considerable emphasis on the fact that ----.

A) there is a great deal of variety, in virtually every respect, among the regions of Italy

B) the vast regional diffences in Italy threaten the political unity of the country

31


C) the traditional cultural, economic and linguistic differences in Italy have now almost disappeared

D) federalism is a system of government that is unsuitable to Italy

E) the central government exercises excessive authority on the affairs of local administrations

88. It is clear from the passage that local administrations in Italy today ----.

A) are hardly at all concerned about the preservation of national unity

B) are trying hard to get rid of the local differences of the country

C) are, to a large extent, dependent upon the central government for financial and other support

D) are far stronger and better organized that they were in the 1860s

E) change whenever there is a change in the central government


Sir Philip Sidney was a 16th – century English poet and critic. His Defence of Poesy is the only major work of literary criticism in sixteenth-century England, a period during which Italy and France produced large numbers of critical treatises, heavily influenced by Aristotle’s Poetics. By contrast, Sidney’s text is highly eclectic, drawing together aesthetic principles from several traditions and emphasizing especially those principles that are of primary importance to the Elizabethans: ideal imitation, moral teaching and decorum. Looking back to Aristotle, Sidney defines poetry as an imitation of nature, but links that imitation to his view of the poet as maker. The poet imitates not the real nature we see but rather he imitates an ideal nature. Sidney also makes large claims for the didactic role of poetry, following Horace’s idea that poetry teaches by delighting.

89. According to the passage, Sidney believed that ----.

A) poetry’s chief function was to give pleasure rather than to convey a moral message

B) Horace was the most didactic of the classical poets

C) Aristotle’s Poetics had been unfairly neglected up to the Renaissance

D) poetry combines moral instruction with pleasure E) literary criticism in 16th – centruy England was

far more advanced than it was in Italy and France.

90. It is pointed out in the passage that Sidney’s Defence of Poesy ----.

A) is still the most highly regarded work of ciriticism in English literature

B) is essentially a mere imitation of Aristotle’s Poetics

C) enjoyed much popularity in 16th – century Italy and France

D) was entirely oriçinal since it drew on no other critical source or literary tradition

E) is the single important work of English criticism in its time

91. As we understand from the passage, in Sidney’s view, the poet ----.

A) should make Horace his guide and instructor B) must make pleasure the sole purpose of his

poetry C) C ) should be fully familiar with the principles of

Aristotle’s Poetics D) present not an actual but a perfected view of

nature E) must first be instructed in aesthetic principles


Although the idea of the skyscraper is modern, the inclination to build upward is not. The Great Pyramids, with their broad bases, reached heights unapproached for the next four millennia. But even the great Gothic cathedrals, crafted of bulky stone into an aesthetic of lightness and slenderness, are dwarfed by the steel and reinforced concrete structures of the 20th centruy. It was modern building materials that made the true skyscraper structurally possible, but it was the mechanical device of the elevator that made the skyscraper truly practical. ironically, it is also the elevator that has had so much to do with limiting the height of most tall buildings to about 70 ve 80 stories. Above that, elevator shafts occupy more than 25 percent of the volume of a tall building, and so the economics of renting out space argues against investing in greater height.

92. It is clear from the passage that the Great Pyramids ----.

A) are at least as spacious as the average modern skyscraper

B) inspired the building of the great Gothic cathedrals

C) were as tall as they were wideD) were designed on simiral principles to the

modern skysraper E) had no rival, as regards height, for four

thousand years

93. We understand from the passage that the construction of skyscrapers only became structurally feasible ----.

A) after such new building materials as reinforced concrete came into use

32


B) once the technique of broad foundations had been perfected

C) after people had realized how much space could be gained by them

D) for heights of 70 or 80 floorsE) if aesthetic considerations were disregarded

94. It is explained in the passage that skyscrapers of above 70 ve 80 floors are generally unecomonic ----.

A) as the price of installing fast elevators is excessive

B) as elevator shafts have then to occupy too large a proportion of the volume of the building

C) since the majority of people feel insecure above that height

D) though in appearance they are most attractive E) even though the lower floors no longer need to

be built on broad bases


Land cleared of trees is exposed to erosion, which can be severe in deforested areas having slopes greater than 15 ve 17 percent. If land is not disturbed any further and new growth becomes established, erosion may gradually subside. If, however, vegetation on the cutover land is continually removed by man or livestock, erosion will intensify, and environmental problems can be severe. When a forest is removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff is increased two to tenfold or more, depending on the degree of clearing, slope, and rainfall. All too often this leads to flooding of agricultural land in the lowlands. In Pakistan, for example, almost 2 million hectares of standing crops on the lowlands were destroyed by floodwater in 1973, and about 10,000 village were wiped out. Since valuable soil is lost in floods, the quantity of the arable lands decreases. Alluvial silt deposited elsewhere is rarely usable enough to compensate for such losses.

95. It is pointed out in the passage that deforestation ----.

A) and erosion are only very loosely connected B) is a matter that man can do nothing aboutC) is particularly serious when it occurs on a slope D) will stop once man has realized how serious its

effects can be E) has been practised more in Pakistan than

elsewhere

96. We understand from the passage that once a forest has been removed from a slope, the rate of water runoff ----.

A) may be in itself enough to prevent the establishment of new growth there

B) will increase irrespective of the amount of rainfall

C) will steadily increase even after new vegetation starts to establish

D) will depend almost wholly on the gradient of the slope

E) will increase and this is likely, to cause flooding

97. According to the passage, flooding ----.

A) occurs in Pakistan regularly every yearB) results in silt deposits which compensate for

earth losses elsewhere C) is only a temporary disasterD) leads to a reduction in the amount of land that

can be farmed E) is a natural disaster that until recently has been

largely overlooked


Trade unions, that is, workers unions, are usually concerned to some extent with mutual benefit activities as well as with collective bargaining and the endeavour to establish standard rates and conditions. The mutual benefit activities have been greatest among the skilled manual workers, whose craft unions have in most cases maintained high rates of contributions and benefits, covering not only dispute benefit but also unemployment, sickness, funeral and often superannuation benefits. The less skilled workers have not been able to afford the high contributions necessary for such benefits – particularly superannuation – and have usually provided few mutual benefits (except funeral benefit and of course dispute benefit), though some have provided optinal benefits in return for higher contributions. In addition to providing cash benefits, most trade unions provide free legal assistance to their members in cases arising out of their employment, and fight important cases affecting their several trades in the courts of law.

98. We clearly understand from the passage that one of the main aims of trade unions ----.

A) has always been to oppose managementB) is to ensure that skilled and unskilled manual

workers enjoy the same benefits C) is to keep rates of pay and working conditions

equitable D) is no longer to fight for full employmentE) is to keep contribution rates to a minimum

99. We understand form the passage that skilled manual workers enjoy more benefits than unskilled ones ----.

33


A) though their contribution rates are about the same

B) because they can afford higher contributions C) since there are so many more of themD) but they have not won as many law suitsE) which gives rise to the bad relations that exist

between the two groups

100. As it is pointed out in the passage, most trade union members are entitled to ----.

A) free legal assistance in law cases in any way pertaining to their work

B) equal superannuation benefits regardless of their contribution rates

C) take part in collective bargaining activitiesD) dispute benefit but not funeral benefitE) invest in state insurance schemes and usually

do so

KPDS 2002 KASIM


In modern times, it was perhaps the “gentleman scientists” of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific, research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War ll, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. “Academic freedom” is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name “science”.

76. According to the passage, the major difference between the “gentleman scientists” and present day ones ----.

A) has frequently been ignored by governments and universities

B) is that the former were free to research as they chose, while the latter are not

C) has become a highly controversial issue in university circles

D) is not nearly so obvious as some people believe it to be

E) the former were less objective in their research methods than the latter are

77. The writer points out that in the 1960s ----.

A) research activities were largely carried out under the sponsorship of industry

B) scientists believed that they were entering upon a golden age

C) academic freedom was already a thing of the past

D) scientists carried out their research activities at the public expence

E) scientific research largely concentrated on meeting the needs of war

78. The writer of the passage argues that contemporary scientific research ----.

A) Is, to a large extent, controlled by the interests of industry

B) finds its best milieu within the universitiesC) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate D) offers one of the most exciting and stimulating

of careers E) is far more concerned with theory than with any

practical application

79. The writer of the passage regards the “gentleman scientists” of the nineteenth century as privileged because ----.

A) the choice of field was rapidly expanding B) there were plenty of patrons willing to finance

them C) they were unrestricted by financial pressures D) scientific research was still in its early stages

and it was easy to discover something new E) they were always well-rewarded for their efforts

34


80. The phrase “part of the public good” (line 9) in effect means ----.

A) deserving of a good publicB) setting good standards for society C) ensuring a better future for society D) beneficial to society E) recognized by the general public as being good


Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earth’s natural resources. Indeed it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument, this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earth’s dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans – which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth’s resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product.

