DOI: 10.23883/IJRTER.2017.3304.F2VRF 342
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SPEED ON FLEXIBLE AND
INTERLOCKING CEMENT CONCRETE BLOCK PAVEMENT
Shajeev S.1, Dr.Satheesh Chandran
2
M.Tech. Scholar1, Professor
2
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology
Govt. Engg. College, Kerala, India
Abstract-The interlocking cement concrete blocks are very useful where water flows over the
pavement, at water stagnated areas, at intersections etc. The use of interlocking cement blocks for
pavements become very common practice irrespective of their warrants. This study was intended to
compare the speed of the vehicles over Flexible Pavement (FP) and Interlocking Cement Concrete
Blocks Pavement (ICBP) in a same stretch of a road. This study was conducted in Thannithode-
Chittar road and near Thannithode junction of Pathanamthitta district. The spot speed of vehicles was
taken for both flexible as well as ICBP of same stretch of road and compared the variation of speed.
Key words: ICBP, Spot speed, IRC: SP: 63-2004
I. INTRODUCTION
Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement (ICBP) has been extensively used in a number of countries
for quite some time as a specialized problem-solving technique for providing pavement in areas
where conventional types of construction are less durable due to many operational and
environmental constraints. The ICB pavements are generally recommended for (1) at water logging
area, (2) water flowing over the pavement, (3) at junctions where the vehicles are stopping
frequently, (4) at major town where the traffic not to control for maintenance. The evaluation of the
traffic flow parameters through the ICB pavement is very important due to the popularity of the ICB
pavement. The IRC/Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) has prepared the specifications for
ICBP(IRC: SP: 63-2004).
II. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to compare the speedof trafficover the flexible and ICB pavement in
road stretch between Thannithode – Chittar road and Konni - Thannithode road of Pathanamthitta
district of Kerala.
III. SCOPE OF SURVEY To evaluate the speed variation of vehicles, over the Interlocking Cement Concrete Pavement. The
study is to find the level of service of interlocking concrete block pavement.
IV. STUDY AREA
Traffic study was carried out in two roads near ‘Konni’ in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala.
1. Thannithode – Chittar Road
2. Konni - Thannithode Road
The ‘Thannithodu – Chittar’ road is one of the important roads in Pathanamthitta district and comes
under Major District Road. The total length of the road is 6.10 km and having a carriageway width of
5.50 m which is connecting ‘Thannithodu’ town and ‘Chittar’ town. Topography of the road is hilly
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
terrain and passing through the forest land between chainage km 0/456 and 2/175. Since
stretch between chainage km 0/456 and 2/1
process is not allowed and forced to lay the ICBP by the competent authority. Adjacent to
Thannithode junction, ICB are laid for a length of 100m and width of 5.50m. The topography of the
area is level ground and ICBP pavement is laid in midblock section for avoiding water stagnation.
Figure 1:ICB paved carriageway in Thannithod
V.
4.1 Spot Speed Data collection - Manual Method
This method of spot speed determination was carried out on Thannithode
distance was measured and marked over ICBP and FP in adjacent section of the same road. The time
required for a moving vehicle to cover the above marked length through both flexible and I
pavements were recorded using synchronized stop watches. The above observations were taken in
both directions of the road.
Figure 2: Manual method of spot speed determination
4.2 Spot Speed Data collection–Radar Method
The Radar Gun was used to find out the spot speed of the vehicle
Radar speed gunis a device used to measure the speed of moving objects
principle that the speed of a moving body is proportional t
instrument was set up near the edge of the carriage way at a height of about 1m, above the ground
level. The speed meter was kept at an angle between the direction of travel of the vehicle and axis of
transmission of the radio wave. Speeds of vehicles are automatically displayed on the digital display
as we switch the radio waves with every vehicle pass.
manually. The average speed of the traffic calculated from the above data
compared.
Figure 3: Spot speed determination using Radar Speed Gun
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Volume 03, Issue 06; June - 2017
terrain and passing through the forest land between chainage km 0/456 and 2/175. Since
stretch between chainage km 0/456 and 2/175 is passing through the forest land, the hot mixing
process is not allowed and forced to lay the ICBP by the competent authority. Adjacent to
Thannithode junction, ICB are laid for a length of 100m and width of 5.50m. The topography of the
ground and ICBP pavement is laid in midblock section for avoiding water stagnation.
