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CONTENTS PGRD 2017/14th SSC Organizing Committee 2

Messages from the Dean and the Chairperson 3

PGRD 2017/14th SSC Programme 4

14th SSC Presentations Schedule

Oral 5-7

Poster 8-9

14th SSC Abstracts 10-36

Photo of Organizing Committee 37

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PGRD 2017/14th SSC Organizing Committee

Advisor I: Prof. Dr. Adam Husein Advisor II: Dr. Azlina Ahmad Chairperson: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Dasmawati Mohamad Secretary: Ms. Rizwana Md Rashid

Ms. Muji binti Abdullah Treasurer: Ms. Noordini Ghazali Sponsorship: Ms. Nor Shamsuria Omar Secretariat: Ms. Masdira Muhamad Ms. Nur Hidayah Abd Halim Ms. Sanita Hasan Ms. Saripah Abdullah Ms. Wan Nor Azlin Wan Azlan Ms. Sharifah Mastura Syed Mustafar Ms. Nik Yang Majid

Scientific: Postgraduates Dr. Norsila Abdul Wahab (Head) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erry Mochamad Arief Assoc. Prof. Dr. T.P Kannan Dr. Norhayati Yusop Dr. Yanti Johari Undergraduates Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wan Muhamad Amir bin W Ahmad (Head) Dr. Azirrawani Ariffin Dr. Fadzlinda Baharin Dr. Masitah Hayati Harun Dr. Mohamad Syahrizal Halim Dr. Munirah Mohd Adnan Dr. Norma Abd Rahman Dr. Nur Karyatee Kassim Dr. Roselinda Ab. Rahman Dr. Zurairah Berahim

Publishing: Mr. Abdul Hakim Abdul Basir Ms. Syafawati Zaim Ms. Noraini Md. Zain Mr. Mohd Nazif Saadon Ms. Wan Emiy Sazalin Wan Yusoff Mr. Shamsudin bin Ab. Rahim

Protocol: Dr. Mohd Syahrizal Halim Ms. Noor Baizura Ab. Ghani Ms. Yanty Suarni Bustaman Ms. Siti Nur Akhirah Hasmi

Prizes/Honorarium: Dr. Nur Karyatee Kassim Ms. Safizaniah@Safiza Ismail

Food and Beverages: Ms. Nurani Ahmad Ms. Norleha Mohd. Noor

Hospitality: Mr. Nur Mohamad Mohd Makhatar Mr. Mohamad Hairie Sahabudin Technical: Mr. Mohamad Ezany bin Yusoff Mr. Nur Mohamad Mohd Makhatar Mr. Mohd Yusof Soon Abdullah Mr. Mohamad Hairie Sahabudin Mr. Shafie Mahmood Mr. Abdul Rahim Awang Mr. Mohd Nor Faiq Ahmad Nordin Mr. Mohamad Fifi Rozee Mohd Sharif Mr. Hamzi Hassan Mr. Ahmad Shahir Che Mohd Ariffin Mr. Rosmadi Mat Nor

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Message from the Dean The School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) is proud to welcome speaker, participants and everyone to the Postgraduate Research Day 2017 (PGRD 2017), which is held in conjunction with 14th Student Scientific Conference (14th SSC); the annual conference for the school’s undergraduate students.

This event is a platform for researchers, postgraduates and undergraduates, to share with others the breakthrough and discoveries which benefits the humankind. The impact of research should be measured not only by high impact factor of publications, but also through solving the communities’ problems.

The theme, Empowering Sciences for Posterity, invites the researchers to gather all the intellectual strength to preserving the sciences for future generations to come. Remember, we do not inherit

this world, we merely borrowing it from our children. It is imperative that we also yield new sciences that would help and benefit the generations to come.

This is the moment to expand your knowledge, forge collaborations, and utilize all your dedication and skills to uphold sciences and education.

Have a wonderful conference.

Professor Dr. Adam Husein Advisor, PGRD 2017/14th SSC Dean, School of Dental Sciences, USM Message from the Chairperson

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful.

The committee welcomes you to the PGRD 2017, held in conjunction with 14th SSC. Student Scientific Conference is a platform for our undergraduates to present their research electives. This year marks a new event for our annual SSC as we organize a conference for postgraduates as well. The objectives of the event today are to nurture research interest among our undergraduates and to inculcate good research culture in all researchers including undergraduates, postgraduates as well as lecturers.

There are 25 oral and 14 poster presentations for postgraduates while for undergraduates there are 35 oral and 15 poster presentations. All the presentations will be presented concurrently in parallel sessions at five venues. Interestingly, pitching is our new approach for the postgraduate oral competition to present their research output within 3 minutes.

As in previous years, we are honoured to have participants from Indonesia and Thailand. On behalf of the PGRD/14th SSC Organising Committee, I welcome all of you to this event. Let us make this scientific conference as a platform to educate, to inspire and to connect not only among us in School of Dental Sciences, USM but with the world.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to all the committee members for their excellent contributions and valuable time in making this event successful.

“Empowering Sciences for Posterity” Thank you.

Associate Professor Dr. Dasmawati Mohamad Chairperson, PGRD 2017/14th SSC

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Postgraduate Research Day 2017/14th Student Scientific Conference School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

27th April 2017

Time Programme Venue

8.00 am Registration

DK 1, 2nd Floor

8.30 am Ceremonial procession of VIPs

8.45 am Doa recital

8.50 am Welcoming and officiating speech by Dean, School of Dental Sciences

9.15 am Multimedia presentation

9.20 am Break up session

9.30 am

Presentations

14th SSC Oral (Basic Sciences) 14th SSC Oral (Clinical Sciences) 14th SSC Oral (Public Health) PGRD 2017 Oral 3-minute pitching 14th SSC Poster, PGRD 2017 Poster

DK 1, 2nd Floor DK 2, 2nd Floor Conf. Room, 2nd Floor Auditorium, Ground Floor Seminar Room, 2nd Floor

1.00 pm Lunch break

2.30 pm

Talk by Invited Speaker Title: Proposal to Publication: Ethical Concerns

Professor Dr. Nik Soriani bt. Yaacob Director, Nexus Medical and Health Sciences

DK 1, 2nd Floor

3.45 pm Award presentation and closing ceremony

DK 1 (Dewan Kuliah 1/Lecture Hall 1) DK 2 (Dewan Kuliah 2/Lecture Hall 2) Conf. Room – Conference Room

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School of Dental Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus

ORAL PRESENTATIONS BASIC SCIENCES

Venue: Lecture Hall 1 Judges: 1) Dr. Nurul Asma Abdullah

2) Dr. Wan Zaripah Wan Bakar

No. University Authors Title Time

BS 1 USM

Koo Zhong Zheng, Ahmad Azlina, Mohamad Ezany Yusoff, Noor Khairiena Mohamad, Masitah Hayati Harun

Cytotoxicity of aqueous betel quid extract on mouse fibroblast cell line 9.30

BS 2 USM Nurul Aqilah binti Salim, Nor Aidaniza Abdul Muttlib, Rabihah Alawi, Normastura Abd Rahman, Zaihan Ariffin

Evaluation of microleakage between different post systems under gradual loading: In-vitro study

9.45

BS 3 USM

Harshana binti Md. Nazir, Tuan Nadrah Naim binti Tuan Ismail @ Tuan Manah, Wan Nazatul Shima binti Shahidan, Hanim Afzan binti Ibrahim

Chemical Compound of Malaysian Trigona thoracica Propolis 10.00

BS 4 USM Soh Chin Fen, Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan, Siti Fadilah bin Abdullah

Cytotoxicity evaluation of locally produced radiopaque white Portland cement

10.15

BS 5 USM Maisarah Nazli, Nor Ain Fatihah Azlisham, Dasmawati Mohamad, Zuliani Mahmood

Antibacterial and physical properties evaluation on glass ionomer cement incorporated with coumarin derivatives

10.30

BS 6 USM Deeviya Muniandy, Noor Huda Ismail, Raja Azman Raja Awang Influencing Factors on Colour Factors on Colour Stability on Porcelain Veneer Using Porcelain Repair

10.45

BS 7 USM

Che Roziah Mohd Sukari, Mohamad Ezany Yusoff, Azlina Ahmad, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan, Khairul Bariah Ahmad Amin Noordin

Cytotoxic Effect of Cosmos Caudatus On Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Line, HSC-2

11.00

BS 8 USM Nuur Ezzatyhusna Mohamad Khalid, Nurul Izzati Hamzan, Siti Suraiya Md Noor, Suharni Mohamad

Comparison of DNA intercalating dyes for detection of human papillomavirus 16 by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

11.15

BS 9 USM Wafa Nabilah Kamal, Masitah Hayati Harun, Mohamad Ezany Yusoff, Noor Khairiena Mohamad, Ahmad Azlina

C-Myc gene expression of mouse fibroblast cell line treated with aqueous betel quid extracts

11.30

BS 10 USM Tan Teck Hee, Nur Hafizah Md Ismail, Suharni Mohamad, Nik Aloesnisa Nik Mohd Alwi

In-vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves against oral pathogens.