81. One important point made in this passage is that ----.

A) desert and mountainous regions should be developed as arable land for cultivation

B) the way livestock is raised on moderns farms involves various health hazards

C) more encouragement should be given to the application of modern farming technologies

D) meat production in the developed world needs to be increased to combat famine

E) every measure must be taken to conserve the Earth’s natural resources

82. One argument that is clearly opposed in the passage ----.

A) concerns the value of antibiotics in the raising of healthy livestock

B) concerns the introduction of soybeans as the basic feed for livestock

C) is related to the inadequate methods employed in the prevention of famine

D) is that livestock need water as much asplants do

E) is that land used for pasturage should be utilized for the cultivation of crops

83. Contrary to what is often argued, the passage points out that ----.

A) synthetic hormones can be used to improve the quality of meat

B) underdeveloped countries need to adopt modern farming methods in order to overcome famine

C) grazing for sheep and cows needs to be upgraded so as to increase meat production

D) the famine in the world is not directly related to the consumption of meat

E) a very extensive part of the earth’s surface is ideally suitable for the cultivation of crops

84. The writer attacks present day commercial farming methods ----.

A) but admits that there is a higher production rate than there was with earlier methods

B) though the end product is extremely healthy C) and claims that they are responsible for

depleting the natural resources of the world D) though it ensures that there is sufficient food for

everyone E) because, among other things, it makes no effort

to cultivate dry, mountainous regions

35


85. By the “pasturage argument” (line 6) is meant the argument that ----.

A) the land used for animal grazing bought to be cultivated and used to grow grain

B) livestock should be stall-fed on grains and not allowed to graze freely

C) cultivated land ought to be turned into pasturage

D) only cattle that are allowed to graze freely produce good meat

E) dry mountainous areas could be watered and turned into good pasturage


The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of Wellington. He is not simply the famous British general who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He remains a great general but he is also shown to have had feed of clay inside his splendid boots. For example, the writer dwells on Wellington’s vanity and his unattractive lack of generosity in sharing the credit for his victories. This is a splendid book. Never less than interesting, but always trenchant. It redefines Wellington without diminishing his achievements and ends by reminding us that it was Napoleon who so forcefully articulated a wish that there should be “a European code of laws, European judiciary ... one people in Europe”. The ogre’s dream is coming true.

86. From this passage, we get the impression that the book being reviewed ----.

A) makes fun of both Napoleon and Wellington B) overlooks the fact that Wellington was a great

general C) pays more attention of Napoleon than to

Wellington D) is unnecessarily critical of WellingtonE) is well-written and gives a balanced Picture of

Wellington

87. In the book under review, Wellington is criticized for ----.

A) not recognizing the role played by others in his victories

B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo C) trying to buy people’s affection and supportD) underestimating Napoleon’s strengthE) failing to consult his subordinates

88. It is clear from the passage that the book under review differs from traditional biographies for Wellington ----.

A) as his great enemy Napoleon receives more than his share of praise

B) as it questions his skills as a leaderC) because it shows up his human weaknesses D) in attitude, but not in contentE) by putting the emphasis on his vices, not on his

virtues

89. We understand from the passage that in the book under review Napoleon ----.

A) is simply presented as the big enemyB) receives acclaim for envisaging a United

Europe C) is shown to have had greater military skills than

Wellington D) and Wellington each admired the military skills

of the other E) knew from the beginning that he would never

conquer Britain

36


90. In line 3, “feed of clay” stands for ----.

A) disgraceful impulsesB) unmilitary feelingsC) desires that have to be suppressedD) basic human weakness or faultsE) an overwhelming desire to deceive


Fast-food is such a pervasive part of American life that it has become synonymous with American culture. Fast- food was born in America and it has now swollen into a $ 106- billion industry. America exports fast-food worldwide and its attendant corporate culture, has probably been more influential and done more to destroy local food economies and cultural diversity than any government propaganda programme could hope to accomplish. No corner of the earth is safe from its presence and no aspect of life is unaffected. Fast-food is now found in shopping malls, airports, hospitals, gas stations, stadiums, on trains, and increasingly, in schools. There are 23.000 restaurants in one chain alone, and another 2.000 are being opened every year. Its effect has been the same on the millions of people it feeds daily and on the people it employs. Fast-food culture has changed how we work, from its assembly-line kitchens filled with robotic frying machines to the trite phrases spoken to customers by its poorly paid part-time workforce. In the United States, more than 57 per cent of the population eat meals away from home on any given day and they spend more money on fast-food than they do on higher education, personal computers, or even on new cars.

91. This passage on American’s fast-food industry ----.

A) shows convincingly that it is falling into disfavour

B) is clearly written by someone who loves good food

C) C ) concentrates on negative aspectsD) gives a rational account of why it grew so fast

E) reveals the support it received from government propaganda

92. The word “swollen” in line 3 ----.

A) emphasizes the speed at which the industry has grown

B) suggests that the growth is excessive and unhealthy

C) has very positive connotationsD) draws attention to the inevitability of growth of

the industry E) implies that the industry will continue to grow on

steadily

93. One point that receives a lot of attention in the passage is ----.

A) the fact that fast-food is now more popular outside the US than it is inside

B) the fact that fast-food meets our dietary needs C) the consideration the fast- food companies

show to their employees D) the far-reaching effects of the fast-food industry E) the idea that in such places as gas stations and

trains fast-food is actually the only practical kind of food

94. The writer of the passage clearly regrets the fact that ----.

A) the fast-food companies cannot afford to pay even their part-time workers adequate salaries

B) the growth of the fast-food industry has now come to a halt

C) there are still more traditional restaurants than fast-food ones

D) the fast-food industry cannot retain the high standards with which it started

E) local and traditional styles of food are being pushed off the market

37


95. The assertion at the end of the passage that Americans spend more money on fastfood than they do on higher education ----.

A) is a criticism of the amount of money spent fast-food by Americans

B) suggests that Americans are greedy for good food

C) means that 57 percent of the American population has very little money left over when it has paid for its food

D) is an indication that higher education in the US is not expensive

E) is, in the light of the rest of the passage, a gross exaggeration


Even though there have been truly significant advances in modern medicine, health problems still abound and cause untold misery. Although heart disease and cancer were rare at the beginning of the 20th century, today these two diseases strike with increasing frequency in spite of billions of dollars in research to combat them, and in spite of tremendous advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques. In America, one person in three suffers from allergies, one in ten has ulcers and one in five is mentally ill. Every year a quarter of a million infants are born with a birth defect and undergo expensive surgery, or are hidden away in institutions. Other degenerative diseases such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and chronic fatigue afflict a significant majority of Americans. Further learning disabilities make life miserable for seven million young people and their parents. These diseases were extremely rare only a generation or two ago. Today, chronic illness afflicts half of all Americans and causes three out of four deaths in the United States.

96. One point that is stressed in the passage about the American people is that ----.

A) they are less liable to degenerative diseases than most other peoples

B) the rate of infant mortality among them is rising rapidly

C) there is an alarming lack of communication between parents and their children

D) the incidence of cancer among them is slowly being reduced due to medical advances

E) in one way or another, a very large proportion of them have health problems

97. According to the passage, cancer and heart diseases are on the increase ----.

A) and most of the cures have serious sideeffectB) due to problems of diagnosis which for the

present seem insurmountable C) since research so far carried cut in these fields

has been quite inadequate D) even though a great deal of money is being

spent on research into them E) but very little is being done by the authorities to

combat them

98. The writer of this passage draws our attention to ----.

A) the fact that it is young people who are the most affected by degenerative diseases

B) the paradox that medicine today has improved remarkably, but more and more people are suffering from various diseases

C) the commonly-held view that cancer will, in a few decades, be completely eradicated

D) the argument that good health depends upon a healthy diet and early diagnosis

E) the possibility that it is mental rather than physical health that is going to be the major problem of the future in the US

99. The passage stresses that ill-health gives rise to a great deal of misery ----.

A) which is not confined to the patient aloneB) which is largely associated with painC) especially in the case of chronic illnessD) even before an accurate diagnosis has been

madeE) especially when the symptoms are severe

38


100. In line 10 of the passage the term “significant majority” refers to ----.

A) an articulate majorityB) a statistically small majorityC) a large and important majorityD) a rapidly increasing majorityE) an unexpected but continuing majority

KPDS 2003 MAYIS


It may be that golf oriçinated in Holland but certainly Scotland fostered the game and is famous for it. In fact, in 1457 the Scottish Parliament, disturbed because football and golf had lured young Scots from the more soldierly exercise of archery, passed an ordinance that banned football and golf. James I and Charles I of the royal line of Stuarts were golf enthusiasts, whereby the game came to be known as "the royal and ancient game of golf. The golf bails used in the early games were leather-covered and stuffed with feathers. Clubs of all kinds were fashioned by hand to suit individual players. The great stop in spreading the game came with the change from the feather ball to the present-day ball introduced in about 1850. In 1860, formal competitions began with the establishment of an annual tournament for the British Open championship. There are records of "golf clubs" in the United States as far back as colonial days. However, it remained a rather se-date and almost aristocratic pastime until a 20-year-old Francis Quimet of Boston defeated two great British professionals, Harry Vardon and Ted Ray, in the United States Open championship at Brookline, Mass., in 1913. This defeat put the game and Francis Quimet on the front pages of the newspapers and stirred a wave of enthusiasm for the sport.

76. As we understand from the passage, golf only became a popular game ----.

A) after an unknown American beat two famous British golf players in a US tournament

B) following the annual tournament organized in 1860

C) in the time of James ID) after the introduction of annual formal

competitions in both England and America E) after golf clubs were set up in colonial America

77. According to the passage, it was at one time believed in Scotland that ----.

A) football was a better game than golf for young people

B) annual games made the tournament too competitive

C) golf was having an adverse effect on young people's military skills

D) young people should be encouraged to take up either golf or archery

E) the oriçins of archery were in some way associated with Holland

78. It is pointed out in the passage that golf ----.

A) was to some extent practiced in colonial America

B) has been overshadowed by football in recent times

C) requires a great deal of expensive equipment D) receives less newspaper coverage than football E) didn't arouse as much enthusiasm as archery

did in medieval Scotland

79. The point is made in the passage that golf has been described as a "royal"'gam ----.

A) though for the last two centuries no kings have participated in the game

B) since the professionals of the game are treated with so much respect

C) as golf clubs are particular about who they accept as members

D) because two British kings were passionately fond of it fejr

E) which Americans find very annoying

39


80. As we learn from the passage, it was around the mid-19th century that ----.

A) the old golf ordinance of the Scottish Parliament was repealed

B) the first formal golf competitions between America and Britain were held

C) the newspapers began to cover major golf championships

D) Scotland became the world's leading country in golf

E) important changes were introduced into golf


The economic news from Europe was particularly disappointing in the second half of 2002. More-over, recent surveys from the region imply little prospect of improvement in the near future. Per-haps the most worrying aspect has been the sharp decline in conditions ffTGe'fmany - the area's largest and most important economy. Domestic demand in Germany is very weak and, with the global economy also struggling, Germany's manufacturers have not been able to export their way out of trouble as they have done in the past. With the economy in such a weak state, it is no surprise then that European stock markets have followed the US stock markets' downturn over the past 6 months. While individual share prices may be lower and market valuations look attractive, the economy does not. Recovery seems some way off and strong equity performance from Europe's markets seems unlikely in 2003.

