e Emergence of Europe:

e Middle Ages

Key Question:

After the collapse of the Western RomanEmpire, what contributions did the

Romans, the Christian Church, and theGermanic peoples make to the new

civilization that emerged in the region?

Warm Up: What happened to Europeafter the fall of the Roman Empire?

IntheEast,theByzan.neEmpirebecameacenterfortrade&Greco‐Romanculture

The Middle Ages IntheWest,Europegrewweak&fellintotheMiddleAgesfrom500to1300

Alsoknownasthe“DarkAges”or“Medieval”era

Europe After the Fall of RomeWhenbarbariankingdomsconqueredRome,Europewasplaguedbyconstantwarfare

Warfaredisruptedtrade,destroyedEurope’sci.es,&forcedpeopletoruralareas

Learningdeclined;FewpeoplecouldreadorwriteGreco‐Roman

culturewasforgoQen

Europelostacommonlanguage;La.nmixedwithlocallanguagestoformSpanish,French,Italian

Germanic Tribes in the Middle AgesWithouttheunityoftheRomanEmpire,EuropebecamedividedintoaseriesofGermanickingdomsGermanicpeoplelivedinsmallcommuni.esledbychiefs&hisloyalwarriors

Family.es&loyaltyweremoreimportant

thanci.zenship

The New Germanic Kingdoms

-from Denmark &northern Germany-Moved into Britain-Roman influencenot as strong

-in Spain-maintained muchof structure ofRoman govt-power centered ina Germanicwarrior caste

-in Italy-preserved Romantradition of govt-Theodoric keptRomans underRoman law & hisown people undertheir own customs

Angles/SaxonsVisigothsOstrogoths

Kingdom of the Franks Established by Clovis, Merovingian dynasty Became Catholic, c. 500 CE - earned him

support of Roman Catholic Church Stretched from Pyrenees to western Germany Split up among his sons after his death

Germanic Society

-main social bond = extended family

-patriarchal

-law was very personal - led to many blood feuds(different from Roman law where offenses were againstsociety)

-could get very bloody so developed system - wergeld - $paid by wrongdoer to family of person injured or killed

-method to determine guilt/innocence = ORDEAL -based on idea that divine forces would not allow aninnocent person to be harmed

The Spread of ChristianityDuringtheearlyMiddleAges,theGermanickingdomswereslowlyconvertedtoChris.anity

TheCatholicPopebecameinvolvedinsecular(non‐religious)issueslikeroadrepair,aidingthe

poor,&helpingChris.ankingsexpandtheirpower

Organization ofthe Church

Diocese - city area headedby a bishop

4 Main Cities/Bishops ofRome, Jerusalem,Alexandria, Antioch

Rome special - Jesus hadgiven “keys to the kingdomof Heaven” to Peter, 1stbishop of Rome

Monks Sought to live life away from

ordinary society to pursue lifededicated to God

Monasticism - monks livingtogether in a community;ascetic life often

St. Benedict established rules

Benedict’s Rules Divided day into activities with emphasis

on prayer and manual labor Idleness was “enemy of the soul” Communal life - prayed, ate, slept,

worked together Monastery led by an abbot -

unquestioning control of monks Nuns - female version -

convents/abbesses

Community Role of Monasteries Provided schools, hospitality for travelers,

and hospitals for the sick Copied ancient works Centers of learning missionaries

The Spread of ChristianityTheFrankswerethelargest&mostpowerfuloftheGermanickingdomsintheearlyMiddleAges

FrankishkingsalliedwiththeCatholicChurch&expandedtheirpower

In771,Charlemagne(“CharlestheGreat”)

becamekingoftheFranks

Charlemagne & the Frankish EmpireCharlemagnewasthegreatestMedievalkingbecausehedidsomethingnootherkingwasable

todo…createanorganizedempire–TheHolyRomanEmpire(FirstReich)

CharlemagneexpandedtheFrankishempire

HespreadChris.anity–MissiDominici

Hevaluedlearning&builtschoolsinhisempire

Hecreatedschoolstotrainfuturepriests

Charlemagne & The Holy Roman Empire

A]erCharlemagne’sdeathin814,hisFrankishEmpirewasdivided&lostpower…

…ThiswasthelastopportunitytoprovideunityinmedievalEurope

Consolidation of Power in FrankishKingdom

7-8th centuries - chief officers within king’s householdtook power - Pepin

768 - Pepin’s son Charles the Great, akaCharlemagne took over

Strong leader, pious Christian, illiterate Patron of learning Carolingian Empire - covered much of western &

central Europe Used counts as king’s chief representatives in local

areas Missi dominici - messengers of the king who checked

local districts to see if counts were carrying out king’swishes

Significance of Charlemagne

800 CE - acquired title “Emperor of the Romans”

Demonstrated the enduring strength of concept of aRoman empire

Fusion of Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements:Germanic king crowned emperor of Romans byspiritual leader of western Christendom