11.45

BS 11 USM

Lee, Daniel Ei Fei, Tuan Siti Mastazliha Bte Long Tuan Kechik, Hanim Afzan Ibrahim, Tuan Nadrah Naim T Ismail @ T Manah, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Propolis from Trigona spp. in Periodontitis: Impact of Gene Expression on Key Inflammatory Mediator in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Induced Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Cell lines (HPdLF)

12.00

BS 12 USM Habibah Mat Hussin, Wan Zaripah Wan Bakar

Microleakage Assessment of the New Modified Glass Ionomer Cement: GIC-Nanosilica-Hydroxyapatite-Zirconia Restorative Material

12.15

BS 13 PSU

Premkamol Saesaw, Naphat Pongpaiboon, Thanyathorn Thongsroi, Supharadee Saewong, Saijai Tanthanuch, Boonlert Kukiattrakoon

Effect of Sport Drink and Energy Drinks on Surface Roughness of Tooth-Colored Filling Materials

12.30

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS CLINICAL SCIENCES

Venue: Lecture Hall 2 Judges: 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zaihan Ariffin

2. Dr. Noraini binti Mohamad


CS 1 USM Soh Ke Jia, Wan Majdiah Wan Mohamad, Haslina Taib, Wan Syamimee Wan Ghazali

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and its association with chronic periodontitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients

9.30

CS 2 USM Nurfarahin Hamizah binti Mohd Rashdan, Jawaad Ahmed Asif, Maher Mahmoud

The correlation between mandibular third molar and mandibular angle fracture among patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

9.45

CS 3 USM

Philip Chin Zhen Yew, Azirrawani Ariffin, Basaruddin Ahmad, Mohd Zulkarnain bin Sinor, Haslina Taib, Zurairah Berahim

Explorative study on the effect of honey on salivary parameters among chronic generalized gingivitis patients

10.00

CS 4 USM Cheng Siew Yen, Norsila Abdul Wahab Association between mean salivary flow rate and mean DMFT score 10.15

CS 5 USM Anis Amira Roslan, Norma Ab Rahman, Mohammad Khursheed Alam

Prevalence of dental anomalies in HUSM orthodontic patient- A retrospective study 10.30

CS 6 USM Dayang Nur Nadhirah Binti Baharin, Asilah Yusof, Ramizu Shaari.

Comparison between three maxillary arch shapes and the labial alveolar bone thickness among Malaysians

10.45

CS 7 USM Erra Aqeela Ismail, Haslina Taib, Zurairah Berahim, Siti Lailatul Zainuddin

Evaluation of the adjunctive effect of Acacia honey on the treatment of periodontal disease

11.00

CS 8 USM Sabrina Agusti, Nazmul Hasan Title: Evaluation of cell viability of orthodontics elastic separator on human oral mucosa

11.15

CS 9 USM Nur Aisyah binti Mohd Aridi and Basaruddin Ahmad

Evaluation of Alternative Parameter to Describe Periodontal Pocket Depth in Periodontal disease.

11.30

CS 10 USM Nurafini Amirah binti Mohammad Helid, Roselinda Ab Rahman, Nurhayu Ab Rahman

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in Trigeminal Neuralgia – A Preliminary Study in Patients attending Hospital USM

11.45

CS 11 USM

Zarith Sofea Putri Mohd Abd Zamil, Basaruddin Ahmad, Erry Mochamed Arief, Siti Lailatul Akmar Zainuddin

Periodontal Parameters in Temporomandibular Disorder Patients: A pilot study

12.00

CS 12 UGM

Faluthia Arini Puspitaningrum, Rurie Ratna Shantiningsih, Ryna Dwi Yanuaryska

β-Carotene Patch Application on GCF Volume after Repeated Periapical Radiographic Exposure

12.15

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ORAL PRESENTATIONS PUBLIC HEALTH

Venue: Conference Room

Judges: 1) Dr. Muhamad Saiful Bahri Yusoff 2) Dr. Mohd Fadhli Khamis


PH1 USM Ng Jia Ven, Tahir Yusuf Noorani, Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul Ghani, Imran Alam Moheet

Self-reported differences in dental health attitudes and behaviours of dental, medical and nursing students at Universiti Sains Malaysia

9.30

PH2 USM Norain Abdul Rahim, Norkhafizah Saddki, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Mon Mon Tin-Oo

Smartphone addiction and its association with sleep quality and perceived stress in Universiti Sains Malaysia undergraduate dental students.

9.45

PH3 USM Dana Raja D., Ninin Sukminingrum Masudi

Attitude and awareness of medical and dental students in Universiti Sains Malaysia towards collaboration between medical and dental practice.

10.00

PH4 USM Lau Yi Ling, Mohd Zulkarnain Sinor, Basaruddin Ahmad, Azirrawani Ariffin, Akram Hassan

Changes in Plaque Score of Patients Attending HUSM Dental Clinic After Oral Hygiene Instruction by the Dental Students

10.15

PH5 USM Ong Yuan Lead, Munirah Mohd Adnan, Normastura Abd Rahman, Azizah Yusoff

Practices of Dental Ergonomics among Clinical Year Dental Students in School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

10.30

PH6 USM Kuah Yan Xin, Sumaiya Zabin Eusufzai, Munirah Mohd Adnan

Knowledge and awareness regarding occupational needle stick and sharps injuries among dental personnel at higher institution of learning in Kelantan

10.45

PH7 USM Lim Liang Choon, Norzaliana Zawawi,, Munirah Mohd Adnan, Azizah Yusoff

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Infection Control Measures among dental undergraduate students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

11.00

PH8 USM Muhammad Bin Juhari, Norhayati Yusop

Assessment of attitudes and perceived barriers towards scientific research among undergraduate dental students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

11.15

PH9 USM Anushaa Krishnasamy, Siti Asma’ binti Hassan, Nur-Leem Murshid, Liszen Tang

Bio-burden Of Microorganisms Present in Medical and Dental Students’ Neckties in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (Hospital USM)

11.30

PH 10 USM

Awang Shazwi Nazreen bin Awang Wijaya, Wan Muhamad Amir bin Wan Ahmad, Ruhaya Hassan, Mon Mon Tin-Oo

Modeling the Oral Health Status and Health Problems Among Residents of Kampung Chekok, Kelantan, Malaysia

11.45

PH 11 UPB M. Khizfi Nurfiqoh, Achmad Syawqie, Inne S.Sasmita

The Scientific Issues About Electronic Cigarettes as An Alternative to Quit Tobacco Smoking

12.00

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POSTER PRESENTATIONS

Venue: Seminar Room

Judges: 1. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Haslina Taib 2. Dr. Nor Farid bin Mohd Noor


1 USM

Nicholas Sim Choo Wee, Hanim Afzan Ibrahim, Tuan Nadrah Naim Bt T. Ismail @ T. Manah, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan

Antimicrobial activity of propolis from Trigona spp. towards cariogenic bacteria 9.30

2 USM Nur’Ain Syafiqa Abdul Hamid, Marzuki Omar, Dasmawati Mohamad, Abdul Manaf Abdullah

Cytotoxicity of 3D – orbital polyamide composite customised implant – an in vitro study

9.45

3 USM Liew Jia-Jung, Kasmawati Mokhtar, Azlina Ahmad Cytotoxicity Analysis of Spirulina Extract on Mouse Fibroblast 10.00

4 USM Anas Zikri bin Mohamad Nasir, Zuryati Ab Ghani, Yanti Johari Shear Bond Strength of Resin Bonded Bridge using different types of Resin Cements

10.15

5 USM Sim Kung Ho, Raja Azman Awang, Noor Huda Ismail

The effect of polishing protocol and tea extract staining on surface roughness and color stability of porcelain veneer

10.30

6 USM Lee Yi Ren, Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul Ghani, Tahir Yusuf Noorani, Mohamad Syahrizal Halim,

Evaluation of curing units used in dental clinics of School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

10.45

7 USM Lim Hui Ying, Sam’an Malik Masudi, Suharni Mohamad, Rosnani Mamat, Huwaina Abd. Ghani

In Vitro Study of Antibacterial Properties of Propolis and Piper betle towards Enterococcus faecalis

11.00

8 USM Nur Mardhiyyah binti Mohd Rasid, Nur Karyatee Kassim, Munirah Mohd Adnan

Knowledge and attitude of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) among dental students and dental officers in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)

11.15

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9 USM Nor Fatimah Osman, Fadzlinda Baharin, Munirah Mohd Adnan

Dental Trauma Management Awareness among Primary School Teachers in Kubang Kerian

11.30

10 USM Gretha Averistus, Noor Hayati Abdul Razak, Mohammad Khursheed Alam

Cephalometric for Orthognathic Surgery (COGS): Determination of Values Applicable to Malaysian Malay and Malaysian Chinese Population