81. We understand from the passage that the economic prospects in the current year for the European stock markets ----.

A) are not foreseeableB) are certainly promisingC) are constantly under discussionD) seem most encouragingE) don't look hopeful

82. It is pointed out in the passage that the present economic recession in Germany ----.

A) is actually not as serious as is being experienced in several other European countries

B) is being overcome by means of uncreased exports

C) persistent than previous ones have beenD) should have been foreseen much earlier E) has been exaggerated in several surveys

recently

83. The passage points out that Germany's current economic problems ----.

A) have left the stock markets of Europe unaffected

B) have led to a worrying decline in the world economy

C) are far less serious than those of any other country in Europe

D) stem in part from a drop in domestic salesE) are in fact not as alarming as the were once

thought to be

84. According to the passage, the trend in European stock markets ----.

A) does not reflect the economic situation of Germany

B) has been roughly the same as that in the US stock markets

C) improved greatly during the last months of 2002 D) is related to the level of domestic demand in

Germany E) seems to change every six months

85. The phrase "to export their way out of trouble" means ----.

A) to expand their market capacity through more exports

B) to find trouble-free markets for exportsC) to work extremely hard to increase their exports D) to put an end to the slumpE) to get out of the recession through increased

exports

40



Scientists who study Earth's moon have two big regrets about the six Apollo missions that landed a dozen astronauts on the lunarsurface between 1969 and 1972. The biggest regret, of course, is that the missions ended so abruptly, with so much of the moon stil unexplored. But researchers also lament that the great triumph of Apollo led to a popular misconception: because astronauts have visited the moon, there is no compelling reason to go back. In the 1990s, however, two probes that orbited the moon raised new questions about Earth's airless satellite. One stunning discovery was strong evidence of water ice in the perpetually shadowed areas near the moon's poles. Because scientists believe that comets deposited water and organic compounds on both Earth and its moon, well-preserved ice at the lunar poles could yield clues to the origins of life.

86. The point made in this passage is that it may be possible to ----.

A) come to a better understanding of comets through the study of the moon

B) learn more about the beginnings of life from the ice at the moon's poles

C) resume Apollo missions as there is evidence of water on the moon

D) identify the oriçin of the organic compounds found on the moon

E) have a full knowledge of the moon without sending any more astronauts there

87. As it is pointed out in the passage, one significant outcome of the lunar probes in the 1990s was ----.

A) the staggering finding of evidence of water on the moon

B) the focusing of scientific attention on the comets

C) the resumption of lunar missionsD) the realization that life is possible on the moon E) the realization that there were great similarities

between earth and moon

88. According to the passage, even though there were six Apollo missions to the moon roughly thirty years ago, ----.

A) none of them could claim to be successfulB) man's knowledge of the moon has not

increased at allC) a very large proportion of the-lunar surface

remains to date unexaminedD) it was only the lunar poles that were explored

fullyE) the idea of sending astronauts back to the

moon seems even more far -fetched than formerly

89. As we understand from the passage, a great many people ----.

A) believe lunar missions should continue indefinitely

B) regard the Apollo missions as a scientific breakthrough

C) are sure the moon cannot support lifeD) feel that the very fact that man has landed on

the moon is enough E) regard scientific investigations of the moon as

unfeasible

90. A major point made in the passage is that ----.

41


A) bomets hold the secrets of the oriçins of life in the universe

B) the six Apollo missions to the moon were a great scientific success

C) the chances of finding water on the moon are very slim

D) the probes of the 1990s demonstrated that the lunar landings should have continued

E) scientists are agreed that there is nothing further to learn about the moon


The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will soon be testing a controversial theory about the collapse of the World Trade Center towers. According to an analysis by a loading fire-safety expert, had the fire-proofing insulation on the towers' steel structures been thicker, the towers would have survived longer and might even have remained standing after they were hit by the hijacked planes. The work is being seized on by lawyers representing victims' families and insurance companies. If confirmed, it could also lead to changes in building codes. NIST is responsible for drawing up the final report on the towers' collapses and recommending if any changes are needed. It is widely accepted that the collapses were caused by the failure of the buildings' steel structure as it was weakened by the heat of the fires.

91. As it is pointed out in the passage, it is commonly recognized that the main cause for the collapse of the twin towers ----.

A) will only be understood after the release of a detailed report by NIST

B) can never be established beyond doubtC) was the weakening of the steel structure due to

the heat of the fire D) was not so much due to the heat of the fires as

to the force of the impact of the hijacked planes E) is of special interest to insurance companies

92. It is clear from the passage that ----.

A) the strength of the steel structure of the towers had been questioned when the designs were drawn up

B) NIST has already made a thorough study of the collapse of the towers

C) the reason for the sudden collapse of the two towers is still under debate

D) the structure of the twin towers was in many respects well below Standard

E) the hijacked planes hit the weakest parts of the twin towers

93. As we learn from the passage, a specialist in fire-safety ----.

A) puts the blame for the collapse of the towers on the thin fire-proofing insulation

B) is to blame for negligence as regards the burning of the twin towers

C) has been cooperating with the victims' lawyers to start legal procedures

D) has been commissioned to prepare a report on the collapse of the towers

E) should have been aware of the structural weakness of the towers and given due warning

94. As it is pointed out in the passage, the inadequacy of the fireproofing insulation of the towers ----.

A) has been accepted by NIST as the main cause of the collapse

B) has aroused a great deal of legal attentionC) is less important than the weakness of steel

structureD) had long been recognized by fire-safety experts

as the weakest point in their constructionE) has never been considered by any serious

body

42


95. According to the passage, if the tower collapse theory concerning the fireproofing insulation proves to be true, ----.

A) this will have, even so, no direct bearing on the fight against terrorism

B) the victims’ families will get no compensationC) this will free NIST from all blameD) the lawyers will have no grounds for objectionsE) then NIST will probably introduce new building

regulations


The long expected decline in the dollar is now well under way. For years economists have predicted that America’s huge current-account deficit would eventually cause its currency to plunge. So far the dollar’s slide has been fairly gradual: It is down by 15% in trade-weighted terms over the past year, though it has dropped by almost twice as much against the euro since 2002 peak. As the decline seemed to pick up speed this week, John Snow, George Bush’s Treasury Secretary, declared that he favors a “strong dollar policy.” That was surely the wrong answer, even leaving aside the debatable issue of whether cabinet secretaries can influence the level of Exchange rates. A weaker, bot a stronger dollar, is what the world needs now – so long as policymakers elsewhere respond appropriately. America promoted a storng dollar throughout the 1990s, when inflation was stil thought to be the main enemy. Today it makes less sense. Even after its recent slide, the dollar seems overvalued. Moreover, with ample space capacity in America, deflation looks a bigger risk than inflation.

96. It is stated in the passage that the American policy in the 1990s for a strong dollar ----.

A) seems less rational now than it did thenB) has proved successful in boosting the economyC) has been reversed by the Treasury Secretary,

John SnowD) has frequently been disregardeed by American

economistsE) has been a major reason fort he decline of the

euro

97. It is emphasized in the passage that fort he American economy ----.

A) John Snow’s policies promise a great deal of hope

B) İt is not inflation but deflation that in fact may pose the more serious problem

C) The global level of Exchange rates constitutes a major threat

D) And for the world economy, a strong dollar is of vital importance

E) Policy makers agree that deflation has been responsible for many of the problems

98. According to the passage, what has brought about the fall of the American dollar ----.

A) is the erratic global fluctations in exchange rates

B) is the enourmous deficit experienced by the American economy

C) has been a persistent recession in the global economy

D) is the wrong economic policies introduced by John Snow, Treasury Secretary

E) is the unexpected rise in the value of euro

99. As we understand from the passage, the decline in the value of the American dollar has ----.

A) had an adverse effect upon the value of the euro

B) bolstered American tradeC) been foreseen by economists over a long

period of timeD) been a major headache for policy makersE) followed an unpredictable pattern

43


100. In the passage, with the phrase “wrong answer” is meant ----.

A) the American government’s indifference to the decline of the dollar

B) the policy of keeping the dollar in tune with euroC) keeping the dollar strong through the tradeD) permitting the current-account deficit to

continueE) the Treasury Secretary’s preferences for a

strong dollar policy

KPDS 2003 KASIM


During the past few decades four East Asian economies - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong -have achieved the fastest rates of economic growth the world has ever seen. In 1962 Taiwan stood between Zaire and the Congo on the global ranking of income per head: by 1986 its neighbours were Greece and Malta. In 1962 South Korea was poorer than Sudan: by 1986 it was richer than Argentina. Today the four "dragons" account four 10 per cent of manufactured exports worldwide, not far short of America's 12 per cent. Understanding this miracle is the most urgent task in development economics. But most economists are content to cite the dragons as proof of their favourite theories - whatever those theories may be. Free marketers point to the dragons' reliance on private enterprise, markets and relatively undistorted trade regimes. Interventionists point with equal assurance to clever bureaucracies, non-market allocation of resources and highly distorted trade regimes.

76. According to the passage, the so-called four "dragons" of East Asia ----.

A) are hoping shortly to outpace Greece and Malta in economic growth.

B) have definitely benefited greatly from a free-trade policy

C) are presently developing their own freemarket strategies

D) nave experienced a staggering and unprecedented economic growth rate over recent decades

E) have finally managed to throw off bureaucratic obstacles and disprove the theories of many economists

77. It is pointed out in the passage that South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong ----.

A) export more to the US than to any other country in the world

B) have been in fierce competition with each other in the export of manufactured goods.

