A HISTORY OF MARINE RESEARCH

History BC• Ancient Pacific Islanders-

Made 3 dimensional maps

• Phoenicians- First accomplished Western navigators

• Aristotle- First Marine Biologist

History Early AD• Vikings- Collected info on winds and currents• Important Europeans

– James Cook….1st to use a chronometer (a timepiece) to mark his position

– Darwin, HMS Beagle… Natural Selection, theory of how coral atolls form

– Capt. Thompson HMS Challenger- First oceanographic voyage

Exploration and Research Vessels

• Ships were the first research “tool”– HMS Beagle and Darwin

•Formulated theory of natural selection

•Proposed idea on formation of coral atolls

•Wrote article on barnacles

Marine Labs• First US lab was built in Woods Hole

Mass

• Permanent facilities to study marine biology allow scientists to do more with their research

James J Howard LabSandy Hook, NJ

HOW DO SCIENTISTS DO RESEARCH?

Technology is used for

• Transportation to study area• Observing and counting• Collecting organisms• Measuring physical properties• Studying movement• Identifying and cataloging• Compiling and analyzing data

Transportation• Research Vessels (R/Vs)

– Range of sizes– Carry equipment and accomodations

• Manned Submersibles – Can travel to depths around 6500 m

(21325 feet) • Remotely-Operated Vehicles (ROVs)

– Can reach depths up to 7000 Meters– Safer and less expensive than MS’s

RV FLIP– Boat that can be rotated 90 degrees

Used to study things like sound in the ocean

Exploration and Research Vessels

• Ships were the first research “tool”– Charles Thompson, HMS Challenger

• First major oceanographic voyage• Collected samples and data for 3 years• Set the standard for ocean research

http://www.simrad.com/KS/WEB/NOKBG0240.nsf/AllWeb/FF4573C68B7317D7C12570EC003C0CAC?OpenDocument

Observing and counting• Sound

–Sonar- Sends out a ping and waits for an echo

–Used to measure depth and topography

Observing and counting

• Light–Used to measure sea temp.,

chlorophyll –Cameras–Videos–Satellites

Collecting• Nets• Sediment cores and grabs• Bottles- snap shut at a

chosen depth to collect water

• SCUBA–Self contained

underwaterbreathing apparatus

Measuring physical propertiestemperature, salinity, current

speed,the amount of light etc……

• Sonar

• Satellites

• Probes

Studying movement

• Tags

• Cameras

• Sonar

• Nets

• Satellites

RAPA WHELK ACTIVITY