Carolingian Empire disintegrates

*By843,Charlemagne’sempirewasdividedamong3grandsons

1. WesternFrankishlands‐eventuallybecomesFrance

2. Easternlands‐eventuallybecomesGermany

3. “MiddleKingdom”extendingfromNorthSeatoMediterranean‐becameasourceofincessantstrugglebetweenthetwootherFrankishrulers

*Thefigh.ngallowedpowerfulnoblestorise

Invasions of the 9th &10th Centuries

Text

From800to1000,a2ndmajorwaveofinvasionsstruckEuropeledbyVikings,Muslims&Magyars

Theseinvasionscausedwidespreadfear&sufferingKingscouldnotdefendagainst

invasionPeoplestoppedlookingtokingsforprotec.on

e Barbarians: VikingshQp://youtu.be/545c2A4Imhk

Feudalism• FeudalismbeganinEuropeasawaytoofferprotec.on

• Feudalismisbasedonland&loyalty

• Land‐owninglordsofferland(calledafief)toknightsinexchangefortheirloyalty&promisetoprotectthelord’sland

• FeudalismcametoEnglandwithNormanInvasionin1066

Bayeaux Tapestry

Feudal Structure

KingshadlandbutveryliQlepower

Lords(alsocalledNobles)weretheupper‐classlandowners;theyhad

inherited.tles(“Duke,”“Earl,”“Sir”)

Knightswerespeciallytrainedsoldierswhoprotectedthelords&peasants–vassalstookanoathoffealty(loyalty)

Somepeasantswereserfs&couldnotleavethelord’sestate

Subinfeudation - vassals had vassals who had vassals

Lords built castles to protect their territory fromoutside invasions

The Manorial SystemThelord’slandwascalledamanor

DuringtheMiddleAges,themanorialsystemwasthewayinwhichpeoplesurvived

Thelordprovidedpeasantswithhousing,farmland,&protec.on

Inexchange,peasantsrepaidthelordbyworkinghisland&

providingapor.onofthefoodtheyproduced

Manorswereself‐sufficientcommuni.es;Everythingthatwasneededwasproducedonthemanor

Peasantlifewashard:Theypaidtaxestousethelord’smill,hadtogetpermissiontogetmarried,

&lifeexpectancywasabout35yearsold

For Discussion:

What roles did aristocrats,peasants, and townspeople playin medieval Europeancivilization, and how did theirlifestyles differ?

For Discussion:

How did cities in Europecompare with those in Chinaand the Middle East?

Italian merchantfleets tookcrusaders toeast andengaged in trade-received tradingconcessions inSyria & Palestine

Trade betweenItaly & Chinaenabled by PaxMongolica 13thcentury-Marco Polo

Mostly agrarianRevival of tradein 11th-12th c.Italian city-stateslike Venice ledthe wayBruges & Ghentin Flanders ledway in northTrade fairs arose& use of gold &silver

Middle EastChinaEurope

The Rise of Towns & Cities Popped up along trade routes Often set up outside castles & fortresses - leads

to term “borough, burg, burgh, bourg) Merchants & artisans demanded different rights

from kings and nobles - needed greater mobility Townspeople often swore oath forming a

commune to stand up together against lords -wanted self-government

Guilds Artisans formed

these associationalong craft lines

Determined whocould join, prices,quality, etc

For Discussion:

What were the main aspects ofthe political, economic,spiritual, and cultural revivalsthat took place in Europe in theHigh Middle Ages?

England in the Middle Ages 1066 - Battle of Hastings William of Normandy crowned king of

England Norman knights got fiefs and swore oath of

loyalty to William - beginning of creation ofa strong, centralized monarchy

Scene from Bayeaux Tapestry

Repercussions of Norman Conquest

William was King of England but vassal toking of France - kept England connectedwith continental European affairs

Growth of English Institutions Henry II (1154-1189) - increased power of royal

courts; common law began to replace local law;lost battle to control English church

Magna Carta - King John (1199-1216) - Englishnobles tried to secure their feudal libertiesagainst the growing power of the king

Edward I (1272-1307) - Parliament - came fromidea of 2 knights from every county and 2townspeople meeting with Great Council toconsent to new taxes (“power of the purse”)

Growth of French Kingdom 987 - death of last Carolingian king led to

choice of Hugh Capet, establishing newCapetian dynasty

Not a lot of power - controlled only areaaround Paris

Would take hundreds of years for Capetiankings to centralize their power

Growth of French Kingdom King Philip II Augustus (1180-1223)

Strengthened royal bureaucracy Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314)

Reinforced French bureaucracy & created a Frenchparliament to meet with him (reps from the 3 estates)

France = largest, wealthiest, & best governedmonarchical state in Europe by end of 13thcentury

IberianKingdoms

10th century Muslimpower weakeningon Iberian peninsula

11th century - anumber of smallChristian kingdomswere emerging inthe north

Muslims limited toGranada by 13thcentury

SpanishMuslims(Moors)wouldbeforcedoutofIberianPeninsulaby1492

Holy Roman Empire Hohenstaufen dynasty - Frederick I Barbarossa

(1152-1190) and Frederick II (1212-1250) - triedto create a new kind of empire

Planned to get chief revenues from Italy ascenter of a “holy empire”- not as easy to takeover Italy as he thought