C) have developed their economies in accordance with the theory of development economics

D) admit openly that they have made use of various distorted trade regimes

E) export almost as many manufactured goods between them, as does the US

78. We learn from the passage that, in just over two decades, Taiwan ----.

A) became the economic model for the other "dragons" on account of its economic success

B) achieved the fastest rate of economic growth among the four East Asian "dragons"

C) rose from a low-level per capita income similar to that of Zaire, to a relatively high one

D) attached far more importance to private enterprise than any other Asian country

E) was the only one among the "dragons" to exploit its resources to the full

79. According to the passage, there is no unanimous agreement among economists as to ----.

A) how far distorted trade regimes contributed to the economic success of the four "dragons"

B) why Taiwan and Hong Kong got a head of Singapore and South Korea in economic efficiency

C) whether the growth rate of the four dragons will continue steadily

D) when the four East Asian "dragons" will catch up with the US regarding manufactured exports

E) how the four East Asian "dragons" achieved their miraculous growth rate

44


80. It is clear from the passage that the factors leading to the amazing economic growth of the East Asian "dragons" ----.

A) have not yet been determined by economists B) are closely related to distorted trade regimesC) are in line with the theories of development

economics D) should have contributed to the rise of Sudan E) have confirmed the importance of political

stability


Although women have made huge strides in catching up with men in the workplace, a gender gap still persists both in wages and levels of advancement. Commonly cited explanations for this gap range from charges of sex discrimination to claims that women are more sensitive than men to work versus family conflicts and thus less inclined to make sacrifices for their careers. Now, however, two new studies suggest that another factor may be at work: a deeply ingrained difference in the way men and women react to competition that manifests itself even at an early age. Apparently, females tend to be far less responsive to competition than males –a tendency with important implications for women and business. It may hurt women in highly competitive labour markets, for example, and hamper efficient job placement - especially for positions in which competitiveness is not a useful trait.

81. On the whole, according to the passage, women in the workplace ----.

A) are content to let the men compete among themselves

B) inspire a competitive spirit in men C) receive the treatment they naturally deserve D) have rapidly attained a position approaching

that of men E) keep themselves up-to-date with developments

in the labour market

82. As we learn from the passage, it seems likely that women ----.

A) are about to rally against the gender gap in the workplace

B) become seriously concerned, at a very early age, about their future careers

C) will fight determinedly for their rights in the workplace

D) will, due to their passive nature, find it hard to get the promotion they deserve

E) have less of the competitive spirit than men do

83. We understand from the passage that, when a choice has to be made between work and family ----.

A) men are less likely than women to risk their careers

B) most career women naturally give precedence to work

C) women expect men to give the priority to the family

D) it is the women, rather than men, who find making that choice hard

E) neither the men nor the women can readily make up their minds

84. According to the passage, in working life today, ----.

A) women are preferred for certain jobs that require sensitivity

B) there still exists considerable discrimination against women

C) men feel they have a right to higher wages and quicker advancement

D) family concerns are what drive men to work harder and earn more

E) fair competition is to be encouraged while sex discrimination is to be banned

45


85. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that the reluctance of women to be competitive ----.

A) is regarded by men as a desirable traitB) is the major factor contributing to the

persistence of sex discrimination in the work place

C) is clearly seen in the way they care for their families

D) only becomes apparent when they reach maturity

E) may prevent them from being appointed to the positions they deserve


The Sahara desert takes up most of Egypt's land, so overcrowding is a huge problem. Sixtytwo million people live squeezed together into the six million fertile acres along the Nile delta and narrow river valley - just five per cent of the total area of Egypt. Between 12 and 15 million live in Cairo alone. Until recently, it was impractical and dangerous to even consider moving into the southern desert, where temperatures regularly rise above 50 °C and water is scarce and can only be reached using carefully placed irrigation wells. But in the last 20 years a "New Valley" has slowly being taking shape. Towns with industrial centres, tourist areas and spacious apartment blocks are being constructed, factories are springing up. The main development making this possible is the construction of the vast Sheikh Zayed canal, also known as the Toshka canal. Named for Sheikh Zayed al Nahya, president of the United Arab Emirates, which is financially backing the Project, the canal is part of the irrigation scheme dreamed up by the Egyptian government to make it possible for people to move away from the traffic, pollution and bustle of Cairo. If a "second Nile" cuts through the desert and water is distributed to surrounding land, people and crops can thrive there as they do around the existing Nile. The area is becoming known as the New Valley.

86. We understand from the passage that in the canal under construction ----.

A) is designed to meet the water needs of Cairo and other cities

B) constitutes just a portion of a massive irrigation Project

C) will bring fertility to the whole of the SaharaD) will irrigate only 5 % of the total area ofEgypt E) passes through an overcrowded part of the

country

87. As it is pointed out in the passage one of the benefits of the New Valley will be that ----.

A) Egypt will change from an agricultural country into a fully industrial one

B) Egypt can at last start a tourist industry C) the overcrowding in Cairo and the Nile delta

area will be reduced D) the hot, dry desert climate of Egypt will be

rapidly modified E) it will set an example for the developed world to

invest in desert projects

88. We can conclude from the passage that the New Valley project, which has been underway for roughly two decades, ----.

A) was oriçinally proposed by Sheikh Zayed al Nahya of the United Arab Emirates

B) has already started up to transform the economic potential of Egypt

C) is primarily an agricultural one. And industrial activity is not provided for

D) is very near to competition and large numbers of people have already moved in

E) is proving far more problematic than was originally foreseen

89. It is clearly stated in the passage that almost the whole of Egypt's population ----.

A) lives along the Nile Valley and its deltaB) wants to move into the New Valley C) is engaged in agricultural activities rather than

in industrial ones D) holds Sheikh Zayed al Nahya in great esteem E) is dubious about the outcome of the New Valley

Project

46


90. It is pointed out in the passage that the irrigation project for the New Valley ----.

A) has received a mixed reaction from the general public

B) is going to cost the Egyptian government vast sums of money

C) has primarily been designed to ease the overcrowding in Cairo

D) will enable Egypt to recover from its chronic economic recession

E) will make the inhospitable desert far more easily accessible


When Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, in November of 1963, he knew that in order to accrue political capital he would initially need to champion goals and policies that Kennedy had already been pursuing. Not long before his death Kennedy hawled the word "poverty" on a piece of paper and circled it multiple times; this note fell into the hands of his brother Robert and became a symbolic justification for Johnson's declaration of the war on Poverty, early in 1964. Similarly, many of the things that Johnson pushed through Congress in his first two years as President, can readily be seen as extensions of the avowed policies of the Kennedy Administration. The details might have been different, but historians generally agree that if Kennedy had lived out his first term and won a second, America would have witnessed something similar to the early years of Johnson's Great Society. On foreign policy, too, Johnson at first strove consciously to follow his predecessor. And some historians have argued that in this realm as well, Johnson indeed pursued a course the Kennedy had already introduced. If Kennedy had lived, according to this line of thinking, he would have continued a policy of antagonism towards Cuba and steady escalation of US involvement in Vietnam. Johnson certainly believed that this was what Kennedy intended to do.

91. It's clear from the passage that, on assuming the presidency, Johnson ----.

A) maintained amiable relations with the Kennedies

B) was determined to put his own policies into effect, and leave his own mark

C) took great care not to antagonize CongressD) was careful not to deviate from Kennedy's

policies in international relations E) chose to concentrate on foreign policies

92. As we understand from the passage, one of the issues Kennedy was planning to tackle ----.

A) concerned the improvement of relations between his administration and Congress

B) concerned bringing to an end the antagonism towards Cuba

C) related to the ending of the war in VietnamD) was the redefinition of the aims of US foreign

policy E) was the elimination of poverty in the US

93. It is clear from the passage that initially Johnson intended to continue the Kennedy policies ----.

A) as far as they were in keeping with the national ideal of a "Great Society"

B) although in essence they clashed with his own C) since he hadn't formulated any of his ownD) because he sensed this would make him

politically popular E) but he soon found that they were inapplicable

94. According to the passage, Johnson's pursuit of the Kennedy goals and policies ----.

A) has been condemned by several recent historians

B) largely occurred during the first two years of his presidency

C) actually undermined his image as presidentD) brought him into conflict with CongressE) hindered his own desire to wage a War on

Poverty

47


95. The passage makes the point that Johnson became the president of the US ----.

A) because Kennedy was assassinatedB) since his policy as regards the War on Poverty

was extremely popular C) because he supported the war in VietnamD) even though he disagreed with Kennedy on

many national and international issues E) as he had the support of the Kennedy brothers


The space shuttle and its rockets are huge - some 4, 5 million pounds at lift off. About 85 per cent of that weight is fuel. Since it is designed to work in a vacuum, the shuttle must carry not only fuel but the oxygen to burn it. Because this is an inefficient way to go, NASA engineers have recently tested an engine that gets some of its oxygen on the run. This should reduce takeoff weights by half. A spacecraft equipped with this engine would take off like a rocket. But within minutes, incoming air would begin to supplement liquid oxygen. Once the spacecraft reaches a speed of 1,500 miles per hour - twice the speed of sound- the liquid oxygen would shut off completely and the engine would burn fuel mixed with air. Consequently the craft would accelerate to about ten times the speed of sound. When the air got too thin for the engine to breathe, the ship would shift back to rocket mode to punch its way into space.