11.45

11 USM Muhammad Khairil Husny Bin Izhar, Nafij Bin Jamayet Smile Pattern among Malaysian Population 12.00

12 USM Prunella Ubung Deng, Mohamad Syahrizal Halim, Sa’maan Malik Masudi, Saaid al-Shehadat

Evaluation of root numbers and canal morphology of mandibular first permanent molar patients by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) - A retrospective study at PPSG USM

12.15

13 USM Fatin Zuhairah Ahmad Rosli, Ramizu Shaari, Asilah Yusof Analysis of mandibular retromolar foramen and canal in HUSM 12.30

14 USM Aik Gee Ng, Mohd Fadhli Khamis Age Estimation in North East Malaysian Young Adults Using Radiographic Visibility of Root Pulp of Third Molars

12.45

15 UPB Nurayni Tri Hapsari, Anne Agustina Suwargiani, Cucu Zubaedah

Oral Hygiene Status Before and After Dental Health Education Of Orphan in Rumah Yatim Ar Rohman Bandung

1.00

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Abstracts 14th Student Scientific Conference (14th SSC) Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. 27th April 2017 Oral Presentations – Basic Sciences (BS 1) Cytotoxicity of aqueous betel quid extract on mouse fibroblast cell line Koo Zhong Zheng, Ahmad Azlina, Mohamad Ezany Yusoff, Noor Khairiena Mohamad, Masitah Hayati Harun

School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity of aqueous betel quid extract on L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. Methodology: Aqueous extracts of betel quid; betel quid only (BQ) and betel quid with tobacco (BQT) were prepared at selected concentrations (0.2g/ml, 0.1g/ml, 0.05g/ml). The fibroblast cell line was incubated in the presence of the extracts for 72 hours at 37°C in a humidified incubator delivering 5% carbon dioxide. The cytotoxicity analysis of betel quid extract on the cell line was performed using MTT assay. Lower concentration of BQ (0.05g/ml) resulted in markedly reduced cell viability in comparison to higher concentrations. In contrast, BQT showed a gradual decrease in cell viability compared with the control. Results: Overall, both BQ and BQT affected cell viability negatively whereby all concentrations significantly resulted in cell death in comparison to the control (p

14th Student Scientific Conference (14th SSC) Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

27th April 2017

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(BS 3) Chemical compound of Malaysian Trigona thoracica propolis Harshana binti Md. Nazir, Tuan Nadrah Naim binti Tuan Ismail @ Tuan Manah, Wan Nazatul Shima binti Shahidan, Hanim Afzan binti Ibrahim School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Introduction: Propolis produced by stingless bee (Trigona spp.), commonly known as 'kelulut' in Malaysia, is known to have various medicinal values. It is a resinous product which is used to build the bee hives. The chemical compounds found in propolis differ according to regions and species. To date, there is no study of the chemical compounds of Trigona thoracica propolis from Malaysia. Objectives: To identify the chemical compounds in Malaysian Trigona thoracica propolis collected from Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. Methodology: The ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was derivatised and was then analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis to identify the compounds. The compounds were later characterised in comparison with Wiley and NIST library searches. Results: Forty-eight individual compounds were identified and the main class group compounds were phenolic compounds and terpenoids.

(BS 4) Cytotoxicity evaluation of locally produced radiopaque white Portland cement Soh Chin Fen, Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed, Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan, Siti Fadilah bin Abdullah School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Objective: To examine the cytotoxic effects of a locally produced white Portland cement (MAWPC) mixed with different radiopacifying agents [barium sulphate (BS), niobium oxide (NO) and bismuth oxide (BO)] on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs). Methodology: 0.8 gram of MAWPC was mixed with 0.2 gram of each radiopacifying agent and sterile distilled water. After 24 hours of setting, the set cement samples were then added into a prepared stromal cell basal medium (SCBM) and incubated for seven days. The HPLFs were cultured and seeded in 96-well plates (5 X 103/well). One day after seeding, the material extracts were prepared at five serial concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/ml). 200 ml of each concentration was added into each well (6 wells for each concentration) and the plates were then incubated for 48 hours. The cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay, and the data was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test (P

14th Student Scientific Conference (14th SSC) Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27th April 2017

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(BS 5) Antibacterial and physical properties evaluation on glass ionomer cement incorporated with coumarin derivatives Maisarah Nazli, Nor Ain Fatihah Azlisham, Dasmawati Mohamad, Zuliani Mahmood

School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of adding coumarin to glass ionomer cement (GIC) on its antibacterial activity and physical properties. Methodology: The commercial GIC used in this study was a high fluoride release Fuji VII (GC Corporation Tokyo, Japan) as the control group. Coumarin derivative was added to the GIC at weight percentages of 1% (w/w; Coumarin-GIC 1), 1.5% (w/w; Coumarin-GIC 1.5), and 2% (w/w; Coumarin-GIC 2) as test groups. The antibacterial activities of the specimens were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25668) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556) using agar diffusion test. The physical properties evaluated were surface roughness and surface hardness using Profilometer and Vickers Hardness Tester respectively. Results: The data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test for antibacterial activities and surface roughness. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferonni test was used for surface hardness. There were increased in zone inhibition however there were no significant differences in zone inhibition between all groups. For physical properties, there were no significant differences for surface roughness in all groups as well as in surface hardness for Coumarin-GIC 1. Conclusion: Incorporation of 1% Coumarin into GIC may have the potential of improving the material’s antibacterial activity without compromising its physical properties.

(BS 6) Influencing factors on colour factors on colour stability on porcelain veneer using porcelain repair

Deeviya Muniandy, Noor Huda Ismail, Raja Azman Raja Awang


Objective: To measure colour changes of porcelain veneers before and after porcelain repair. This was done after immersions in different staining agents at different time intervals. Methodology: An in vitro experimental lab study was done to test the colour changes of IPS e.max press type of veneer HT ingots when immersed in different solutions. The colour changes after using porcelain repair kit was also tested. A sample size of thirty disk specimens of 10 mm diameter and 2.0 mm thickness are prepared by using a silicon mould of the specified dimensions to produce wax blocks of specimens. The wax blocks are invested in the porcelain furnace, IPS e.max Programat EP 3000 to fabricate specimens using IPS e.max Press lithium disilicate porcelain veneer of HT Ingots shade A3. Six randomly selected specimens are immersed in each of the 5 study groups: control (distilled water), black coffee, white coffee, black tea and chamomile tea. Colour measurements are made pre-immersion (baseline), at 1 day, 15 days, and 30 days. Statistical analysis of the results used the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test. Results: There was a statistical difference between the pre-immersion and post-immersion of the samples in the different solutions. The colour change after 30 days of immersion (delta E30) for the repaired part for the samples was greater in all groups. Delta E30 for repaired part was greatest for the black coffee at 27.91 while delta E30 for the original porcelain was greatest for black tea at 11.39. Conclusion: The colour change in black tea and black coffee are significantly higher compared to other drinks.


27th April 2017

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(BS 7) Cytotoxic effect of Cosmos caudatus on oral squamous cell carcinoma line, HSC-2

Che Roziah Mohd Sukari, Mohamad Ezany Yusoff, Azlina Ahmad, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan, Khairul Bariah Ahmad Amin Noordin School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Cosmos caudatus (CC), locally known as ‘ulam raja’ has many beneficial medicinal properties including anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial. CC has been known to have anti-cancer potential due to its high antioxidant activity. Methanolic extract of CC was proven to contain various active compounds including proanthocyanidins, quercetin glycosides, chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and cathechin. Previously, cytotoxic activity of CC extracts was shown when treated on HeLa cell line, while CC also stimulated apoptosis following treatment on breast cancer cell line, T47D. Objectives: To investigate the cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of CC on oral squamous cell carcinoma line, HSC-2. Methodology: Growth inhibitory effect of different concentrations of methanolic extract of CC: 0 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml, 300 µg/ml, 350 µg/ml, 400 µg/ml and 500 µg/ml, was studied using MTT Assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific Ltd, Korea). The absorbance at 570 nm was taken at time intervals: 24 hours and 48 hours. Percentage of inhibition was calculated, graph of percentage of inhibition against concentration of CC (µg/ml) was plotted, and the concentration of CC extract that caused fifty percent of inhibition was noted. Results: The methanolic extract of CC was found to have cytotoxic effect on HSC-2 at concentration 219.64 µg/ml following 24 hours of treatment, and 134.85 µg /ml after 48 hours of treatment. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of CC has cytotoxic effect on HSC-2 cell line.

