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A model of a social chatbot

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A model of a Social Chatbot A. AUGELLO 1 M. GENTILE 2 L. WEIDEVELD 3 F. DIGNUM 3 1. ICAR NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF ITALY, 2. ITD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF ITALY 3. UTRECHT UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS KESIIMSS16 Interac(ve Cogni(ve Systems
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Page 1: A model of a social chatbot

A  model  of  a  Social  Chatbot A.  AUGELLO  1  M.  GENTILE  2  L.  WEIDEVELD  3  F.  DIGNUM  3

1.  I C A R   -­‐   N AT I ONA L   R E S EARCH   COUNC I L   O F   I TA LY,  

2.  I T D   -­‐   N AT I ONA L   R E S EARCH   COUNC I L   O F   I TA LY

3.  UTRECHT   UN I V E RS I T Y,   T H E   N E THER LANDS

KES-­‐IIMSS-­‐16 Interac(ve  Cogni(ve  Systems

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Outline

Overview  •  Serious  games  for  communica3ve  skills  training  •  Role  of  “social  context”  in  conversa3on  •  Social  Prac3ce  Theory  

Proposed  Solu3on:  •  Injec3ng  social  intelligence  into  conversa3onal  agents  by  means  of  a  social  prac3ce  based  architecture  

Analysis  of  a  case  study  inspired  to  the  Communicate!  Serious  Game  

Concluding  Remarks  

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Serious  games  for  communicaOve  skills  training

Serious  games  can  be  exploited  as  an  innova3ve  and  valid  approach  by  means  of  simula3on  of  interac3ons  with  virtual  characters.    

Virtual  agents  can  be  used  to  improve  communica3ve  and  social  skills.    

The  players  interact  with  the  agents:  

•  experiencing  the  social  effects  of  a  conversa3on    •  beLer  understanding  how  elements  involved  in  a  social  interac3on  determine  the  actual  conversa3on  and  the  uLerances  that  are  used.  

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Script  based  approach   OMen  the  interac3on  in  these  games  is  obtained  by  means  of  a  script  dialogue  approach  

An  editor  is  used  to  design  the  dialogues  and  to  specify  the  feedback  of  the  virtual  agent  The  player  can  select  one    sentence  from  list  of  mul3ple  choices  

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Drawbacks  of  a  script-­‐based  approach   Interac3on  with  the  virtual  agent  • The  conversa3on  and  the  agent  behaviour  are  predetermined    

• The  interac3on  becomes  repe33ve  aMer  few  uses.  

Player  Experience  • Players  have  no  freedom  in  the  dialogue    • The  communica3ve  experience  is  different  from  a  real  one    

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Proposed  SoluOon We  are  implemen3ng  a  game  where:  •  The  player  can  experiment  different  roles  and  situa3ons  and  can  interact  with  a  greater  freedom;  

•  The  agent  is  not  simple  reac3ve  but  has  its  autonomy  

We  need  to  •  Consider  a  different  approach  to  implement  the  conversa3onal  agent  

•  Formalize  the  agent’s  knowledge  and  the  reasoning  process  •  Provide  the  agent  of  social  skills  

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Role  of  social  context  in  conversaOon The  dialogue  is  a  joint  ac3vity  that  must  consider  both  individual  and  social  processes  

Different  communica3on  strategies  can  be  used  according  to  the  specific  social  context  

The  same  sentence  can  be  used  with  a  different  meaning  in  different  context  and  can  raise  different  social  effects  

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You  should  take  a  cat  

Role  of  social  context  in  conversaOon

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A  Social  pracOce  model  for  the  creaOon  of  social  agents Premises:  • Social  context  is  oMen  used  as    another  aspect  to  consider  in  agents  planning  

• Including  social  context  adds  excessive  complexity  to  agents  planning.    

Social  Prac3ce  Theory  (Reckwitz,  2002)  • A  ‘social  prac3ce’  is  a  rou3nized  type  of  behaviour  which  consists  of  several  interconnected    elements.  

• Social  prac3ces  can  be  used  to  describe  the  social  context  in  an  efficient  way.  

• Pu5ng  social  prac7ces  at  the  heart  of  the  delibera7on  allows  for  more  efficient  planning  (Dignum  and  Dignum,  2014)  

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Social  pracOce  model

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Chatbot  as  a  starOng  point   Strength:  ◦  It  is  possible  to  create  quickly  a  conversa3onal  agent,  avoiding  natural  language  processing  issues    

◦  It  is  easy  to  define  the  chatbot  behaviour  through  the  design  of  proper  ques3on  answers  modules    (AIML  categories)  

  Weaknesses  :  ◦  Chatbots  lacks  the  ability  to  keep  an  overview  and  a  structure  of  the  en3re  conversa3on.    ◦  In  AIML  the  dialogue  is  managed  keeping  track  of  the  last  conversa3on  exchange  and  seang  conversa3on  topics.  