96. According to the passage, a new rocket engine is presently being developed to ----.

A) reach previously unimagined speedsB) make space travel more comfortable and

feasible C) halve the weight of a space shuttle at lift-offD) enable NASA to remain in the forefront of

space exploration. E) reduce the physical effects of the atmosphere

on the shuttle

97. We learn from the passage that, in the usual space shuttle, the weight ----.

A) makes high speeds impossibleB) consists very largely of fuelC) does not pose any serious problemD) of the liquid oxygen is enormousE) of the rockets is insignificant

98. As the passage points out, a space shuttle requires oxygen ----.

A) only when it is travelling within the atmosphere B) if it is to attain very high speeds C) but only in its liquid formD) in order to burn the fuelE) in quite small quantities except at lift-off

99. The point is made in the passage the reason for developing the new engine is to ----.

A) reduce the time it takes the shuttle exceed the speed of sound

B) double the speed at which the shuttle travels C) economize on the use of liquid oxygenD) eliminate the need for liquid oxygen and thus

cut down on the shuttle weight E) allow the shuttle to function in vacuum

100. It is clear from the passage that, once there is not sufficient air to burn the fuel, then ----.

A) the speed of the shuttle increases over ten times the speed of sound

48


B) the engine reverts back to using the liquid oxygen aboard the shuttle

C) the engine starts to increase the speed of the shuttle

D) it is impossible for the shuttle accelerate any further

E) the rocket can no longer function efficiently

KPDS 2004 MAYIS


Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and her coIIeagues have been studying the subtleties of how crows steal food from one another. Atkinson had been watching the birds at the beach as they fed on fish, clams and other small animals in the intertidal zone. She noticed that if a crow had found a particularly large meal that couldn't be eaten in a single gulp, another crow would often come by and try to steal the food away. Food theft is fairly common in the bird world, so the crows' thievery wasn't unexpected. What really intrigued Atkinson was that the birds employed two different tactics to take the food. In some instances, the thieving bird would take an aggres sive approach - typically involving some chasing or physical contact, such as pecking in other ex-changes, however, the thief would use a more passive method: merely approaching the other bird secretively and stealing the food without any commotion at all. Wiiat the team wanted to know was: how did these tactics fit into the group foraging practices of the crows?

76. According to the passage, the question that interested the research team was ----.

A) whether the crows' sealing practices were instinctive or acquired

B) wry the crows chose to stealC) related to the crows' foraging practicesD) whether the nature of the food affected the

degree of attempted Iheft

E) whether the stealing practices of crows differed from those of other birds

77. It is clear from the passage that the research team was not surprised that the crows were trying to steal from each other common ----.

A) because this is a practice among birdsB) since there was a scarcity of food at the timeC) though crows don't steal food as often as other

birds doD) but it was surprised at their rate of successE) but the bitterness of the fight came as a

surprise

78. According to the passage, when one crow plans to steal food from another one, ----.

A) this is really a means of establishing its superiority

B) it will invariably try to do so in the first place without being seen

C) there will inevitably be a fight between the two D) this is a sure sign that both crows are really

hungry E) it will sometimes approach quite openly and

boldly

79. We understand from the passage that so long as a crow ----.

A) can swallow its food at one gulp, it will encounter no challenge

B) can find food easily, it will not steal from another crow

C) can get food by stealing, it won't look elsewhere for it

D) has eaten weII, it is unlikely to try to steal food E) is able to steal food without fighting, this is the

method it will favour

49


80. It is clear from the passage that Jane Atkinson and her coIIeagues ----.

A) knew much more about crows than any other type of bird.

B) are specialists in bird behaviourC) are only interested in the eating habits or birds D) are particularly interested in the different types

of food that crows like to eat E) are impressed of the similarity between stealing

practices of all bird species


In many ways, HoIIywood seems to exemplify the most joyless aspects of capitalism. The "indus try", as it insists upon calling itself, packages artistic ideas and images as commodities and then values those commodities according to how they "penetrate" markets. The system's worrying inefficiency, of course, is that studios never know what the public at large will want to buy. So films are tested in front of preview audiences, revised according to the audience's suggestions, tested again, and then marketed with a vigour directly proportionate to the test scores. There are two problems with this approach. The first is that the test-sample size is minimal but can determine a film's fate. The second is that by the time the test audience sees a film it's too late to change it very much anyway, particularly when twenty, fifty or a hundred miIIion doIIars has already been spent.

81. One point made in the passage about test audiences is that they ----.

A) seldom have any real understanding of artistic values

B) add to the expenses of film-makingC) rarely have any constructive criticism to make D) are ignorant of the HoIIywood techniques of film

making E) are too small to be truly representative of the

general public

82. According to the passage, film-makers find it difficult to ----.

A) carry out any market research to find out about the wishes of film-goers

B) find volunteers for their preview audiencesC) raise the money needed for film- makingD) guess what sort of films will be popular and so

profitable E) revise scripts to meet the expectations of their

audiences

83. As we understand from the passage, the writer ----.

A) is a great admirer of HoIIywood's filmmakingB) seems reluctant to call film-making an industry C) is sympathetic towards the film-industry and

wants it to be more successful D) attaches great importance to the suggestions of

preview audiences E) thinks that the amount spent on a film is usually

in proportion to its success

84. It is clear from the passage that HoIIywood regards its films as ----.

A) commodities to be selectively marketed to suitable audiences

B) artistic creations designed for sophisticated audiences

C) goods to be dynamically marketedD) the most creative products of capitalismE) financial investments which are sure to make a

profit

50


85. We understand from the passage that the making of a film ----.

A) is far more important than the marketing of it B) usually involves a very large financial

investment C) is a strictly secret process until it finally goes on

show D) usually foIIows the norms established by

HoIIywood E) is guided by a whole series o representative

preview audiences


Reading presents a real paradox to neurobiologists. It was only invented a few thousand years ago, so there really has not been enough time for our brain to evolve specialized ways to do it. How do brain circuits produced by miIIions of years of evolution in a world without written words adapt to the specific challenges of reading? We know we have to learn the skiII but how does our brain learn to read? In the social sciences, the majority of researchers do not see a problem. There is a widespread view that the brain is a completely adaptable organ, capable of absorbing any form of culture. Yet recent findings from brain imaging studies and neurophysiology throw new light on the organization of the reading circuits in the brain. The findings contradict this simplistic model of a brain that merely absorbs everything from its cultural environment. And they suggest that the architecture of our brain is limited by strong genetic constraints though it seems that it has still some degree of flexibility.

86. The passage makes the point that, until recently, ----.

A) it was only the abnormal brain that attracted any attention

B) researchers in social sciences ignored the views of neurophysiologists concerning the brain

C) the brain was generally thought to adapt itself easily to new cultural environments

D) the structure of the brain did not attract much attention except from neurobiologists

E) neurophysiologists were not aware of the structural complexity of the brain

87. The writer is intrigued by the fact that the brain, which evolved long before the written word came into use, ----.

A) had already had the genetic capacity to form words

B) had been able to communicate through images C) had already developed certain reading circuits D) managed to adapt itself to the very distinct skiII

of reading E) had already achieved fuII flexibility to adapt

itself to new forms of culture

88. A recent view neurophysiologists, the brain, is that ----.

A) it is extremely flexible as it is not affected by genetic heritage

B) its structure is largely shaped by genetic traits C) it has developed various specialized skiIIs over

the last thousand years or so D) its circuits have remained constant for miIIions

of years E) its creative powers are more apparent in some

fields of learning

89. According to the passage, although people have had the skiII of reading for several thousand years, ----.

A) the actual process of learning how to read has only just been discovered by neuro physiologists

B) there has been no improvement in the speed at when people can read

C) the brain remains inflexible and cannot cope with different cultures

D) from the angle of evolution, this has been insufficient for the brain to develop particularized reading skiIIs

51


E) it is only in the social sciences that this skiII has been seriously studied

90. The purpose of the passage is to ----.

A) explain how the brain has evolved towards creativity over thousands of years

B) raise questions about, rather than explain, the reading abilities of the brain

C) highlight recent developments and controversies in the field of neurophysiology

D) emphasize the adverse effects of different cultural environments on the human brain

E) draw attention to the neurobiology differs way from neurophysiology


Throughout history, eyewitnesses have reported orange glows, fireballs or flashes in the days before and during an earthquake. It was in 1968, however, that the first photographs of "earthquake lights" were taken during a series of earthquakes in Japan. Some showed red streaks across the sky. Others looked like a low blue dawn from a distance. In 1999, floating balls of light in the sky were broadcast on Turkish television, reportedly filmed the night before the devastating earthquake of 7.4 on the Richter scale that kiIIed many thousands of people in the Marmara region of Turkey. Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of earthquake lights confirm their existence. It has to be said that earthquake lights are a fairly weII-known phenomenon, but we don't know what they mean, or what causes them. Seismologists have struggled for years to find a reliable earthquake predictor. Could the lights hold the key?

91. In the passage, the writer wonders whether ----.

A) earthquake lights might help in the prediction of earthquakes B) the orange glows supposedly sighted before an earthquake were actually seen C) the photographs taken of earthquake lights in Japan are of any scientific use D) earthquakes cause the lights, or whether the lights cause the earthquakes

E) the devastation caused by the Marmara earthquake could have been prevented

92. The passage emphasizes the fact that the Marmara earthquake ----.

A) was televised as it was happeningB) was foIIowed by strange lights in the skyC) was indeed a catastrophic oneD) greatly puzzled seismologistsE) took everyone, seismologists included, by

surprise

93. We understand from the passage that the sighting of earthquake lights ----.

A) has led to a great deal of confusion and contradictory reporting among seismologists

B) first occurred in JapanC) is a fairly recent phenomenon in JapanD) has attracted virtually no scientific attention

from seismologists E) goes back a very long way in time

94. It is pointed out in the passage that the photographic recording of earthquake lights ----.

A) was made for the first time less than half a century ago

B) was only done with great success during the Marmara earthquake

C) is what finally convinced people of their existence

D) is widely regarded as a visual deceptionE) has always been a major concern for

seismologists

52


95. The writer of the passage seems to be confident that ----.

A) seismology is advancing rapidly through the study of earthquakes lights

B) future earthquakes will be reliably predicted by means of earthquake lights

C) earthquake lights have frequently been observed and even filmed

D) the mystery of earthquake lights can never be resolved

E) the appearance of fireballs and flashes in the sky are a sure sign of an approaching earthquake


Much has been said and written about the declining numbers of and disappointing lack of diver sity among American coIIege students majoring in engineering. Among the factors cited to explain this phenomenon are the lack of exposure of high school students to the very idea of engineering and the fact that many have insufficient mathematics and science background to gain entrance to engineering school, even if they do identify the profession as a possible career. This is unfortunate, for the ideas of engineering should be integrated into the curricula not only of high schools but also of middle and primary schools. Our children are being done a disservice by not being exposed properly throughout their education to engineering activities identified as such. After all, even pre-school children have the prerequisites in their play for appreciating exactly what engineering is: design. Indeed, design is everywhere around them throughout their school day, even in their before-school and after-school activities, it need only be pointed out to them that they are designing something, and therefore being engineers of sorts, in virtually everything that they do.