(BS 8) Comparison of DNA intercalating dyes for detection of human papillomavirus 16 by loop-mediated isothermal amplification Nuur Ezzatyhusna Mohamad Khalid1, Nurul Izzati Hamzan1, Siti Suraiya Md Noor2, Suharni Mohamad1 1 School of Dental Sciences, 2 Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Introduction: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a gene amplification technique whereby the amplification products are visualized with the addition of intercalating dyes. An appropriate intercalating dye is important as it could increase the sensitivity and reduce the false positive and false negative results. Objectives: To compare the sensitivity of three intercalating dyes; SYBR Green I, SYBR Safe and calcein-based dyes in HPV-16 LAMP assay by naked-eye visualization, gel electrophoresis and real-time monitoring. Methodology: The LAMP assay was carried out using a Loopamp DNA amplification kit at 60oC for 60 minutes in a real-time turbidimeter. SYBR Green I and SYBR Safe were added to the mixture after the reaction was completed, while calcein was added before the amplification process. The sensitivity of the LAMP assay was investigated ranging from 101 copies/µl to 108 copies/µl of HPV 16 DNA. Results: The use of SYBR Green I, SYBR Safe and calcein resulted in similar color changes from orange to green. By naked eye and gel electrophoresis detection, all three dyes exhibited similar sensitivity with the detection limit of 103 copies/µl. However, the addition of calcein dye showed delayed in detection time by 10 minutes using real-time turbidimeter. Conclusion: All dyes exhibited similar sensitivity in naked-eye visualisation and gel electrophoresis, whereas in real-time detection, the addition of calcein delayed the detection time by 10 minutes.


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(BS 9) C-Myc gene expression of mouse fibroblast cell line treated with aqueous betel quid extracts Wafa Nabilah Kamal, Masitah Hayati Harun, Mohamad Ezany Yusoff, Noor Khairiena Mohamad, Ahmad Azlina Craniofacial Science Laboratory, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Objective: To determine the gene expression level of c-Myc gene in mouse fibroblast cell line treated with aqueous extract of betel quid. The experiment was carried out by treating L929 mouse fibroblast cell line with two different aqueous extracts of betel quid; betel quid only (BQ) and betel quid with tobacco (BQT). Methodology: The cells were treated with 200mg/ml of the extracts, respectively, and harvested at day 1, day 3 and day 7. The harvested cells were subjected to RNA extraction using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany). Subsequently, semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed using MyTaq One-Step RT-PCR (Bioline, USA) and c-Myc primers. The PCR products were electrophoresed on agarose gel stained with SyBr Safe DNA Gel Stain (Invitrogen, USA) and visualised under UV light of Gel Doc XR + System (Bio-Rad, USA). The intensity of the genes was determined using Quantity One software (Bio-Rad, USA). Results: There was significant difference in c-Myc gene expression level of cells treated with the aqueous extracts of BQ and BQT. c-Myc gene expression of cells treated with BQ decreased significantly on day 3 in comparison with BQT. Conclusion: Thus, it is suggested that c-Myc gene expression of L929 cell line was critically affected when treated with BQ, in comparison with BQT.

(BS 10) In-vitro antimicrobial activity of the extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves against oral pathogens Tan Teck Hee, Nur Hafizah Md Ismail, Suharni Mohamad, Nik Aloesnisa Nik Mohd Alwi School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universi Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Piper sarmentosum is locally known as ‘kadok’ and the leaves are commonly used as Malaysian traditional medicine. Objectives: To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Piper sarmentosum against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. These oral microorganisms are usually associated with oral diseases such as periodontal disease, dental caries and candidiasis. Methodology: The antimicrobial properties of aqueous and ethanol extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves were tested using agar- disk diffusion assay at various concentrations (1, 10, 100, 200 and 400 mg/ml). Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.12%) and sterile distilled water served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Ethanol extract of Piper sarmentosum showed antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms at all concentrations tested. Results: The highest activity was observed at 400 mg/ml against S. sobrinus (40.07 ± 2.37 mm) and the lowest activity against E. faecalis (26.78 ± 0.88 mm). Aqueous extract of Piper sarmentosum showed antimicrobial activity at 100 mg/ml against only S. mutans (19.73 ± 2.88 mm). No inhibition zone was observed for other microorganisms at all concentrations tested in aqueous extraction of Piper sarmentosum. Conclusion: As the conclusion, the ethanol extract of Piper sarmentosum possesses antimicrobial properties against of all the oral microorganisms tested, while only S. mutans was susceptible to aqueous extract of Piper sarmentosum.


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(BS 11) Anti-inflammatory effect of propolis from Trigona spp. in periodontitis: impact of gene expression on key inflammatory mediator in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced human periodontal ligament fibroblast cell lines (HPdLF) Lee, Daniel Ei Fei, Tuan Siti Mastazliha Bte Long Tuan Kechik, Hanim Afzan Ibrahim, Tuan Nadrah Naim T Ismail @ T Manah, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Although scaling and root surface debridement has been the golden standard for treating periodontitis, studies have shown that healing is better with anti-inflammatory drug as adjunct therapy. Previous studies had reported that propolis have anti-inflammatory properties. However, the effect of propolis on periodontitis is not clear. Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities of propolis from Trigona spp. on gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS induced HPdLF. Methodology: Experimental study was performed on LPS-induced HPdLF cell lines treated with ethanol extracts of local reared Trigona spp. propolis for 24 hours. Total RNA was isolated and gene expression level of COX2, IL-1β, and TNF-α were determined by using quantitative RT-PCR. The data was analyzed by using Mann-Whitney test (p


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(BS13) Effect of sport drink and energy drinks on surface roughness of tooth-coloured filling materials Premkamol Saesaw, Naphat Pongpaiboon, Thanyathorn Thongsroi, Supharadee Saewong, Saijai Tanthanuch, Boonlert Kukiattrakoon Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Kanchanavanich Road, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.

Objective: To investigate and compare the effect of sport drink and energy drinks on surface roughness of nanohybrid resin composite, bulk-fill resin composite, and conventional glass ionomer cement. Methodology: Fifty-one specimens of each tooth-coloured filling material were prepared in clear acrylic blocks (10 mm. in diameter and 2 mm. in thickness). Before immersion, baseline data of surface roughness were performed by a profilometer and surface characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Each product of specimens was divided into 3 groups for sport drink, energy drink and deionized water (as a control). The specimens were immersed in drinks for 5 seconds then in artificial saliva 5 seconds alternately for 20 cycles and stored in artificial saliva until 24 hours. This process was repeated for 14 days. After immersion, at 7 and 14 days, specimens were evaluated. Data were analysed by Friedman test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α=0.05). Results: Conventional glass ionomer cement and nanohybrid resin composite had statistically significant more surface roughness changes after the first week (p


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Oral Presentations – Clinical Sciences (CS1) Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and its association with chronic periodontitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients Soh Ke Jia1, Wan Majdiah Wan Mohamad1, Haslina Taib1, Wan Syamimee Wan Ghazali2 1 School of Dental Sciences, 2 School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Objective: To determine the level of anti-CCP antibodies and its association with chronic periodontitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Rheumatology Clinic, Hospital USM. A total of 44 rheumatoid arthritis patients with the mean age of 50.9 (SD13.8) were examined. Demographic data, history of rheumatoid arthritis, anti-CCP level and periodontal status such as plaque score, gingivitis score, probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. Methodology: Data obtained was analysed with SPSS version 22.0 using Chi-square test with significant level set at p< 0.05 at 95% confidence interval. The mean of anti-CCP level was 180.8 (SD290.3) Unit/mL. Results: The results showed 27.3% patients had poor oral hygiene (plaque score >60%), 52.3% had generalized gingivitis, and 20.5% had mean CAL of >3mm. However, none of patients presented with deep PPD (more than 4mm). It was also found that, there was no significant association between the level of anti-CCP and periodontal status (p=0.20). Conclusion: Within limitations of the study, the level of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis was not associated with chronic periodontitis.