◦  It  is  difficult  to  design  chatbots  able  to  correctly  manage  social  conversa3onal  prac3ces.  

<category>      <paLern>MY  NAME  IS  *</paLern>    

                             <that>HELLO  THERE  WHAT  IS  YOUR  NAME</that>                                  <template>Nice  to  meet  you  <star  /></template>    </category>    

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A  Social  Agent  Architecture  for  serious  games

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Agent’s  IdenOty   The  iden3ty  of  the  agent  formalizes:  ◦  his  beliefs  ◦  the  informa3on  related  to  the  possible  social  prac3ces  

◦  the  state  of  the  dialogue  ◦  The  rules  for  the  genera3on  of  plans  and  the  defini3on  of  norms  

◦  The  analysis  of  possible  norm  viola3ons  and  the  state  variables  upda3ng.    

◦  The  linguis3c  knowledge  for  the  conversa3on  management  

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S-­‐AIML   The  S-­‐AIML   language  and   its  processor  are  enhancements   respec3vely  of  AIML  language  and  the  ALICE  dialogue  engine.  

  The   S-­‐AIML   chatbot   is   able   to   manage   the   dialogue   according   to   a  specific  social  prac3ce.    

  New  tags  have  been  introduced  to:  ◦  Organize  categories  according  to  the  main  concept  of  a  social  prac3ce,  such  as  the  scenes  of  a  plan  paLern;  

◦  Interact  with  a  forward  chaining  rules  engine  (i.e.  drools)  (insert  facts,  detract  facts,  perform  queries…)  

◦  Dynamically  ac3vate/deac3vate  categories  according  to  precondi3ons    

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Agent’s  DeliberaOon   The  delibera3on  module  is  composed  of    ◦  a  rules  engine    ◦  the  (S-­‐AIML)  processor    

  The   interac3on   of   these   two   modules   allows   the  agent   to   manage   the   dialogue   according   to   the  social  prac3ce  model:    ◦  given  a  specific  social  prac3ce  the  agent  deliberates  according  to  facts,  data  and  rules  related  to  the  prac3ce;  

◦  the   result   of   the   reasoning   process   leads   to   dynamic  ac3va3on  of  a  small  set  of  S-­‐AIML  categories  

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Agent’s  DeliberaOon   The  agent   can  update   the   value  of   the   state   variables   through   the  reasoning  process  but  he  can  also  update  them  by  means  of  the  S-­‐AIML  processor.    

  The   agent   con3nuously   monitors   possible   viola3ons   of   social  prac3ce  norms:  ◦  Depending  on   the  actual   situa3on,  expecta3ons  are  confirmed  and   the  prac3ce  is  con3nued  or  the  social  prac3ce  is  re-­‐evaluated  

◦  In   case   of   a   viola3on   the   agent   will   act   in   a   proper   manner,  stopping  the  execu3on  of  that  prac3ce  if  necessary.  

       It   is   important   to   highlight   that   a   social   prac3ce   is   not   a  determinis3c  structure,  some  behaviours  of  the  agent  are  determined   by   the   actual   state   of   the   dialogue   inside   a  specific  prac3ce!  

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A  Case  study  Scenario  

  The  pa0ent  is  confused  and  worried.  In  the  wai0ng  room  talks  with  other  pa0ents  to  obtain  some  useful  informa0on  about  the  doctor  

A  pa0ent  goes  to  the  hospital  because  he  has  an  appointment  with  his  doctor.      The  pa0ent’s  expecta0on  is  to  quickly  obtain  the  medicine  prescrip0on  and  leave  the  hospital  in    few  minutes  

That   day   there   is   another   doctor   in   the   office.  The  pa0ent  must  describe  his  health  history.    During   the   anamnesi   the   doctor   recommends  the   pa0ent   to   further   examine   his   situa0on   by  making  a  CAT  scan.    