96. The writer of the passage feels strongly that ----.

A) children should be involved in engineering activities at an early age

B) many children are being unfairly directed into a career in engineering

C) the mathematics and science courses in schools need to be modernized

D) university engineering courses ought to be upgraded

E) the education of pre-school children is being given too much importance

97. The writer points out that children can, at a very early age ----.

A) be encouraged to take part in after-school activities

B) develop an interest in scientific mattersC) make up their minds to study engineering at

university D) learn something about the basis of engineering,

which is design E) be influenced by their school environment

98. The writer recognizes the fact that engineering ----.

A) is becoming less and less popular as a field of study among university students

B) is only suitable for highly inteIIigent students C) is a complicated subject only suitable for really

mature students D) has become one of the most popular fields of

study at American universities E) requires many years of training prior to

qualification

99. Among the reasons given in the passage for the decline in the numbers of engineering students is that ----.

A) the American schools still foIIow out-dated curricula

B) university entrance requirements are far too demanding

C) it is generally recognized as one of the most difficult of all the courses

D) engineering in the US is not considered to be a competitive field of study

E) many of them fail to acquire an adequate knowledge of mathematics and science at high schools

53


100. According to the passage, all school programmes ----.

A) should be designed to make students aware of the engineering practices and principles

B) ought to give priority to the sciencesC) must encourage children to make creative

designs D) seem to put the emphasis on the need to

diversify learning E) overlook the fact that all children are different

KPDS 2004 KASIM


Why are people prejudiced? Not surprisingly, theories of prejudice have tended to focus on the more extreme forms of prejudice, in particular when there is aggression and violence. At the turn of the last century, it was popular to consider prejudice to be an innate and instinctive reaction to certain categories of person (e.g. certain races), much as animals would react in instinctive ways to one another. This sort of approach is no longer opular, as it does not stand up weII to scientific scrutiny. However, there may be an innate component to prejudice. There is some evidence that higher animals, including humans, have an inherent fear of the unfamiliar and unusual, which might set the mould for negative attitudes towards groups that are considered different in certain ways. There is also evidence for a mere exposure effect, in which people's attitudes towards various stimuli (e. g. other people) improve as a direct function of repeated exposure or familiarity with the stimulus, provided that initial reactions to the stimuli are not negative. Another perspective rests on the belief that prejudices are learned. Indeed, it has been argued that hatred and suspicion of certain groups are learned early in life, before the child even knows anything about the target group, and that this provides an emotional framework that colours aII subsequent information about, and experience with, the group.

76. According to the passage, at the beginning of the 20th century, prejudice was generaIIy regarded ----.

A) in very much the same way as it is nowB) as a natural and intuitive responseC) as something that had to be correctedD) as inevitable and therefore acceptableE) as an outcome of parental conditioning

77. tt is clear from the passage that studies on prejudice ----.

A) often spring from animal behaviourB) suggest that most children adopt the prejudices

of their parents C) have finaIIy established that it is innateD) aim to discover how they can be overcomeE) have usuaIIy concentrated on the more

destructive expressions of it

78. One theory referred to in the passage, suggests that man's innate fear of what is rarely encountered or little known ----.

A) may play a role in creating prejudicesB) prevents him from developing his social

possibilitiesC) is an aspect of his character that relates him

very closely to the rest of the animal worldD) is far less strong now than formerly E) has helped to make society more uniform

79. We learn from the passage that the "mere exposure effect" occurs when ----.

A) opposing groups agree to meet each other half way

B) individuals start to copy the behaviour patterns of the people they are with

C) people learn to face the fact that their prejudices are without foundation

D) repeated contact with a particular group leads to a better understanding of that group

E) people can admit that their first reactions were too extreme

54


80. According to the passage, certain studies suggest that prejudice against various groups of society----.

A) is on the increase simply because it is receiving too much attention

B) develops early in life, even before any real contact has been made with them

C) could best be overcome by keeping children unaware of it

D) is largely racial in characterE) has only resulted in violence on very rare

occasions


By the early 19th century, the eminent French zoologist Georges Cuvier believed he had found rock-solid evidence for the biblical great flood. While studying the geological strata around Paris, Cuvier found that fossils or sea creatures in one ancient layer of chalk were overlaid by those of land creatures. Then, just as abruptly, the layer above contained sea creatures again, with the top layer showing evidence of a vast and rapid inundation around present-day Paris. Cuvier regarded these sudden changes in the fossil record as evidence for sudden catastrophes which devastated life of Earth, of which the great flood was just the most recent example. Cuvier's discoveries, published in 1812, won support from a large number of eminent scientists such as the geologist Sir James HaII. However, there were a few who were deeply sceptical, pointing out that the evidence of a global flood was far from conclusive. Most sceptical of aII were the foIIowers of the Scottish geologist James Hutton. In 1795, he had published a two-volume text based on the view that the slow, steady processes that shape our planet today, such as erosion, were also cruciaIIy important in the distant past.

81. We learn from the passage that many scientists ----.

A) gave fuII support to Cuvier's view that the great flood had actuaIIy taken place

B) were not at aII impressed by Cuvier's discoveries in the Paris area

C) foIIowed up Cuvier's excavations of marine fossils

D) were, like Cuvier, engaged in a search for evidence of the great flood

E) ceased to be sceptical of the great flood once Sir James HaII had given his support to Cuvier

82. It is pointed out in the passage that in the course of excavations near Paris, Cuvier ----.

A) slowly came to recognize the geological significance of the biblical great flood

B) was particularly surprised that there were chalk formations in the area

C) was slow to recognize the geological importance or marine fossils

D) grew interested in the fossils of sea creatures only after he came across a second layer

E) discovered alternating layers of fossils relating to sea and land creatures

83. It is clear from the passage that Cuvier ----.

A) adopted an indifferent attitude towards the attacks of his critics

B) was greatly influenced by Mutton's theory concerning the Earth's formation

C) was particularly interested in marine fossils and concentrated on them for research purposes

D) interpreted his fossil discoveries as indications of major catastrophes similar to the great flood

E) had devoted years of research to establish that the biblical great flood had actuaIIy occurred

84. According to the passage, Cuvier's critics ----.

A) were extremely jealous of his discoveries near Paris

B) felt that there was insufficient geological evidence to confirm that the biblical great flood ever had occurred

C) regarded erosion as only a minor geological process

D) were also equaIIy opposed to the views expressed by Mutton

E) certainly believed there had been a global flood but did not regard his discoveries as scientificaIIy important

55


85. As we learn from the passage, Mutton's theory was that ----.

A) long-term geological change, such as erosion, had been of paramount importance in the Earth's history

B) erosion was the single most important cause of geological change on Earth

C) some geological processes, such as erosion, were relatively recent in the history of the Earth

D) our planet had been subjected to countless catastrophes in the distant past

E) the formation of our planet was the outcome of different processes in different places


No child is too young to play and therefore to engage in engineering, even though it is of a primitive kind. We aII did so as children ourselves, when we devised our own toys and games -and sometimes even imaginary friends to enjoy them with us. The idea of playfulness is embedded in engineering through the concepts of invention and design. Not that engineering is trivial; rather, the heart of the activity is to give imagination its freedom to dream and turn those dreams into reality. Children do experience the essence of engineering in their earliest activities, yet there is seldom any recognition that this is the case. They may hear the word "engineer" only in connection with railroad locomotives and have no idea that their playful activity could become a lifelong profession. Engineers themselves are understandably reluctant to equate their professional activity with mere child's play; after aII, they studied long and hard to master complicated knowledge of atoms and molecules, stresses and strains, heat and power, current and voltages, bits and bytes. They manipulate equations, not blocks. They use computers for serious modeIIing and calculation, not for fun and games. They design and build real towers and bridges that test the limits of reliability and safety, not toy ones that totter and faII down with little consequence.

86. The main point the writer is making in this passage is that ----.

A) man has practised engineering ever since primitive times

B) some children are born to be engineersC) children and engineers both have the capacity

to imagine and create D) reliability and safety are minor details for the

professional engineer E) any engineering fault in design or calculation

does have serious consequences

87. One point stressed in the passage is that professional engineering ----.

A) is very different from aII other scientific activities

B) requires more imagination than technical knowledge and calculation

C) makes little use of theoretical knowledgeD) gives priority to design rather than to invention E) covers a vast field of involved or intricate

subjects of wide scope

88. As we can see from the passage, the writer is careful ----.

A) not to exaggerate the importance of creative play to a child

B) to list aII areas that are of concern to an engineer

C) to show how slowly a child's mental capacity develops

D) not to offend engineers by his comparisonE) to avoid using technical terminology in the

passage

89. It is suggested in the passage that children ----.

A) are not aware of the fact that in their games they are involved in some kind of engineering activity

B) should be constantly encouraged to play games that involve engineering techniques

C) love to imitate the activities that go on around them

D) are incapable of imaginative thinking

56


E) have a primitive perception of life

90. According to the passage, what children and engineers have in common are ----.

A) reliability and safetyB) experience and knowledgeC) invention and designD) modeIIing and calculationE) recognition and reality


Europe and Japan do not use fuel-economy standards to any significant degree, but instead rely principaIIy on high taxes to reduce gas consumption. Their average tax is more than $2 per gaIIon, while in the US, federal gas taxes are only 180 per gaIIon and average state taxes 220 per gaIIon. Higher prices at the pump resulting from higher taxes increase consumer demand for cars with better fuel economy. They also encourage consumers to reduce their driving. Research shows that federal taxes on gasoline would have to increase by a bit less than 500 per gaIIon to cut gasoline consumption in the US. Although a 500 increase is a lot compared with the present average total tax of 400, it would raise retail gas prices to only a little more than $2 per gaIIon, tax included. This is far below prices in Europe and Japan. Even if federal taxes on gas were doubled, US retail gas prices would still be much below those in other developed nations.