(CS2) The correlation between mandibular third molar and mandibular angle fracture among patients in Hospital USM Nurfarahin Hamizah binti Mohd Rashdan, Jawaad Ahmed Asif, Maher Mahmoud School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Mandibular angle fractures have been controversial in their etiologies although they are one of the most common mandibular fractures. Objectives: To investigate and elucidate the relationships between the mandibular third molar and mandibular angle fractures. Methodology: This retrospective study incorporated the presence, position and angulation of mandibular third molar and prevalence of fracture of angle of mandible among patients treated in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The medical records were scanned and 427 patients with mandibular fractures from 2001 until 2016 were identified. Depending on the notes and various radiographic images, 77 of 427 patients had mandibular angle fracture. The presence or absence of impacted mandibular third molar was assessed for each patient that had angle fracture. In presence of impacted mandibular third molar, their position and angulation of the tooth were evaluated. The positions were classified using Pell and Gregory system while the angulations were classified using Winter’s classification. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0 system and applying a chi-square test. Results: Among 77 patients with angle fracture, 67 (87%) had impacted mandibular third molar while 10 (13%) had no evidence of mandibular third molar. The incidence of mandibular angle fracture was found to be significantly greater when impacted third molar was present (P


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(CS3) Explorative study on the effect of honey on salivary parameters among chronic generalized gingivitis patients Philip Chin Zhen Yew, Azirrawani Ariffin, Basaruddin Ahmad, Mohd Zulkarnain bin Sinor, Haslina Taib, Zurairah Berahim

School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Objective: To investigate the effect of honey towards the saliva pH and buffering capacity among chronic generalized gingivitis patients. Methodology: In this study, a total of 30 patients which were diagnosed with chronic generalized gingivitis were divided into test group and control group through simple random sampling. The test group was given honey after full mouth scaling and polishing, and the control group received only full mouth scaling and polishing. For all patients, saliva was collected before scaling (Time: 0th minute), at 15th minute and 30th minute post full mouth scaling and polishing. Saliva pH and buffering capacity were measured using GC Saliva Check Buffer. Results: There was a significant increase in saliva pH (p=0.003) post full scaling and polishing. The salivary pH was significantly lower at 0th minute compared to the 30th minute after treatment (p


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(CS5) Prevalence of dental anomalies in Hospital USM orthodontic patient: a retrospective study Anis Amira Roslan1, Norma Ab Rahman1, Mohammad Khursheed Alam2 1 School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus,

Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

2 College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Objective: To study the prevalence of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients of Hospital USM dental clinic. Methodology: 370 folders including their pre-treatment orthopantomographs (OPG) and study models of orthodontic patients in permanent dentition attended HUSM dental clinic were assessed for impaction, hypodontia, supernumerary, supraocclusion, infraocclusion and any other anomalies. From the folders, the treatment planned for the patients were extracted. Results: Among 370 subjects, 105 (28.4%) presented with at least one anomaly. 85 (23%) demonstrated a single anomaly and 20 (5.4%) with more than one anomalies. The most prevalent anomaly was impaction (14.32%), followed by hypodontia (7.03%). The less common anomalies were microdontia (1.08%), dilacerations (0.27%) and generalised enamel hypoplasia (0.27%). Maxillary right lateral incisor and canine was the most common affected teeth and those are located on maxillary right quadrant. It was evident that dental anomalies were statistically dependant on race but independent on gender. The most common treatment planned for these patients was fixed appliance. Conclusions: Impaction was predominant among 28.4% subjects observed with anomaly. Clinical relevance: These anomalies play a great role in occlusion and alignment of the tooth, which they will affect orthodontic treatment planning and it might result in treatment relapse if not being considered carefully.

(CS6) Comparison between three maxillary arch shapes and the labial alveolar bone thickness among Malaysians

Dayang Nur Nadhirah Binti Baharin, Asilah Yusof, Ramizu Shaari


Introduction: The anterior teeth play an important role in dental and facial aesthetics. Objective: To determine the relationship between three different maxillary arch shape and the thickness of the alveolar bone wall in anterior portion of the maxilla among Malaysian populations using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). 81 cases with the presence of all maxillary anterior teeth were selected from available CBCT images in Hospital USM. Measurements were done using Planmeca Romexis 2.9.2 software (Planmeca Oy, Helsinki, Finland). Methodology: Descriptive statistics, gender, and arch shape were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22.0. Results: We found that the U-shaped maxillary arch was the most frequent shape in male (40%), while square shaped arch was the most frequent in female (41.3%). The maxillary anterior labial bone thickness differed significantly across the six anterior maxillary teeth at 1, 3 and 5mm from alveolar crest ridge, p


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(CS7) Evaluation of the adjunctive effect of Acacia honey on the treatment of periodontal disease Erra Aqeela Ismail, Haslina Taib, Zurairah Berahim, Siti Lailatul Zainuddin School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Honey has shown its potential as an alternative approach in periodontal treatment. However, to date, limited data available on the effects of honey as an adjunctive in treatment of periodontal disease. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of locally applied Acacia honey on gingival healing in patients with periodontal disease. Methodology: Forty chronic gingivitis patients with the mean age of 25.88(SD 7.72) years old were randomly divided equally into test and control group. Test group was treated with full mouth scaling and polishing (FMSP) followed by honey application on the gingiva. The control group was treated with FMSP only. Plaque score (PS) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline, two weeks and at four weeks following therapy. Data were analysed by using SPSS version 22.0. Non-parametric test was performed for comparison within and between groups. Results: PS and BOP in both groups had reduced significantly from baseline and at re-evaluation after 2 and 4 weeks (p=0.0001). However, intergroup comparison of changes in parameters following therapy revealed no significant difference. Conclusion: The present data suggests that locally applied Acacia honey showed no significant effect on promoting gingival healing. However, further investigation is recommended for more conclusive findings.

(CS8) Evaluation of cell viability of orthodontics elastic separator on human oral mucosa Sabrina Agusti, Nazmul Hasan School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Objective: To assess the cell viability of orthodontic elastic separator on oral mucosal epithelium. Methodology: The subjects (n=7) are asked to rinse their mouth thoroughly then the interdental area is scraped off with interdental brush where the elastic separator will be placed for three times in horizontal motion. Then the brush is stirred in phosphate buffer solution for 20s and taken out. The solution is centrifuged for 3 minutes with 10,000rpm. 10µL is taken out from the solution containing cells is added to 10µL of trypan blue dye and mixed homogenously. The solution is then placed on hemocytometer. The number of viable cells is counted. Method is repeated for post-placement of elastic separator. Data was compared by paired T test for pre-placement and post-placement of elastic separator. Results: Results showed statistically insignificant difference (p>0.05) between pre-placement and post-placement. Conclusion: Therefore, orthodontic elastic separator is biocompatible with human oral mucosa.


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(CS9) Evaluation of alternative parameter to describe periodontal pocket depth in periodontal disease Nur Aisyah bt Mohd Aridi, Basaruddin Ahmad School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Introduction: Case definition for the severity periodontal disease remains a debatable issue but little quantitative evidence is available to differentiate the levels. Objectives: To compare the different parameters of periodontal diseases between the severities of the disease. Methodology: This study used data from a previous study which recruited and classified patients to have healthy, mild, moderate and severe periodontitis based on clinical attachment loss as defined by Basani et al (2007). It includes data on pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) at six sites per tooth. Using that information, the subjects were categorised into healthy, mild, moderate, and severe using the definition by the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP). Using a 4mm PD and greater as a cut-off for identification of sites with periodontal pocket, three parameters were obtained for each level of the definitions: mean PD per subject, mean PD per site and the mean PD per affected tooth. Cohen’s kappa test was used to assess agreement and symmetrical distribution between the levels of severity between the two definitions. Results: Analysis showed that there was low agreement between classification by Bassani and the AAP when CAL was used. However, there was no difference in the means PD per subject, means PD per site and means PD per affected tooth between the severity levels when PD was used as the parameter. Conclusion: The result shows that periodontal disease can be well differentiated into classification of severity of disease.

(CS10) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in trigeminal neuralgia: A preliminary study in patients attending Hospital USM Nurafini Amirah binti Mohammad Helid, Roselinda Ab Rahman, Nurhayu Ab Rahman School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Introduction: Trigeminal neuralgia is a facial pain syndrome characterized by unilateral pain following the sensory distribution of cranial nerve V, trigeminal nerve. The medications used to lessen the pain include anticonvulsants agent like carbamazepine, oxcarbezepine, lamotrigine and phenytoin. Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, TENS as an adjunct physical therapy for patient suffering trigeminal neuralgia. Methodology: The assessment is done by Brief Pain Inventory-Facial (BPI-Facial) measurements and Patient Global Impression Change (PGIC). 3 trigeminal neuralgia patients came to Hospital USM Dental Clinic. 2 patients become the control group which only take medication and 1 patient that already undergone transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, TENS become the case group. Brief Pain Inventory-Facial (BPI-Facial) score and Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) score pre- and post-medication of control group and pre- and post-score after TENS for study group. Results: Preliminary results for this study shows improvement in patient taking medications and the no change in patient undergone transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, TENS. Conclusion: Further study with larger scale of patients needed to prove the result of this preliminary study.


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(CS11) Periodontal parameters in temporomandibular disorder patients: A pilot study Zarith Sofea Putri Mohd Abd Zamil, Basaruddin Ahmad, Erry Mochamed Arief, Siti Lailatul Akmar Zainuddin School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Objective: The aim of this pilot clinical study was to describe the periodontal parameters in TMD patients. Methodology: A total of 10 TMD patients between the ages of 23 - 60 years old from dental specialist clinic at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia were assigned for this cross-sectional study. Periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), alveolar bone loss (ABL), plaque score and gingivitis score were measured for all teeth except at third molars. Alveolar bone loss was measured through orthopantamogram (OPG) by using electronic measurement scale in the Romexis apps from cementum-enamel junction (CEJ) of tooth to the base of alveolar bone defect. Results: The mean age for the patients is 44.9 years old with mean plaque score of 69.5 (95% CI 58.92, 80.07), mean gingivitis score of 15.4 (95% CI 9.30, 21.49) and mean ABL is 4.01 mm (3.04, 4.98). 27.3% of the patients have PPD more than 4mm with mean 5.67mm (SD 1.15). 40% of the patients have moderate CAL and the other 60% have severe CAL with mean anterior CAL is 2.3 mm (95% CI 1.95, 2.64) and mean posterior CAL is 2.5 mm (95% CI 2.12, 2.88). Conclusions: The gingivitis score and percentage with PPD reflects of low periodontal disease activity in TMD patients. However, all patients have periodontal tissues destruction. Further study with larger sample size will indicate the true extend of periodontal disease in TMD patients is recommended.