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Social  Prac7ce   Doctor-­‐Pa7ent  Dialogue  

Physical  Context  Resources  Places  Actors  

 Current  Time,  Medical  Instruments  Hospital,  Office  User,  Agent  

Social  Context  Social  Interpreta3on  Roles  Norms  

 Consul3ng  room,  Consul3ng  3me  Doctor,  Pa3ent  Pa3ent  must  be  coopera3ve,  Doctor  must  be  polite  

Ac7vi7es   Welcome,  Presenta3on,  Data  Gathering,  Symptoms  Descrip3on,  Speech  acts  

Plan  PaJerns   Welcome,  Presenta3on,  Data  Gathering,  Symptoms  Descrip3on,  Therapy,  Appointmnet  Scheduling,  Gree3ngs  

Meaning   Support  the  pa3ent,  create  trust,  elici3ng  pa3ent’s  concerns,  emphate3c  response  

Competences   Listening  Effec3vely,  Being  Empathe3c,  Use  effec3vely  explanatory  skills  

Social  PracOces  Examples

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Social  PracOces  Examples Social  Prac7ce   Pa7ent-­‐Pa7ent  Dialogue  

Physical  Context  Resources  Places  Actors  

 Current  Time,  Medical  Instruments  Hospital  room  User,  Agent  

Social  Context  Social  Interpreta3on  Roles  Norms  

 Wai3ng  room,  Consul3ng  3me  Pa3ent,  Pa3ent  Pa3ent  must  be  polite  

Ac7vi7es   Presenta3on,  Informa3on  Gathering,  Giving  Informa3on,  Experiences  Sharing,  Speech  acts  

Plan  PaJerns   Presenta3on,  Experiences  Sharing,  Informa3on  Gathering  

Meaning   Obtain  support,  give  support,  estabilish  a  rela3on,  trust,  elici3ng  concerns,  emphate3c  response,  sharing  similar  problems,  sharing  the  same  doctor.  

Competences   Listening  Effec3vely,  Being  Emphate3c,  Use  effec3vely  explanatory  skills  

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Example  of  rules  formalizaOon   rule  "setAc3vePrac3ce”            when            $a:Agent($prac3ce:ac3vePrac3ce,$chat:chatSession)            then            Scene  next=$prac3ce.getFirstScene();            if  (next!=null)                      {$a.setCurrentScene(next);                        $chat.predicates.put(”scene",next.getName());                        }  end  

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Example  of  rules  formalizaOon   Rules  can  be  directly  linked  to  this  social  prac3ce.       These  rules  can  be  formalized  according  to  what  emerges  in  several  studies  in  the  effect  of  communica3on  in  health  care  contexts  

      ”If  the  doctor  shows  a  low  empathy  the  pa0ent  sa0sfac0on  decreases”.    

  Some  rules  must  be  defined  as  norms  that  must  be  respected  inside  the  social  prac3ce  such  as  the  rule  asser3ng  that    

  ”The  doctor  must  be  polite”.    

             

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An  example  of  scenario  managed  with  tradiOonal  AIML   <category>                   <paLern>You  should  make  a  computerized  axial  tomography  </paLern>                     <template>                                 <condi3on  name=”interlocutor”  >                            <li  value=”familiar”>Who  gave  you  the  medical  degree?  </li>                                 <li  value=”pa3ent”>Did  you  already  done  this  examina3on  ?  </li>                            <li  value=”doctor”>                                           <condi3on  name=”doctor  type”  >                                           <li  value=”family  doctor”>Tell  me  doctor,  could  i  have  something  of                                                                                                                                                   serious?                                             <think><set  name=”emo3on”>fear  </set>  </think>  </li>                                           </condi3on>                                           …                                 </condi3on>                         </template>       </category>    

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The  same  example  managed  with  S-­‐AIML

  <social  prac3ce  name=“unknown  doctor  consulta3on”>                 <category>                             <precondi3on>  <el>trust>low</el>  </precondi3on>                        <paLern>You  must  make  a  computerized  axial  tomography</paLern>                             <template>  Why  should  I  make  this  examina3on?                                           <think>                                                     <el>emo3on=fear</el>                                                     <el>trus3ng=trus3ng−3</el>                                           </think>                           <template>                   </category>    

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Conclusion  and  future  works The  proposed  solu3on:  •  puts  social  prac3ce  at  the  heart  of  the  delibera3ve  process  of  an  agent;  •  allows  for  a  dynamic  ac3va3on  of  categories,  depending  on  the  current  social  prac3ce,  the  pursued  plan,  the  on-­‐going  ac3vity,  and  finally,  at  the  lowest  level  the  agent’s  iden3ty;  

•  allows  for  a  great  flexibility  in  the  conversa3on  while  at  the  same  3me  simplifying  the  formaliza3on  of  the  chatbot  KB;  

•  ensures  to  the  player  a  greater  freedom  in  sentences  expression,  and  the  possibility  to  experiment  dynamic  scenarios  and  different  roles;  

Future  work  will  regard:  •  a  more  developed  implementa3on  of  the  serious  game  according  to  a  proper  learning  design  approach;  

•  an  improvement  of  the  social  prac3ces  representa3ons;  •  a  deep  formaliza3on  of  the  scenarios.  


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