91. According to the passage, efforts have been made ----.

A) to compare the levels of fuel consumption as weII as fuel prices in Europe

B) to assess what price increases would lead to a significant reduction in fuel consumption in the US

C) to give more appeal to public transportD) to establish what vehicle types consume less

fuel

E) to develop fuel-efficient vehicles for sale in the US

92. It is clear from the passage that Japan's strategy to keep fuel consumption down ----.

A) depends largely on the high taxation of fuelB) has been greatly criticized by the publicC) has not been as effective as was originaIIy

envisagedD) has set an example that Europe is now

adoptingE) has had no effect upon the country's car

production Technologies

93. According to the passage, the combined federal and state taxes on gas in the US ----.

A) have exceeded those currently in use in Europe B) are so high that they have forced Japanese car

manufacturers to change their production strategies

C) have become a major public concernD) have suddenly caused fuel prices to rise

sharply E) amount too much less than the tax paid in

Japan

94. We learn from the passage that one effect of higher taxes on fuel ----.

A) has been a great deal of uneasiness and even anger among consumers

B) has been a noticeable drop in car sales everywhere

C) has been to draw attention to a much wider range of energy sources

D) is an increased demand for vehicles which consume less fuel

E) is that Europe's production of fuel-economy vehicles has increased remarkably

57


95. One point stressed in the passage is that fuel prices in the US, ----.

A) which include both federal and state taxes, are expected to rise considerably

B) which have been increasing steadily for quite some time now, have almost equaIIed those in Japan and even Europe

C) even if the taxes were to be increased considerably would still be much lower than in other industrialized countries

D) which have not risen for a long time, seem likely to remain stable

E) where consumers go for cars with beter fuel economy, have caused no change in driving habits


Throughout his working life, Shakespeare worked as an actor in the midst of a troupe. We know little about his first years in London. For a few years between 1585 and 1592, his name disappears altogether from the public records, and the most likely reason for this is that, for at least some of this time, he was working for one of the city's acting companies; as a junior member he would not be listed among the troupe's principal players. In the late 1580s theatrical activity in London was largely concentrated in Shoreditch, and Southwark, districts of London Shakespeare could have lived anywhere, but Shareditch, which would have been cheap and convenient, is a likely candidate for a young actor. In his early career Shakespeare may have moved from troupe to troupe in order to survive. Whatever the case, working conditions must have been similar. Sundays, religious holidays and disasters side, a company would perform a different play each afternoon of the week, though some plays would be repeated in the weeks ahead. An actor usuaIIy had to keep at least 30 parts in his memory and a leading player such as AIIeyn or Burbage must have kept in mind nearly 5,000 lines a week.

96. According to the passage, in Shakespeare's time, ----.

A) it was not unusual for actors to appear in a great many roles each week

B) there was no theatrical activity anywhere in England except for London

C) leading actors would only agree to appear in certain roles

D) an acting company usuaIIy staged a new play each week

E) acting was regarded as an immoral occupation

97. We learn from the passage that, in Shakespeare's London, theatres ----.

A) competed with each other to get AIIeyn or Burbage in their troupe

B) were normaIIy open to the public six afternoons a week

C) provided actors with a comfortable and profitable way of life

D) were rather like drama schools and they trained actors

E) all had their own leading players

98. It is clear from the passage that Shakespeare, during his early years in London, ----.

A) gained experience as an actor by appearing in a huge variety of parts

B) was encouraged to write plays by AIIeyn and Burbage

C) devoted himself primarily to the writing of plays D) preferred living in Southwark to ShoreditchE) was little known as an actor though he was

probably acting

99. We understand from the passage that in the late 16th century ----.

A) it was iIIegal to hold theatrical performances on religious days

B) Shoreditch and Southwark were heavily populated commercial districts

C) there was apparently a great deal of public interest in the theatres

D) the popularity of AIIeyn and Burbage was already on the decline

E) working conditions in the theatres varied enormously

58


100. It was clear from the passage that, for Shakespeare, the years in London up to 1592 ----.

A) were times of hardship and uncertaintyB) were a period of widespread public recognitionC) marked a turning point in his lifeD) brought many great changes and opportunitiesE) were the period during which he established a

lifelong friendship with AIIeyn and Burbage

KPDS 2005 MAYIS


For two decades after World War II, mass production reigned supreme. Mass production techniques pushed companies into standardized products, long product life cycles, and rigid manufacturing, emphasizing efficiency and low cost over flexibility. Special orders cost more. But today's consumers are very choosy. They want quality, value and products specially tailored to their needs, but always at the lowest possible price. For now mass customization has come to the fore. Mass customization uses information technology to produce and deliver products and services designed to fit the specifications of individual customers. Companies can customize products in quantities as small as one with the same speed and low cost as mass production methods. Mass customization systems use information taken from the customer to control the flow of goods.

76. We learn from the passage that mass production ----.

A) has now regained its previous popularityB) was the leading method of production in the

twenty years or so that foIIowed World War II C) can easily be adapted to meet the needs of

individual customers D) can be very profitable because of the wide

appeal of its goods

E) gives priority to quality and longevity in the goods produced but ignores aesthetic qualities

77. We learn from the passage that one of the characteristics of mass production is ----.

A) the need to please every customerB) a disregard for flexibilityC) a disregard for cost effectivenessD) to take into consideration the specifications

given by individual customers E) the rescheduling of production as the need

arises

78. By the phrase "mass customization", as it is used in the passage, is meant the production of goods ----.

A) in very large quantities and for general useB) to meet standardized specifications which will

please everyoneC) at high speed regardless of costD) designed to have a long lifeE) designed to meet the specific needs of

individual customers

79. According to the passage, present day customers ----.

A) are encouraged to buy ready-made goods available in the shops

B) are pleased far more easily than customers were in the past

C) do not attach much importance to production methods

D) specify what they want and insist on getting it E) rarely distinguish between standardized and

non-standardized goods

59


80. The point is made in the passage that mass customization ----.

A) is no more costly and no more time consuming than mass production

B) is a system that dates back to the end of World War II

C) has actually never been as popular as mass production

D) is primarily concerned with efficiency but overlooks quality

E) does not attach much importance to flexibility


Before the Polish born French-American mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his mark on the world, scientists liked to forget about the imperfections and irregularities of nature. The study of perfect squares, triangles and planes had dominated their field for over 2,000 years, since the Greek geometer Euclid wrote maths' oldest treatise "Elements" and provided us with the tools to measure these flawlessly smooth shapes. Early question about how to measure the real shape of a tree, a coastline or anything with a rough edge could not be tackled by Euclidean geometry and had therefore been ignored. But Mandelbrot changed all this when he invented fractal geometry, which enables us to measure roughness. "My whole career has been one long, ardent pursuit of the concept of roughness", he says. "The roughness of clusters in the physics of disorder, of turbulent flows, of exotic noises, of chaotic dynamical systems, of the distribution of galaxies, of coastlines, of stock price charts and of mathematical constructions."

81. It is clear from the passage that, before Mandelbrot's concepts attracted the attention of the scientific world, ----.

A) mathematics foIIowed the lead of Euclid and concentrated on regular shapes

B) everyone felt that Euclidean geometry was inadequate

C) scientists relied on Euclidean geometry to measure trees and exotic noises

D) Mandelbrot almost lost confidence in the concept of roughness

E) Mandelbrot was careful to limit the scope of his studies into roughness

82. According to the passage, Euclidean geometry can, in a way, be regarded as having had a negative effect upon the development of mathematics because it ----.

A) can be neither substantiated nor disprovedB) is too involved with measurementC) makes the investigation of roughness

impossibleD) is far too comprehensiveE) put forward the concept of roughness

83. lt is clear from the passage that Mandelbrot ----.

A) only began to work on the concept of roughness at a later stage in his career

B) finds the concept of roughness immensely exciting, and apparent in widely different areas

C) worked on the concept of roughness because he wanted to prove that Euclid's theories were contradictory

D) didn't discover fractal geometry but worked to extend its uses

E) has still to convince the scientific world of the value of fractal geometry

84. One point made in the passage is that Euclidean geometry ----.

A) has led to a better appreciation of the irregularities in nature

B) has had to be modified in the light of new discoveries

C) has been shown to be invalidD) is not universally applicableE) doesn't deserve the respect it has enjoyed for

2,000 years

60


85. According to the passage, fractal geometry ----.

A) makes possible the measurement of anything with a rough edge

B) is actually, as regards method, very similar to Euclidean geometry

C) is merely an extension of Euclidean geometry D) is well on the way to replacing Euclidean

geometry entirely E) is just one of several remarkable innovations

propounded by Mandelbrot


Therapists have to be very careful before they make a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A great many complaints are founded on fact. It is possible that a patient is really being harassed at work, that her husband is deceiving her, or that her business partner is cheating her. Indeed, therapists must be careful not to mislabel facts as delusions, a trap known as "the Martha MitcheII effect". Martha MitcheII was the wife of former US attorney General John MitcheII. In October 1972, he was accused of having ordered the break in at the Democratic campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. Mrs MitcheII repeatedly told the press that her husband was being made a scapegoat to protect the real culprit President Richard M. Nixon. The White House spread disinformation about Mrs MitcheII, saying she had a drinking problem and implying that her statements were delusional. When the scandal was ultimately unraveIIed, Mrs MitcheII's statements were proved true and she was shown to be utterly sane and with no drinking problem.