(CS12) β-Carotene Patch Application on GCF Volume after Repeated Periapical Radiographic Exposure Faluthia Arini Puspitaningrum, Rurie Ratna Shantiningsih, Ryna Dwi Yanuaryska Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.

Free radicals generated during ionization process of X-rays can damage biological tissues. Radiation exposure to gingival sulcus area will damage endothelial cells and increase permeability of blood vessels under sulcular and junctional epithelium. That inflammation will increase gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume. Repeated periapical radiographs often occurs due to the unfulfillment of Quality Assurance and leads to an increase amount of radiation dose received by the patient. Previous studies have shown that β-carotene mucoadhesive gingival patch can penetrate mucous membrane and provide protection against radiation by reducing the number of gingival epithelial cells micronuclei. The aims of this study is to observe β-carotene mucoadhesive gingival patch effect in GCF volume from patient exposed to repeated periapical radiographs. We recruited 10 participants from patients who receive repeated periapical radiographs in Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry UGM. The teeth of the subjects are divided into control and treatment group. β-carotene mucoadhesive gingival patch was applied to treatment group. GCF was collected using an absorbing paper strip before and after exposure, then measured by sliding caliper. Shapiro-Wilk test showed the data were normally distributed (p>0.05). Paired T-test showed significant differences (p


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Oral Presentations – Public Health (PH 1) Self-reported differences in dental health attitudes and behaviours of dental, medical and nursing students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Ng Jia Ven, Tahir Yusuf Noorani, Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul Ghani, Imran Alam Moheet


Objective: To determine and compare the oral health attitudes and behaviours of dental, medical and nursing students in USM. Methodology: A 20 item questionnaire based on Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI) was distributed to students of dental, medical and nursing schools in USM. Dichotomized (agree/disagree) responses to 12 HU-DBI items were used to calculate the HU-DBI score. One way ANOVA complemented by Bonferroni test and Independent T-test was used to compare the mean HU-DBI scores of the three groups and clinical levels respectively. Additionally, Chi-square test was used to evaluate the differences in distribution of all items in the HU-DBI survey. Results: Dental students had the highest mean HU-DBI score (7.79 ± 1.58) when compared to their nursing (6.99 ± 1.46) and medical (6.42 ± 1.58) counterparts. The mean HU-DBI score for clinical students from all 3 courses (7.04 ± 1.75) was significantly higher than preclinical students (6.64 ± 1.56). Amongst the 12 HU-DBI items that were used to calculate the HU-DBI scores, items 2,6,8,9,10,15,16 and 19 show strong significant difference between the distributions of responses (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Overall, dental students demonstrated better oral health attitudes as compared to their medical and nursing counterparts, which indicate the positive impact of dental health education on students. Hence, comprehensive oral health awareness programs need to be incorporated to all health care students from their preclinical years to improve the oral health attitudes of all our future health care providers.

(PH 2) Smartphone addiction and its association with sleep quality and perceived stress in Universiti Sains Malaysia undergraduate dental students Norain Abdul Rahim1, Norkhafizah Saddki1, Nor Azwany Yaacob2, Mon Mon Tin-Oo1 1 School of Dental Sciences, 2 School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Excessive use of smartphones can negatively affect health, social, and psychological well-being. Objectives: This cross-sectional study investigated the association between smartphone addiction, sleep quality, and perceived stress among dental students. Methodology: A total of 252 undergraduate dental students at the School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), in the academic year of 2015/2016, participated in this study. Three self-administered questionnaires, the Malay version of Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-M), the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Malay version of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-M), were used to assess the smartphone addiction, sleep quality and perceived stress, respectively. Higher SAS-M and PSS-M scores indicate higher pathological use of smartphone and perceived stress respectively, while higher PSQI score indicate poorer sleep quality. Results: The mean SAS-M score was 97.02 (SD 22.15). There was a significant positive Pearson’s correlation between SAS-M and global PSQI score (P=0.003, r=0.187), suggesting that the higher the smartphone addiction, the poorer the sleep quality. A significant positive correlation was also found between PSQI score and PSS-M score (P


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(PH 3) Attitude and awareness of medical and dental students in Universiti Sains Malaysia towards collaboration between medical and dental practice

Dana Raja D, Ninin Sukminingrum Masudi


Introduction: Medical-dental collaboration is essential to improve resource efficiency and standards of care and to provide holistic healthcare services for the patients. However, very limited studies have been conducted regarding medical-dental collaboration. Objectives: To investigate the attitude and awareness of medical and dental students in Universiti Sains Malaysia towards collaboration between medical and dental practice. Methodology: This cross-sectional study involves Year 2 to Year 5 medical and dental students from Universiti Sains Malaysia selected by convenience sampling. The questionnaires were distributed directly to the students in the lecture halls or tutorial rooms and collected immediately once completed. A total of 306 questionnaires were distributed and collected. The questionnaire consists of eight questions to assess the students’ attitude towards collaboration between medical and dental practice and one question regarding students’ awareness of the collaboration between medical and dental practice. Results: The mean attitude score (SD) towards medical-dental collaboration was 7.35 (1.023). Most of the students (76.8%) were aware of the collaboration between medical and dental practice. These students considered Accident & Emergency (66.5%), Ear, Nose & Throat (64.8%) and Surgery (59.3%) as the 3 most common disciplines which demonstrate collaboration between medical and dental practice. Conclusion: The medical and dental students in general demonstrated a good attitude and awareness of the collaboration between medical and dental practice. This is a good foundation to foster medical-dental collaboration to improve resource efficiency and standards of care in the future.

(PH 4) Changes in plaque score of patients attending Hospital USM dental clinic after oral hygiene instruction by the dental students Lau Yi Ling, Mohd Zulkarnain Sinor, Basaruddin Ahmad, Azirrawani Ariffin, Akram Hassan School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Dental plaque is the main cause of dental caries and periodontal disease. Controlling dental plaque is important to prevent these diseases and effectiveness of oral hygiene instructions play a role in this. Objectives: To assess the changes in plaque score of the patients attending Hospital USM Dental Clinic after oral hygiene instructions and to determine factors that affect the plaque score. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done. In this study, we used the secondary data source of the patients who visited Hospital USM dental clinic for dental treatment. The plaque score of the patients during their first and second dental visits were recorded. Only patients undergo oral hygiene maintenance program under Dental Public Health and periodontal treatment had their plaque scores charted for every visit of the treatment. The plaque score was recorded using the O’Leary’s Plaque Index. Patient’s personal details were also retrieved to find out whether there are other factors affecting the changes in plaque score. Results: A total of 38 folders were retrieved. Mean scores of plaques at first visit and second visit were 36.69 (26.52) and 25.17 (26.52) respectively. Female and those who are not working showed statistically significant association (p


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(PH 5) Practices of dental ergonomics among clinical year dental students in School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Ong Yuan Lead, Munirah Mohd Adnan, Normastura Abd Rahman, Azizah Yusoff School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Objective: To assess the practices of dental ergonomics among different academic years of clinical dental students in School of Dental Sciences, USM. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 133 students in Year 3,4 and 5. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed which contain sociodemographic characteristics, sitting positions, instruments handling, dental loupes usage, rest break during dental procedures, and training on correct positioning. Results: Majority of the students were female (75.9%). Most of the third year (82.9%), 62.0% of the fourth year, and 64.3% of the fifth year dental students agree to strongly agree that their operator stool is comfortable. All the third year and fourth year students practiced four handed dentistry, while all the fifth year students practiced single handed dentistry and all of them did not use dental loupe while treating their patient. Only 43.9% of the third year and 30.2% of the fifth year students practiced resting hand during the clinical procedure while for the fourth year students, 81.9% of them practiced resting hand. All the third year (100%), 96.0% of the fourth year and 97.6% of the fifth year students agreed that they had undergone training in correct operating position and the source of training was from lecture. Conclusion: The practices of dental ergonomics among the dental students in USM were relatively not satisfactory. Most of the students received training regarding correct positioning, and the source was from lecture.

