A Pediatrician Gives Advice

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1 Age (years) Heart Rate (beats per minute)

< 1 110 - 160

1 - 2 100 - 150

2 - 5 95 - 140

5 - 12 80 - 120

> 12 60 - 100

Age(years)

Breathing Rate (breaths perminute)

< 1 30 - 40

1 - 2 25 - 35

2 - 5 25 - 305 - 12 20 - 25

> 12 15 - 20

Age(years)

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)

< 1 70 - 90

1 - 2 80 - 95

2 - 5 80 - 100

5 - 12 90 - 110

>12 100 - 120

Symptoms of a Seriously Ill Baby

- see your doctor if your baby:

has poor feeding - feeding less than half normal

is very lethargic and uninterested in her surroundings

has difficulty breathing - her ribs are very prominent with each breath and she is struggling

to breath

is cold to touch - press your thumb over her breast-bone for 5 seconds until the skin goes

white. Take your thumb off and count in seconds until the color returns to the skin. (1000-1, 1000-

2, 1000-3 etc is equivalent to 1 second, 2 seconds, 3 seconds etc). If the color has not returnedwithin 3 seconds (1000-1, 1000-2, 1000-3), she needs urgent medical attention

is very irritable and difficult to settle

is blue in color around the lips or mouth

is grey or mottled in color

has bile-stained vomiting

has a red rash that does not blanch (go away) when pressed

has high fever and misery for more than 5 daysSymptoms of a Seriously I ll Toddler

- see your doctor if your toddler:

is very lethargic and uninterested in her surroundings

has difficulty breathing - her ribs are very prominent with each breath and she is strugglingto breath



2 is cold to touch - press your thumb over her breast-bone for 5 seconds until the skin goeswhite. Take your thumb off and count in seconds until the color returns to the skin. (1000-1, 1000-

2, 1000-3 etc is equivalent to 1 second, 2 seconds, 3 seconds etc). If the color has not returned

within 3 seconds (1000-1, 1000-2, 1000-3), she needs urgent medical attention is very irritable and difficult to settle

is blue in color around the lips or mouth is grey or mottled in color

has bile-stained vomiting

is complaining of a headache, particularly if first thing in the morning and associated withvomiting

has a stiff neck

has a red rash that does not blanch (go away) when pressed

has fever and misery for more than 5 daysIf you think you have a sick toddler, see your doctor urgently

Baby Developmental Milestones: Birth to 6 months

The following page gives the usual age at which different baby developmentalmilestones are reached during the first 6 months of life.You will notice that the areas of development are divided into 4 main areas -

motor, fine motor, language and social. These are the areas that healthprofessionals use when assessing development. Some areas are more

important at different ages - in the first six months, there is a lot of motorand fine motor development occurring. Speech comes later.

6 weeks of age baby milestones Motor Development

At 6 weeks of age, if your child has reached normal developmental milestones, he will:

lift his head up momentarily when is held tummy down (prone)

put his head to one side if he is lying on his tummy (prone) have head lag when he is pulled from lying to sitting - so you need to support his head

shows primitive reflexes like stepping and placingFine Motor and Vision Development

At 6 weeks of age, your baby will: fix and follow on your face turn his head and eyes to a light source

Speech, Language and Hearing Development

At 6 weeks, your child, if he is developing normally, will:

respond to a bell or other similar noise stop whimpering (but not full blown crying) to the sound of a soothing voice

coo responsively to your voicePersonal / Social Development At 6 weeks, your infant will:

suck well

be starting to smile

regard faces3 months baby developmental milestones

Motor DevelopmentAt 3 months, your infant will:

push up on his elbows when lying on his tummy (prone)

still have some head lag when pulled up from lying to sitting but will have more head control

take weight on bent knees when held in the standing position

mostly have open handsFine Motor / Vision DevelopmentAt 3 months, your infant will:



3 follow a face from side to side (so through 180 degrees)

hold a rattle for a short time - will often bash chin with the rattle

open and close his hands

be very interested in his hands (hand regard) blink defensively

Speech and Language Development At 3 months, your infant will:

be vocalizing

turn to sound especially familiar sounds like the sound of a spoon on the inside of a cup

quieten to your voice

Personal / Social Development

At 3 months, your infant will be:

smiling a lot

enjoying bath time and other familiar routines

4 months baby developmental milestones Motor Development

At 4 months, your infant will:

no longer have head lag when pulled to sit from lying - so he now has

head control

Fine Motor / Vision DevelopmentAt 4 months, your child, if he has normal baby developmental milestones, willbe:

playing with his fingers5 month baby developmental milestones

Motor Development

At 5 months, if your child has reached normal baby developmental milestone, he will be able to:

put his feet in his mouth while lying on the floorFine Motor / Vision Development


reach for objects

have a palmar grasp - so rakes objects with his hands and picks them up in his palm

6 month baby developmental milestones Motor DevelopmentAt 6 months, if your child has reached normal baby developmental milestones,

he will be able to:

push up on extended elbows when lying prone (on his tummy)

lift his head up when lying on his back

anticipate being pulled to sit from lying by bracing his shoulders roll over - initially from front to back but then both ways

take weight on his legs when he is held standing up

sit unsupported for short periods in a tripod position - back slightly bent forward and arms

forward with hands near feetFine Motor / Vision Development


be extremely interested in his surroundings

transfer objects from one hand to the other

hold 2 cubes

use both hands freely

not be interested in objects that fall out of sight - no object permanence yet

Speech and Language Development At 6 months, your child, if he is following normal baby developmental milestones, will be able to:

babble using vowel sounds, eg. "goo", "ga"



4 imitate sounds

laugh out loud


At 6 months, your infant will: take everything to his mouth

put his hands to a feeding bottle still be friendly with strangers but will be becoming shy

When to be concerned

If your child has not reached the following baby developmental milestones or is demonstrating thefollowing signs, see your doctor:

not responsive to sound at 6 weeks of age

has a permanent fist and not opening his hands at 6 weeks of age

not fixing or following at 3 months of age

not smiling at 3 months of age

not sitting with support by 6 months of age

not babbling by 6 months of age has a persistent squint at 6 months of age

References

Martin Bellman and John Cash. Schedule of Growing Skills. NEFR-Nelson. ISBN 0 7005 1161X

Mary Sheridan. From birth to five years. NFER-Nelson. ISBN 0 85633 074 4



5 Baby Development Milestones: 6 months to 12 monthsThe following page gives the usual age at which different baby development

milestones are reached during the period from 6 months to 12 months.

For other ages, links are available at the bottom of this page.Don't worry that there isn't a section for each month - development is a dynamic

process and the developmental stages at each age are what would be expectedfrom most babies that age.

Some babies will have achieved the milestones earlier and so be "ahead" on

some milestones but they may be bit "late" with others. The most importantthing is that your baby is progressing.

Each age band has the development described in the 4 main areas:

gross motor

fine motor

speech and language

personal/social

That's how doctors and therapists assess toddler and baby development. If there's not a particularsection described in an age band, it's just that area isn't so important at this stage.So in the second six months, you will notice a lot of motor development. Your baby is getting ready

to walk!!

6 month development milestones Motor DevelopmentAt 6 months, if your child has reached normal baby development milestones, he will be able to:

push up on extended elbows when lying prone (on his tummy)

lift his head up when lying on his back

anticipate being pulled to sit from lying by bracing his shoulders

roll over - initially from front to back but then both ways

take weight on his legs when he is held standing up sit unsupported for short periods in a tripod position - back slightly bent forward and arms

forward with hands near feetFine Motor / Vision Development


be extremely interested in his surroundings

transfer objects from one hand to the other

hold 2 cubes

use both hands freely

not be interested in objects that fall out of sight - no object permanence yetSpeech and Language Development

At 6 months, your child, if he is following normal development milestones, will be able to: babble using vowel sounds, eg. "goo", "ga"

imitate sounds

laugh out loud

Personal / Social Development At 6 months, your infant will:

take everything to his mouth

put his hands to a feeding bottle

still be friendly with strangers but will be becoming shy7 months baby development milestones

Motor DevelopmentAt 7 months, if your child has reached normal baby development milestones, he

will be able to: sit unsupported with a straight back and hands up

Speech and Language Development



6 At 7 months, your child, if he is following normal baby development milestones, will be able to:

understand "no"


At 7 months, your infant will be: wary of strangers, so will cry when you leave him

9 months baby development milestones

Motor DevelopmentAt 9 months, your infant will:

sit well and be able to lean forward to pick up a toy

crawl

get to the sitting position from the floor

stand holding on

demonstrate the forward parachute primitive reflex Fine Motor / Vision Development


be able to bang 2 cubes together

start using an index finger to thumb approach to objects rather than the raking grasp usedup to this time

resist toy pull, so if you try to take a toy out of his hand, he will hold on for dear life!