86. The passage draws attention to the fact that ----.

A) John Mitchell had indeed violated the law on several occasions

B) it can sometimes be difficult for therapists to distinguish between fact and delusion

C) President Nixon had never trusted his attorney general

D) Mrs Mitchell had always been subject to delusions

E) complaints always have a foundation in fact

87. We understand from the passage that Mrs Mitchell ----.

A) was often treated by therapists on account of her delusions

B) did indeed have a drinking problemC) was indifferent to the disinformation spreadby

the White House D) was unjustly portrayed as suffering from

delusions E) displayed little interest in the Watergate affair

88. We learn from the passage that, in the Watergate affair, US attorney general John Mitchell ----.

A) was criminally involved in the break in at the Democratic campaign headquarters

B) was made to appear as the leading wrongdoer C) asked the press to interview his wifeD) advised President Nixon on the legal procedure E) was anxious that his wife should not get

involved with the press

89. According to the passage, Mrs Mitchell's statements about her husband ----.

A) were disregarded by the pres B) were imaginary rather than factualC) were, in fact, true but deliberately deniedD) convinced President Nixon that his attorney

general was innocentE) were examined by therapists on a regular basis

61


90. lt is clear from the passage that, by "the Martha Mitchell effect" is meant ----.

A) the labeIIing of facts as delusionsB) Mrs MitcheII's loyal support of her husbandC) the use of a wife's evidence against her

husbandD) the unraveIIing of the Watergate scandalE) the giving of false testimony at a trial


Recent activity in several US church communities has seemed almost unbelievable: churchgoers have gathered around huge fires and cheered as they cast Harry Potter boks into the flames. They fear that the incredibly popular series about a school for young wizards is spurring children and adolescents toward a life of witchcraft and onto the dangerous path toward Satanism. For these congregations, J.K. Rowling's books are none other than the work of the devil herself. To most people, however, the Harry Potter boks and films are merely compeIIing adventure stories, not a threat to children's psyches. But what has been forgotten in the excitement of "Pottermania" is that boys and girls have been fascinated by magic and sorcery for generations. Surveys about magical practices among adolescents vary widely, but some indicate that as many as 44 per cent have shown some slight, passing interest in it. Although satanically motivated violence occasionally makes headlines, research shows that less than 5 per cent of young people take part in more extensive witchcraft, and very few end up in the kind of organized devil worship that can lead to such acts as ritual murder.

91. The attitude of the writer of the passage towards the burning of the Harry Potter books by various church communities is ----.

A) an understanding one, as many young people have been led astray by these books

B) one of deep anger

C) sympathetic as basically he believes they are right about the iII effects of the Harry Potter boks

D) one of amazement at their responseE) one of repulsion at their hysteria and fanaticism

92. One point emphasized in the passage is that the interest of young people in magic ----.

A) is no more dangerous than their love of adventure

B) needs to be recognized by society and firm action taken

C) really is largely due to the Harry Potter stories D) is by no means a new developmentE) should be encouraged as it is perfectly

harmless

93. According to the passage, though a fair number of young people have felt a vague, temporary interest in magic, ----.

A) it has always been easy to convince them of its dangers

B) few have become seriously involvedC) they have never, in any way, been harmed by it D) most do not even know the meaning of

Satanism E) this never continues into adolescence

94. In the passage, though the writer does not want to make a big issue of the matter of witchcraft, he ----.

A) would like more surveys and studies to be carried out on it

B) feels it should receive more public attentionC) admits that it can, on occasion, lead to terrible

events D) hopes that "Pottermania" will soon die out of its

own accord E) believes that all cases of satanically motivated

violence should make the headlines and so serve as warnings

62


95. According to the passage, those who burn the Harry Potter books ----.

A) have previously burned other popular boks B) are actually indulging in a form of witchcraft

themselves C) mostly do so without having first read the books D) are being accused, quite unfairly, of displaying

extremist attitudes E) do so because they believe these books

encourage young people to turn to witchcraft


Why does sea water taste salty? It is a question that has been asked by countless people down the ages. And the answer seems straightforward: rain constantly erodes the surface of the Earth, washing a mix of natural chemicals into rivers and thence into the sea. The most water soluble and abundant of these just happen to taste salty. ALL very simple. Or is it? After all, erosion has been taking place for miIIions of years, dumping ever more of these salty compounds into the sea, yet the concentration is still far below the saturation level. So the real mystery is not why the sea tastes salty, but why it isn't utterly packed with salt, and as lifeless as the Dead Sea. Here is another curious thing about our planet. Its atmosphere has existed for biIIions of years, and yet it still contains a mix of highly reactive gases like oxygen and methane. Why haven't they settled down into a boring unreactive atmosphere like that of Mars or Venus?

96. According to the passage, the most important and fascinating question about salt and the sea is: ----?

A) why do certain natural elements taste salty?B) how much salt is there in the seaC) how does the salt get to the seaD) when will the salt in the sea reach saturation

levelE) why isn't the sea more salty

97. One point made in the passage is that unanswered questions about the world and the universe ----.

A) will, at some point in the future, be answered in a satisfactory manner

B) are now very few in numberC) are unimportant and can be ignoredD) help to highlight the mysteries of the worldE) are only of interest to scientists

98. One aim of the writer in this passage is to make people realize that ----.

A) it is dangerous to interfere with the balance of nature

B) everything in the universe has an explanationC) many of the facts about various planets are

exceedingly boringD) all the seas in the world will eventually be like

the Dead SeaE) what may seem simple and straightforward may

actually not be so

99. It is clear from the passage that writer often wonders about why ----.

A) certain gases are not highly reactiveB) there is no end to the chemicals that are carried

into the seaC) the world is as it isD) people are not attracted to the Dead SeaE) the atmosphere of Mars is similar to that of

Venus

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100.The phrase "just happen to" supports the writer's view of the world as a place ----.

A) where many phenomena remain inexplicableB) where everything goes according to a master

planC) where most occurrences have a logical

explanationD) of continuous and relentless changeE) of little interest to anyone who is interested in

science

PARAGRAF SORULARI CEVAP ANAHTARLARI

1997 MAYIS DÖNEMİ83.A 84.B 85.C 86.D 87.E 88.C89.A 90.D 91.B 92.C 93.A 94.E95.D 96.B 97.D 98.E 99.C 100.A

1997 KASIM DÖNEMİ83.E 84.B 85.C 86.D 87.B 88.E89.C 90.A 91.E 92.C 93.A 94.D95.A 96.E 97.A 98.C 99.A 100.E

1998 MAYIS DÖNEMİ83.C 84.A 85.D 86.C 87.E 88.B89.C 90.E 91.D 92.B 93.E 94.A95.C 96.B 97.B 98.C 99.A 100.E

1998 KASIM DÖNEMİ83.D 84.A 85.C 86.D 87.C 88.E 89.A 90.D 91. B 92. B 93. C 94. E 95. D 96. A 97. B 98. E 99. C 100.D

1999 MAYIS DÖNEMİ83.A 84.B 85.E 86.A 87.C 88.B89.E 90.B 91. D 92. C 93. E 94. A95. E 96. A 97. D 98. C 99. D 100.A

1999 KASIM DÖNEMİ83.A 84.C 85.E 86.D 87.A 88.C89.B 90.D 91.E 92.A 93.E 94.D95.B 96.D 97.E 98.B 99.C 100.A

2000 MAYIS DÖNEMİ83.D 84.C 85.A 86.C 87.E 88.A89.B 90.D 91.E 92.A 93.E 94.B95.E 96.E 97.C 98.D 99.E 100.B

2000 KASIM DÖNEMİ83.D 84.B 85.E 86.A 87.B 88.C89.D 90.E 91.B 92.A 93.E 94.D95.B 96.E 97.D 98.A 99.E 100.C

2001 MAYIS DÖNEMİ83.A 84.C 85.D 86.C 87.B 88.E89.A 90.D 91.B 92.A 93.D 94.E95.C 96.D 97.C 98.A 99.B 100.E

2001 KASIM DÖNEMİ83.A 84.C 85.B 86.A 87.B 88.D89.E 90.D 91.E 92.C 93.B 94.D95.C 96.B 97.E 98.D 99.C 100.A

2002 MAYIS DÖNEMİ83.E 84.B 85.A 86.B 87.A 88.C89.D 90.E 91. D 92. E 93. A 94. B95. C 96. E 97. D 98. C 99. B 100.A

2002 KASIM DÖNEMİ76.B 77.D 78.A 79.C 80.D 81.B 82.E 83.D 84.C 85.A 86.E 87.A 88.C 89.B 90.D 91. C 92. B 93. D94. E 95. A 96. E 97. D 98. B 99. A100.C

2003 MAYIS DÖNEMİ76.A 77.C 78.A 79.D 80. E 81.E 82.C 83.D 84.B 85.E 86.B 87.A 88.C 89.D 90.A 91.C 92.C 93.A94.B 95.E 96.A 97.B 98.B 99.C100.E

2003 KASIM DÖNEMİ76.D 77.E 78.C 79.E 80. A 81.D 82.E 83.A 84.B 85.E 86.B 87.C88.B 89.A 90.C 91.D 92. E 93. D94. B 95. A 96. C 97. B 98. D 99. D100.B

2004 MAYIS DÖNEMİ76.C 77.A 78.E 79.A 80.B 81.E 82.D 83.B 84.C 85.B 86.C 87.D 88.B 89.D 90.B 91.A 92.C 93.E94.A 95.C 96.A 97.D 98.A 99.E100.A

2004 KASIM DÖNEMİ76.B 77.E 78.A 79.D 80.B 81.A 82.E 83.D 84.B 85.A 86.C 87.E 88.D 89.A 90.C 91.B 92.A 93.E94.D 95.C 96.A 97.B 98.E 99.C100.A

2005 MAYIS DÖNEMİ76.B 77.B 78.E 79.D 80.A 81.A 82.C 83.B 84.B 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.B 89.C 90.A 91.E 92.D 93.B94.C 95.E 96. E 97.D 98.E 99.C100.A

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