(PH 6) Knowledge and awareness regarding occupational needle stick and sharps injuries among dental personnel at higher institution of learning in Kelantan Kuah Yan Xin, Sumaiya Zabin Eusufzai, Munirah Mohd Adnan School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Objective: To assess the knowledge and awareness level regarding needle stick and sharp injury (NSSI) among dental personnel at higher institution of learning in Kelantan. The study was conducted from March until September 2016. Methodology: The questionnaires were distributed to the dental personnel including dental lecturers, dental officers, dental postgraduate students, dental staff nurses and dental surgery assistants who working at School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). Results: A total of 112 respondents participated in this study. Sixty-three of them (56.2%) are dental professionals including lecturers, dental officers and post-graduate students while 49 of them (43.8%) are dental supportive staffs including staff nurses and dental surgery assistant. A total of nine respondents (8%) experienced NSSI in the last one year and more than half of them took the post-exposure prophylaxis (66.7%). Around two third (65.2%) of the respondents thought that most of the needle stick injuries had been neglected and unreported. There is no significant difference between the knowledge level of dental professionals and dental supportive staffs regarding NSSI but the awareness level is significantly different between these two groups since p-value < 0.05. Conclusion: The level of knowledge and awareness regarding occupational needle stick and sharps injuries among the dental personnel in USM are good. And there is no significant difference in knowledge lev el but awareness level between dental professionals and dental supportive staffs of USM regarding NSSI.


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(PH 7) Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding infection control measures among dental undergraduate students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Lim Liang Choon, Norzaliana Zawawi, Munirah Mohd Adnan, Azizah Yusoff School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Cross infection is one of the occupational hazards faced by dental personnel. In the dental setting, the pathogens may be transmitted indirectly via contaminated sharp instruments, needle prick injury or through aerosols of oral and respiratory droplets. There were several factors such as inadequate supply of personal protective equipment, carelessness, improper disposal of medical waste, and lack of practice of standard precautions due to poor knowledge level about infection control measures. Objectives: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding infection control measures among non-clinical and clinical dental undergraduate students in USM. Methodology: A comparative cross sectional study was conducted among 145 dental undergraduate students (72 non-clinical students and 73 clinical students). The respondents were selected using stratified sampling. A set of questionnaires consisting of questions on knowledge, attitude and practice regarding infection control measures was adapted from Ministry of Health Malaysia. Results: One hundred and forty-five dental undergraduate students completed and returned the questionnaire. The difference between knowledge score of clinical year students [30.5(2.89)] and non-clinical year students [18.89 (4.40)] was significant. The difference between attitude score of clinical year students [21.59(3.81)] and non-clinical students [15.9(3.82)] was significant. The difference between practice score of clinical year students [134.59 (13.14)] and non-clinical students [80.61(10.84)] was significant. Conclusion: Knowledge, attitude and practice of clinical year students are better than that of non-clinical students.

(PH 8) Assessment of attitudes and perceived barriers towards scientific research among undergraduate dental students in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Muhammad bin Juhari, Norhayati Yusop School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: It is believed that the increase of exposure to research may improve the quality of dental education and further supports the graduate's involvement in academic dentistry. Objectives: To assess students' attitude and perceived barriers towards scientific research activities. Methodology: A cross-sectional, self-administered online questionnaires were distributed to undergraduate dental students from first to the fifth year, between June to September 2016. Questions were modified from the previously established studies, consisting of close-ended and Likert-scales format. Descriptive and correlative statistics were used to analyse the responses between students of different enrolment years and research experiences. Results: 188 students participated in the present study, with 71.3 % are female students. Students demonstrated positive attitudes towards scientific research, and 80.3% of respondents admitted no research experience prior to enrolment in dental school. Most respondents positively agreed that research is relevant to dental education (81.9%) and involvement in research activities may facilitate admission to postgraduate programs (77.7%), which will further assist on a long-term career goal (74.5%). Among the identified perceived barriers that prevented students from actively involved in research are inadequate time (30.9%), lack of training in research methodology (39.9%) and difficulties in reviewing scientific literature (40.4%). Conclusion: The present data may serve as important evidence to review the current practice of delivering research components to dental students in USM, particularly when it comes to overcoming the existing barriers.


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(PH 9) Bio-burden of microorganisms present in medical and dental students’ neckties in Hospital USM Anushaa Krishnasamy1, Siti Asma’ binti Hassan2, Nur-Leem Murshid2, Liszen Tang1 1 School of Dental Sciences, 2 Department of

Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: The neckties worn by physicians frequently encounter germs and human secretions, becoming mobile petri dishes that follow the wearer anywhere. Objective: To determine the bio-burden of microorganisms on the neckties of the medical and dental students who are on clinical posting in Hospital USM. Methodology: An experimental study was conducted using necktie swabs from 40 randomly chosen medical and dental students on clinical posting which consist of 20 medical students and 20 dental students. The neckties that they wore in the ward and clinic were swabbed using cotton swab sticks and the samples were sent to the microbiology lab for analysis. Results: A total of 40 swabs were analyzed, 28 grew microorganisms on the culture plates and 12 did not show any growth. All the microorganism growth turned out to be environmental microorganisms. Out of the 28 plates with positive growth,n=13, 46.4% contained Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus aureus (CONS) n=12, 42.8% contained Micrococcus sp, n=9, 32.1% of the neckties were found to have Bacillus sp, n=3, 10.7% with Acinetobacter sp, 2 samples with Pseudomonas orizyhabitans, 1 sample with Roseomonas gilardii, 1 contained Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 1 with Candida sp, 1 had Morexella sp, and 2 with Methicillin Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus aureus (MRCONS). Conclusion: The neckties of medical and dental students in Hospital USM carry environmental microorganism. No pathogenic microorganisms were isolated.

(PH 10) Modeling the oral health status and health problems among residents of Kampung Chekok, Kelantan, Malaysia

Awang Shazwi Nazreen bin Awang Wijaya, Wan Muhamad Amir bin Wan Ahmad, Ruhaya Hassan, Mon Mon Tin-Oo


Introduction: A cross-sectional study on oral health status and health problems was conducted in the village of Kampung Chekok, Kelantan. Objectives: To determine correlation, relationship and to model the oral health status and health problems. Methodology: G-Power software was used to determine sample size and 395 respondents were selected to produce an individual profile and their associations. A set of questionnaires that contained questions on oral health status and health problems were given to each respondent. Three methods were used: Pearson Correlation Analysis, Canonical Correlation Analysis and Multiple Logistic Regression techniques. Results: There was a weak but positive correlation between cardiovascular disease and the usage of denture (r = 0.329, p = 0.000). Significant association found between diabetes and oral problems (χ2(1) =0.004, p


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(PH11) The scientific issues of electronic cigarettes as the alternative to quit tobacco smoking M. Khizfi Nurfiqoh, Achmad Syawqie, Inne S.Sasmita Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia Introduction: Electronic cigarettes are a new electronic device which made to substitute the tobacco cigarettes as nicotine deliverer for the user’s body. The electronic cigarettes had become controversial because of its risks and health effects for the body still debatable among the researchers around the world. Method: The systematic review method used in this review that including 42 articles which discussing about safety risks and health effects of the electronic cigarettes that studied by researcher around the world. Laboratories study and short term effects from the electronic cigarettes claimed that the electronic cigarette has risks safer than the tobacco cigarettes. The long term study about this device still needed to really ensure that electronic cigarette is safe. Conclusion: The electronic cigarette can be an effective ways to help people stop their tobacco smoking.


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Poster Presentations (1) Antimicrobial activity of propolis from Trigona spp. towards cariogenic bacteria Nicholas Sim Choo Wee, Hanim Afzan Ibrahim, Tuan Nadrah Naim Bt T. Ismail @ T. Manah, Wan Nazatul Shima Shahidan School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Introduction: Propolis is one of the important bee products which consists of a mixture of resinous substances collected by the honeybees from various plant sources. Propolis produced by stingless bee (Trigona spp.), locally known as 'kelulut', is also known to have medicinal values. Trigona spp. bees can be commercially reared and can provide a lot of propolis per hive. In addition, the bees are widely distributed throughout Malaysia. The properties of propolis from Trigona spp. have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. It is well known to have various biological activities such as antimicrobial, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. Currently, there is a lack of scientific reports that indicate the antimicrobial activities of stingless bees propolis against oral pathogens. Objectives: To evaluate the antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) from Trigona spp. against cariogenic bacteria (S. mutans and S. sobrinus). Methodology: This study is performed using the agar well diffusion assay to screen the antimicrobial activity of EEP from Trigona spp. expressed as mean of inhibition diameter and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EEP will be determined by the broth microdilution method. Results: The MIC between EEP and standard antibiotic (metronidazole) against S. mutans and S. sobrinus is not statistically different. Conclusion: EEP from Trigona spp. has antimicrobial properties against cariogenic bacteria.