:ICB paved carriageway in Thannithod – Chittar Road
V. METHODOLOGY
Manual Method
determination was carried out on Thannithode - Chittar road. A known
distance was measured and marked over ICBP and FP in adjacent section of the same road. The time
required for a moving vehicle to cover the above marked length through both flexible and I
pavements were recorded using synchronized stop watches. The above observations were taken in
: Manual method of spot speed determination
Radar Method
used to find out the spot speed of the vehicles in Konni - Thannithode
adar speed gunis a device used to measure the speed of moving objects and work
principle that the speed of a moving body is proportional to the radio wave received back.
instrument was set up near the edge of the carriage way at a height of about 1m, above the ground
level. The speed meter was kept at an angle between the direction of travel of the vehicle and axis of
. Speeds of vehicles are automatically displayed on the digital display
as we switch the radio waves with every vehicle pass. The traffic volume of each road was counted
manually. The average speed of the traffic calculated from the above data over FP and
: Spot speed determination using Radar Speed Gun
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)
[ISSN: 2455-1457]
terrain and passing through the forest land between chainage km 0/456 and 2/175. Since the road
75 is passing through the forest land, the hot mixing
process is not allowed and forced to lay the ICBP by the competent authority. Adjacent to
Thannithode junction, ICB are laid for a length of 100m and width of 5.50m. The topography of the
ground and ICBP pavement is laid in midblock section for avoiding water stagnation.
Chittar road. A known
distance was measured and marked over ICBP and FP in adjacent section of the same road. The time
required for a moving vehicle to cover the above marked length through both flexible and ICB
pavements were recorded using synchronized stop watches. The above observations were taken in
Thannithoderoad.
works on the Doppler
wave received back. The
instrument was set up near the edge of the carriage way at a height of about 1m, above the ground
level. The speed meter was kept at an angle between the direction of travel of the vehicle and axis of
. Speeds of vehicles are automatically displayed on the digital display
The traffic volume of each road was counted
over FP and ICBP and
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
VI. OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS
The spot speeds over flexible and ICB pavement of vehicle are taken for comparing the speed
variation of a vehicle in a stretch of road. The observation includes the speed of bus, truck,
minitruck, car, auto rickshaw and motorbikes. For this purpose, both
methods were adopted for finding spot speeds.
6.1 Thannithode – Chittar Road
The manual method of spot speed determination was adopted in this road. A level and straight
portion of the road was selected for the study. A distance o
flexible and ICB pavement on adjacent section of the same road. Using synchronized stop watches
recorded the time required to travel the marked distance on each pavement of same road section by
the vehicle.
Table 1: Average speed of vehicle over ICBP and FP
30
39
23.73%
Over ICBP
Over FP
Average Speed
km/hBus
Reduction of speed
on ICBP
Figure 4: Av
0
10
20
30
40
50
Sp
eed
in
kp
h
0
10
20
30
40
50
Sp
eed
in
km
ph
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Volume 03, Issue 06; June - 2017
OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS
The spot speeds over flexible and ICB pavement of vehicle are taken for comparing the speed
variation of a vehicle in a stretch of road. The observation includes the speed of bus, truck,
minitruck, car, auto rickshaw and motorbikes. For this purpose, both manual and instrumental
methods were adopted for finding spot speeds.