Battle with the popes & the northern Italian towns Result of spending so much time worrying about

Italy allowed German lords to gain more powerso that the Holy Roman Emperor did not havegreat (centralized) power over anyone

Central & Eastern Europe Slavs - originally a single

people in central Europe Divided into 3: western,

southern and eastern Western Slavs converted to

Catholicism Eastern and southern Slavs

embraced Eastern OrthodoxChristianity

The Development of Russia Eastern Slavs began to encounter Swedish

Vikings (late 8th century) - Vikings built tradingsettlements, dominated the native peoples andcalled them “the Rus”

Kiev 10th century - established by Viking Oleg -married Slavic wives and assimilated into Slavicpopulation

987 - Rus ruler Vladimir officially acceptedChristianity - Byzantine Christianity became amajor part of Russian religious life

Mongols enter Russia - 13th century

Conquered Russia but not numerous tosettle the vast land

Required Russian princes to pay tribute Alexander Nevsky - Russian prince earned

favor of Mongols - earned him title “grandprince” which set up his descendants tobecome princes of Moscow and futureleaders of Russia

Christianity &MedievalCivilization

Reform of the Papacy Religious officials became entangled in the

secular obligations of feudalism - increasinglysecular and not too worried about their spiritualobligations

Pope fought against lay investiture Gregory claimed he had authority over all of

Christendom, including its rulers German King Henry IV fought back Investiture Controversy led to Concordat of Worms -

compromise

Growth of Papal Power Interdict - forbade priests to dispense

sacraments so people would put pressureon ruler to do what pope wanted

Excommunication

New Religious Orders Between 1050-1150 - wave of new

monasteries & monastic orders Ex. Cistercians - strict aesthetic

St. Bernard of Clairvaux - new spiritual ideal

Increasing number of women joiningreligious orders/convents Haven for female intellectuals

New Religious Orders Franciscans St. Francis of Assisi Called for return to the

simplicity & poverty ofthe early church

Dominicans Dominic de Guzman,

Spanish priest - desire todefend church teachingsfrom heresy

New religious order ofmen who lived in povertybut were educated

Became inquisitors of thepapal Inquisition

Popular Religion in High Middle Ages

Church = integral part of people’s lives 7 sacraments administered by clergy Clergy = key role in anyone attaining salvation Importance of saints in protecting poor souls Growing importance of Mary,

Jesus’ mother - many churchesdevoted to her

Importance of relics - bones ofsaints or objects connected tothem

Culture of the HighMiddle Ages

Rise of Universities Medieval universities = educational guilds

or corporations that produced educatedand trained individuals

1st = Bologna, Italy By end of Middle Ages, 80 universities in

Europe (primarily in England, France, Italy,Germany)

Rise of Universities Liberal arts curriculum - grammar, rhetoric, logic,

arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy Teaching by lecture method (books too

expensive - teachers read from a text and thendiscussed it)

All male 1st degree = bachelor of arts 2nd degree - master of arts After a liberal arts degree, he could go on to

study law, medicine, or theology(could takeanother 10 years)

Scholasticism Theology = “queen of the sciences” Effort to apply reason or logical analysis to

theology impacted study of religion Scholasticism = tried to reconcile faith and

reason Harmonize Christian teachings with Greek

teachings of Aristotle Key “harmonizer” was Thomas Aquinas - Summa

Theologica

St. Thomas Aquinas & Scholasticism Summa - Attempted to bring together all

the learning of the preceding centuries ona given subject (theologica - religion)

Used dialectical method = Pose a question Cite sources that offer opposing opinions on

the question Resolve matter by arriving at his own

conclusions Aquinas discussed c.600 articles

Romanesque Architecture Style of

cathedrals in11th-12thcenturies

Germany,France, Spain

Replacedflatwoodenroofswithlongroundstonebarrelvaults

Stoneroofswereveryheavy‐requiredmassivepillarsandwallstoholdthemup

Le]liQlespaceforwindows

Darkontheinside

Senseofsolidity&impressionofafortress

Gothic Cathedral 12th-13th centuries Symbol of people’s preoccupation with God 2 innovations:

Combination of ribbed vaults and pointed archesreplaced barrel vaults - could make church higher

Flying buttress = heavy arched pier of stone built ontooutside of walls- helped distribute the weight of theceilings - allowed magnificent stained glass windowswhich created different plays of light inside (believednatural light was a symbol of the divine light of God)

Gothic Cathedral 1st full Gothic church - Saint-Denis near

Paris By mid-13th century - Notre-Dame, Reims,

Amiens, Chartres All classes contributed to construction Represented community’s preoccupation

with a spiritual ideal

Question to Consider

How does a society’slargest buildingsreflect the values ofthat society?