(2) Cytotoxicity of 3D-orbital polyamide composite customised implant: an in vitro study Nur’Ain Syafiqa Abdul Hamid, Marzuki Omar, Dasmawati Mohamad, Abdul Manaf Abdullah School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Introduction: Researchers have been exploring ceramic/polymer composite materials to mimic the unique structure of hydroxyapatite/collagen in natural bone. Polyamide (PA) is already known to possess good biocompatibility with various human cells and tissues owing to its similarity to collagen protein. β-Tricalcum Phosphate (β-TCP) are often used due to its high dissolution rate which can facilitate new bone tissue formation. Objectives: To assess the cytotoxicity of highly ZrO2/β-TCP filled PA 12 composite using human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPdLF) cells. Methodology: The cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assay and microplate reader at absorbance value of 570nm. The viability of the cells grown in PA 12 composites at concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25mg/ml were assessed and cell viability percentages were then calculated. The cell viability percentages of PA 12 were compared with unfilled PA 12 that acts as a control in this experiment. Results: Percentages of cell viability of PA 12 composite were more than 80% in various concentrations which indicates that the material is not toxic to HPdLF cells. Conclusion: PA 12 composite are compatible in term of in vitro cytotoxic evaluation.


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(3) Cytotoxicity analysis of spirulina extract on mouse fibroblast Liew Jia-Jung, Kasmawati Mokhtar, Azlina Ahmad School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Spirulina is a popular super food used worldwide that is mainly taken as a daily supplement. One of the many spirulina’s components is its high level of calcium and phosphate, which are the two important minerals involved in the remineralization process of early dental caries. Studies also show that spirulina has antimicrobial activity towards Staphylococcus aureaus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The remineralizing and antimicrobial properties of spirulina are similar to the properties that fluoride own in toothpaste. While spirulina may have been known to provide many beneficial effects when taken orally, it is unclear whether it has adverse effect which may harm the oral tissue. Objectives: To determine the cytotoxic effect of spirulina extract on fibroblast cell-line using MTT assay. Methodology: MTT assay is done to analyse cell viability of the fibroblast cell-line. ELISA reader was used to measure the fluorescence of the cell cultures at different spirulina concentration which indicates the cell viability of fibroblast cell-line. Results: There are no significant difference in cell viability of mouse fibroblast cell line among the five treatment. Conclusion: Therefore, spirulina extract is not cytotoxic towards fibroblast cell-line.

(4) Shear bond strength of resin bonded bridge using different types of resin cements Anas Zikri bin Mohamad Nasir, Zuryati Ab Ghani, Yanti Johari School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

Introduction: Resin bonded bridges (RBB) constructed with ceramic to replace missing anterior teeth are conservative, however they are prone to debonding and fracture. Currently, indirect composite is also used to construct RBB. Fractured composite RBB is easier to repair, however its bond strength is not well documented. Paracore is a strong material used to cement post and build up core. Objective: To evaluate the shear bond strength of indirect composite RBB cemented with two different cements. Methodology: Thirty two extracted human anterior teeth with prepared enamel were cemented to two types of composite blocks which is Nexco (Ivoclar Vivadent, Germany) and Ceramage (Shofu Inc, USA) using two types of resin cements which is Rely X U200 (3M ESPE AG, Germany) and Paracore (Coltène/Whaledent AG , Switzerland) with n=8. All samples were subjected to 1000 thermocyles, then tested for shear bond strength using Instron machine. Results: There was a significant difference in the shear bond strength of the two cements with p=0.04, however no significant difference between the composite blocks with p=0.762. Conclusion: Paracore gave higher shear bond strength compared to Rely X U200 cement. However, there was no difference in the shear bond strength between Nexco and Ceramage composite blocks.


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(5) The effect of polishing protocol and tea extract staining on surface roughness and color stability of porcelain veneer Sim Kung Ho, Raja Azman Raja Awang, Noor Huda Ismail School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Objective: To investigate whether the polishing protocol can cause changes in surface roughness of the dental porcelain veneer, which could lead to increase in porcelain veneer surface staining. Methodology: A total of 40 disc-shaped porcelain veneer samples of 10mm diameter and 2.0mm thickness were prepared using porcelain ingots. The samples were randomly divided into four groups according to polishing methods: Method A, control; Method B, slow speed green stone bur with diamond polishing paste; Method C, NTI CeraGlaze polishing kits (Kerr Rotary, UK); and Method D, Identoflex diamond ceramic polisher (Kerr, UK). The samples were polished for 60 seconds according to group’s polishing method. Then, the samples underwent accelerated aging procedure by thermocycling (2000 cycles, 5oC - 20oC). They were then immersed in tea extract for 30 days. Surface roughness and color shading were measured at baseline, after polishing and after extract immersion using surface profilometer and digital spectrophotometer respectively. Statistical analyses were carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: We found that surface roughness of the porcelain was significantly decreased when polished using Method C (p=0.002) and Method D (p=0.007) compared to control. However, the surface roughness was found increased when polished using Method B (p=0.056). Interestingly we found that the increased surface roughness in Method B has cause to its significant colour change (∆E) when immersed in tea extract (p=0.001). Conclusion: The study shows the polishing method could change the surface roughness of porcelain veneer, which could lead to colour change.

(6) Evaluation of curing units used in dental clinics of School of Dental Sciences, USM

Lee Yi Ren, Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul Ghani, Tahir Yusuf Noorani, Mohamad Syahrizal Halim


Introduction: Adequate light intensity output (LIO) is a vital factor which contributes to the physical properties of cured composite resin. Objectives: To evaluate the efficiency of all light curing units (LCU) in dental clinics of School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). LIO of each LCU was first determined by using a light radiometer. Methodology: LCU were then divided into three groups based on their LIO; Group 1 (G1) ≥1000mW/cm2; Group 2 (G2) 701 to 999mW/cm2 and Group 3 (G3) ≤700mW/cm2. Prepared composite resin specimens were then cured using these LCU and were subjected to compressive strength test. Statistical analysis was carried out using Kruskal Wallis test to compare the compressive strength of composite resin specimens cured by three LCU groups. Independent T-Test was used to compare LIO between corded and cordless LED LCU. The level of significance was set at (P˂0.05). Results: 77.27% of LCU had LIO ≥1000mW/cm2 (G1), 14.77% had LIO ranging from 701 to 999mW/cm2 (G2) and 7.95% ≤ 700mW/cm2(G3). There was no significant difference in the compressive strengths of composites cured by G1 and G2 (P>0.05). However, compressive strength of composites cured by G1 was significantly higher than G3 (P


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(7) In vitro study of antibacterial properties of propolis and Piper betle towards Enterococcus faecalis

Lim Hui Ying, Sam’an Malik Masudi, Suharni Mohamad, Rosnani Mamat, Huwaina Abd. Ghani


Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the main microorganism found in root canal treatment failures and its role in endodontic infections remained as a major obstacle in root canal therapy. With the increasing resistance of E. faecalis towards calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], a common root canal therapy medicament, consideration of natural products such as propolis and Piper betle (P. betle) as alternative intracanal medication is appropriate. Objectives: To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extracts of propolis and P. betle against E. faecalis. Methodology: The propolis and P. betle leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol. The broth microdilution method with calorimetric assay using resazurin was used for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ethanolic extracts of propolis and P. betle. Results: The MIC and MBC of propolis extracts were 0.196 mg/ml and 0.783 mg/ml, respectively while the MIC and MBC of P. betle extracts were 0.392 mg/ml and 0.783 mg/ml, respectively. Both the MIC and MBC of Ca(OH)2 were 625 mg/ml. Conclusion: Both ethanolic extracts of propolis and P. betle exhibited antibacterial property against E. faecalis and might be considered as alternative root canal therapy medicaments.

(8) Knowledge and attitude of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) among dental students and dental officers in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).

Nur Mardhiyyah binti Mohd Rasid, Nur Karyatee Kassim, Munirah Mohd Adnan


Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is recognised as a sleep-disordered breathing that causes morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To determine knowledge and attitudes of OSA among dental students (DS) and dental officers (DO) in Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). A total of 97 DS and 25 DO participated in this study. Methodology: This cross-sectional study used a self-administered Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Knowledge and Attitude (OSAKA) questionnaire. Results: The total score for knowledge and attitude ranges from 0 to 18 and 4 to 20 respectively. Most students (74.2%) and DO (92%) knew that majority of patients with OSA snored. However, only 14.4% of DS and 20% of DO knew uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is curative treatment for OSA. Regarding attitudes, 88.7% of DS and 96% of DO considered OSA an important clinical disease. Only 7.2% of DS and 8% of DO feeling confident in identifying patients with OSA and 15.5% of DS and 6% of DO were confident in managing OSA. The mean total knowledge score for DS and DO were 7.5 (SD 3.77) and 12.96 (SD 2.51) respectively. Meanwhile, the total score of attitude for DS and DO were 12.0 (SD 2.22) and 13.0 (SD 2.51) respectively. There were no significant differences between the mean total knowledge and attitude scores of OSA between DS and DO (p>0.05). Conclusion: The level of knowledge and awareness regarding OSA among DS and DO in USM were relatively low. Thus, there is a need for increased education and training regarding OSA in dental school.


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(9) Dental trauma management awareness among primary school teachers in Kubang Kerian Nor Fatimah Osman,

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