The manual method of spot speed determination was adopted in this road. A level and straight
portion of the road was selected for the study. A distance of 30 m length has been marked on both
flexible and ICB pavement on adjacent section of the same road. Using synchronized stop watches
recorded the time required to travel the marked distance on each pavement of same road section by
: Average speed of vehicle over ICBP and FP
29 30 26 24
44 44 38 33
34.85% 31.82% 31.80% 29.34% 24.95%
Car Rikshaw Motor CycleTruck Mini Truck
: Avg. speed of vehicle over ICBP & FP
Bus Truck Mini
Truck
Car Rikshaw Motor
Cycle
Type of vehicles
a b cVehicle number
ICBP
FP
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)
[ISSN: 2455-1457]
The spot speeds over flexible and ICB pavement of vehicle are taken for comparing the speed
variation of a vehicle in a stretch of road. The observation includes the speed of bus, truck,
manual and instrumental
The manual method of spot speed determination was adopted in this road. A level and straight
f 30 m length has been marked on both
flexible and ICB pavement on adjacent section of the same road. Using synchronized stop watches
recorded the time required to travel the marked distance on each pavement of same road section by
27
35
24.95%
Motor Cycle
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Table 2: Av
Figure 5: Avg. Speed of the Truck over ICB
Figure 6: Avg. Speed of the Mini Truck over ICB & Flexible Pavement
Figure 7: Avg. Speed of the car over ICB & Flexible
Figure 8: Avg. Speed of the Autorikshaw over ICB & Flexible Pavement
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sp
eed
in
km
ph
0
10
20
30
40
50
Sp
eed
in k
mp
h
0
20
40
60
Sp
eed
in
km
ph
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sp
eed
in k
mp
h
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Volume 03, Issue 06; June - 2017
Average Speed of the Bus over ICB & FP
: Avg. Speed of the Truck over ICBP & FP
: Avg. Speed of the Mini Truck over ICB & Flexible Pavement
: Avg. Speed of the car over ICB & Flexible Pavement
: Avg. Speed of the Autorikshaw over ICB & Flexible Pavement
1 2 3
Vehicle number
ICBP
FP
a b c d
Vehicle number
ICBP
FP
a b c d e f g h i jVehicle number
ICBP
FP
a b c d e f g h i
Vehicle number
ICBP
FP
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)
[ISSN: 2455-1457]
: Avg. Speed of the Mini Truck over ICB & Flexible Pavement
: Avg. Speed of the Autorikshaw over ICB & Flexible Pavement
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Figure 9: Avg. Speed of the Motor Cycle over ICB & Flexible Pavement
3.3.2 Konni - Thannithode Jn.
Table 3 : Av
Average Speed
Reduction of speed
on ICBP
Over ICBP
Over FP
Figure 10: Average speed of vehicle over ICBP and FP
Avg. Speed of the Bus over ICB & Flexible Pavement
0
20
40
60
Sp
eed
in k
mp
h
0
10
20
30
40
Sp
eed
in
kp
h
0
10
20
30
40
Sp
eed
in k
mp
h
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Volume 03, Issue 06; June - 2017
: Avg. Speed of the Motor Cycle over ICB & Flexible Pavement
: Avg. speed of vehicles ICBP and FP
22 23 25 20 18 22
32 33 35 27 27 28
30.79% 32.40% 28.78% 25.40% 32.70% 21.62%
Bus Truck Mini Truck Car Rikshaw Motor Cycle
: Average speed of vehicle over ICBP and FP
Avg. Speed of the Bus over ICB & Flexible Pavement
a b c d e f g h iVehicle number
ICBP
FP
Bus Truck Mini Truck Car Rikshaw Motor Cycle
Type of vehicles
a b c dVehicle number
FP
ICBP
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)
[ISSN: 2455-1457]
: Avg. Speed of the Motor Cycle over ICB & Flexible Pavement
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Avg. Speed of the Truck over
Avg. Speed of the Mini Truck over ICB & Flexible Pavement
Avg. Speed of the Car/Jeep over ICB & Flexible Pavement
Avg. Speed of the Autorikshaw over ICB & Flexible Pavement
0
10
20
30
40
Sp
eed
in k
mp
h
0
10
20
30
40S
pee
d i
n k
mp
h
0
10
20
30
40
a
Sp
eed
in
km
ph
0
10
20
30
40
a
Sp
eed
in k
mp
h
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Volume 03, Issue 06; June - 2017
Avg. Speed of the Truck over ICB & Flexible Pavement
Avg. Speed of the Mini Truck over ICB & Flexible Pavement
Avg. Speed of the Car/Jeep over ICB & Flexible Pavement
Avg. Speed of the Autorikshaw over ICB & Flexible Pavement
a b cVehicle number
FP
ICBP
a b c dVehicle number
FP
ICBP
a b c d e f g h i j k lVehicle number
FP
ICBP
a b c d e f g h i j k lVehicle number
FP
ICBP
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)
[ISSN: 2455-1457]
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Avg. Speed of the Motor Cycle over ICB & Flexible
VII. • The speed of vehicle over ICB pavement is less compared to flexible pavement and the
of Service is also being less.
• ICB pavement can be used as speed reduction device in speed restricted zones.
• Other speed reducing devices such as humps, rumple strips etc., are very inconvenient to fast
moving emergency services such as ambulance and fire and rescue service vehicles.
• Can be used as a speed reducing technique for a stretch of road rather than a point.
1. B.Shackel, “The Design of Interlocking Concrete Block pavements for road traffic
Transport and Road Research, CSIR, South Africa.
2. Prof. M.C.Nataraja and Lelin Das,SJCE Mysore
unconventional materials”, IOSR Journal-20
3. IS:15658:2006 on "Precast Concrete Blocks for Paving
4. IRC SP: 63-2004 "Guidelines for Use of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement" Indian Roads Congress.
5. IRC: SP: 49 – 1998: "Guidelines for Use of Dry Lean Concrete as Sub
Congress.
6. IRC:50-1973, "Recommended Design Criteria for Use of Cement Modified Soil in Road Construction.“
7. Muraleedharan, T., Sharma, S.D., Sridhar, S.K. an
Using Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement Technique," Proceeding, International Seminar on New Trends in Highway
Construction, New Delhi, pp 161-174, Nov-
8. Muraleedharan, T. and Nanda, P.K.,
Pavement – An Overview," The Indian Concrete Journal, pp 395
9. Sharma, S.D., "Interlocking Concrete
AllIndia Seminar on "Highways Development: Design, Construction, Operation and Repairs & Concrete Day
Celebration – Lucknow, 2008.
0
10
20
30
40
a
Sp
eed
in k
mp
h
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Res
Volume 03, Issue 06; June - 2017
Avg. Speed of the Motor Cycle over ICB & Flexible Pavement
RESULT AND CONCLUSION
The speed of vehicle over ICB pavement is less compared to flexible pavement and the
ICB pavement can be used as speed reduction device in speed restricted zones.
devices such as humps, rumple strips etc., are very inconvenient to fast
moving emergency services such as ambulance and fire and rescue service vehicles.
Can be used as a speed reducing technique for a stretch of road rather than a point.
REFERENCES The Design of Interlocking Concrete Block pavements for road traffic”, National Institute for
Transport and Road Research, CSIR, South Africa.
Prof. M.C.Nataraja and Lelin Das,SJCE Mysore, “A study on the strength properties of paver blocks mad
20
on "Precast Concrete Blocks for Paving – Specification," Bureau of Indian Standards,
"Guidelines for Use of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement" Indian Roads Congress.
: "Guidelines for Use of Dry Lean Concrete as Sub-base for Rigid Pavement," Indian Roads
, "Recommended Design Criteria for Use of Cement Modified Soil in Road Construction.“
Muraleedharan, T., Sharma, S.D., Sridhar, S.K. and Nanda, P.K., "Face Lifting of Old Concrete Pavement
Using Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement Technique," Proceeding, International Seminar on New Trends in Highway
-1997.
Muraleedharan, T. and Nanda, P.K., (1992) "Application and Performance of Interlocking Concrete Block
An Overview," The Indian Concrete Journal, pp 395 -400, July 1992.
, "Interlocking ConcreteBlocks Pavement: New Approach inConstruction for
minar on "Highways Development: Design, Construction, Operation and Repairs & Concrete Day
a b c d e f g h i j k l m nVehicle number
FP
ICBP
International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER)
[ISSN: 2455-1457]
The speed of vehicle over ICB pavement is less compared to flexible pavement and the Level
ICB pavement can be used as speed reduction device in speed restricted zones.
devices such as humps, rumple strips etc., are very inconvenient to fast
Can be used as a speed reducing technique for a stretch of road rather than a point.
”, National Institute for
, “A study on the strength properties of paver blocks made from
Specification," Bureau of Indian Standards,
"Guidelines for Use of Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement" Indian Roads Congress.
base for Rigid Pavement," Indian Roads
, "Recommended Design Criteria for Use of Cement Modified Soil in Road Construction.“
"Face Lifting of Old Concrete Pavement
Using Interlocking Concrete Block Pavement Technique," Proceeding, International Seminar on New Trends in Highway
(1992) "Application and Performance of Interlocking Concrete Block
Construction for Rural Roads,"
minar on "Highways Development: Design, Construction, Operation and Repairs & Concrete Day