Speech and Language Development At 9 months, your infant will be able to:

say "Dada", "Mama" and "Baba" but will not use these specifically

respond to his own namePersonal / Social Development

At 9 months, your infant will be able to:

hold and chew a biscuit

grab a spoon look for fallen toys - he now has object permanence

10 months baby development milestones Motor Development


pull to stand

walk holding on to the furniture (called "cruising")

Fine Motor / Vision DevelopmentAt 10 months, your child, if she has normal baby development milestones, will

be:

developing a pincer grasp - so will be starting to pick things up with a neat

and precise gripPersonal / Social Development


clap his hands

wave good-bye12 month baby development milestones

Motor DevelopmentAt 12 months, if your child has reached normal baby development milestone, he will be able to:

walk alone

cast - objects are "cast" from the hand

Fine Motor / Vision DevelopmentAt 12 months, your infant will be able to:

use a neat pincer grip - so he will be able to pick small objects up between index finger andthumb



7 release objects when taken from him - before this he is likely to hold ferociously - so muchso you'll be surprised by his strengthli>


At 12 months, your infant will be able to: use 2 to 3 words specifically

understand familiar namesPersonal / Social Development


indicate his needs

take off his shoes

drink from a feeding cup (like Tommy Tippee)

understand simple commands, like "give it to mommy"

When to be concerned If your child has not reached the following baby development milestones or is demonstrating the

following signs, see your doctor:

not sitting with support by 6 months of age

not babbling by 6 months of age

not sitting unsupported by 9 months of age

demonstrating hand preference at 12 months of age

References

Martin Bellman and John Cash. Schedule of Growing Skills. NEFR-Nelson. ISBN 0 7005 1161X

Mary Sheridan. From birth to five years. NFER-NELSON. ISBN 0 85633 074 4

Infant M ilestones: 12 months to 24 months

The following page gives the usual age at which different infant milestonesare reached during the period from 1 year to 2 years.Each age band has the developmental stages broken down into gross motor,

fine motor, speech and language and personal/social.

You will notice that in the second year of life, there is less in the way of grossmotor development and more fine motor and speech development - you child

has managed to go from helpless to walking in the first year, now she's aboutto learn to be delicate and precise.

12 month milestones Motor Development

At 12 months, if your child has reached normal infant milestone, she will be able to:

walk alone cast - objects are "cast" from the handFine Motor / Vision Development


use a neat pincer grip - so she will be able to pick small objects up between index finger and

thumb

release objects when taken from her - before this she is likely to hold on for dear life!

Speech and Language Development At 12 months, your infant will be able to:

use 2 to 3 words specifically

understand familiar names

Personal / Social Development At 12 months, your infant will be able to:

indicate her needs



8 take off her shoes

drink from a feeding cup (like Tommy Tippee)

understand simple commands, like "give it to mommy"

15 months infant milestones Fine Motor / Vision Development

At 15 months, your infant will be able to: scribble

put a block in a cup

Speech and Language Development At 15 months, your child, if she is following normal infant milestones, will be able

to:

use jargon

point to body partsPersonal / Social Development


copy housework drink from an open cup without spilling

no longer be putting everything in her mouth

18 months infant milestones Motor Development

At 18 months, if your child has reached normal infant milestones, she will:

walk well and can carry a toy while walking

jump with feet together

bend to pick things up from the floor

walk backwards

climb into an adult chair and then turn and sit

have stopped castingFine Motor / Vision Development


throw a ball

build a 3 brick tower using 1 inch cube wooden bricks

hold a crayon in her fist

dump a raisin from a jar - so she knows how to get something that is not easily accessible

copy a line


At 18 months, your child, if she is following normal infant milestones, will be able to:

name one body part

identify one picture if asked

use 6 wordsPersonal / Social Development


feed with a spoon without making too much of a mess

use symbolic play - so will brush a doll's hair

find a completely hidden toy - so is aware of the permanence of objects

indicate toilet needs

alternate between clinging and resistance

24 months toddler milestones

Motor DevelopmentAt 24 months, your infant will be able to:

kick a ball run

walk upstairs holding on using two feet per step



9 Fine Motor / Vision DevelopmentAt 24 months, your child, if she has normal infant milestones, will:

unscrew the top of a jar

build a tower of 6 using 1 inch cube wooden bricks copy a vertical line

be developing hand preference, so will be starting to favor either the right or left hand turn pages one at a time



put two words together - like "daddy gone", "mummy home"

name 4 or 5 body parts

identify 5 pictures in a picture book - for example, your child will be able to point to objectsyou name

use about 50 words


At 24 months, your infant will be able to: play alone

put socks and shoes on

give her first name

tell you when she wants to toilet

to have a fierce temper tantrum!!When to be concerned If your child has not reached the following infant milestones or is demonstrating the following

signs, see your doctor:

demonstrating hand preference at 12 months of age

not pointing to share interest by 15 months of age

not walking by 18 months (unless she is a bottom shuffler when she may not walk until 2years of age)

casting has persists after 18 months of age



10 Toddler M ilestones: 2 years to 3 yearsThe following page gives the usual age at which different toddler milestones are

reached during the period 24 to 36 months (2 to 3 years of age).

For other ages, you need to go to the link for the appropriate age group at thebottom of the page - Click to go there now.

Each age band has the development described in terms of motor, fine motor,language and personal/social development as that is how professionals assess

development. Different areas have prominence at different ages. Read more.

From 2 years of age, you will notice your toddler's speech and languagedevelopment really progressing to the stage where they can have a conversation

with you by 3 years of age.

24 months toddler developmental milestones Motor DevelopmentAt 24 months, your toddler will be able to:

kick a ball

run walk upstairs holding on using two feet per stepFine Motor / Vision Development

At 24 months, your toddler will be able to:


build a tower of 6 using 1 inch cube wooden bricks

copy a vertical line

turn pages one at a time

Your toddler will also be developing hand preference, so will be starting to favor either the right or

left hand.Speech and Language Development

At 24 months, your toddler will be able to: put two words together - like "daddy gone", "mummy home"


identify 5 pictures in a picture book - for example, your child will be able to point to objects

you name

use about 50 words

Personal / Social Development At 24 months, your toddler will be able to:

play alone


give her first name


to have a major temper tantrum!!30 months toddler milestones

Motor Development

At 30 months, if your child has reached normal toddler milestone, she will beable to:

throw a ball overarm

Fine Motor / Vision DevelopmentAt 30 months, your toddler will be able to:

thread beads onto a string

copy a horizontal lineSpeech and Language Development

At 30 months, your toddler will be able to: use more than 200 words

understand prepositions like "under", "in", "behind"



11 Personal / Social Development At 30 months, your toddler will be able to:

give full name and sex

feed skillfully with a spoon36 months toddler milestones

Motor DevelopmentAt 36 months, if your child has reached normal toddler milestones, she will be able to:

stand on one foot

go upstairs one foot per step

ride a tricycle

Fine Motor / Vision Development

At 36 months, your toddler will:

build a 9 cube tower using 1 inch cube wooden bricks

build a 3 cube bridge using 1 inch cube wooden bricks

copy a circle

use a tripod grasp on a pencil turn pages one page at a time

show hand preference

Speech and Language Development At 36 months, your child, if she is following normal toddler milestones, will be able to:

identify 3 colors if asked

name 8 pictures in a picture book

ask lots of questions - "what is ...?", "why..."

hold a good conversation

use plurals

count to 10

understand simple negativesPersonal / Social Development


dress and undress

play with other children

do up buttons

understand sharing with other childrenWhen to be concerned

If your child has not reached the following toddler milestones or is demonstrating the following


if your toddler is using a fisted grasp or grip at age 3 years

if your toddler is unable to make her needs known at age 3 years

References

Martin Bellman and John Cash. Schedule of Growing Skills. NEFR-Nelson. ISBN 0 7005 1161

X


Child Developmental Milestone P rogress: 3 years to 4 years

The following page gives normal child developmental milestone progress duringthe period from 3 to 4 years (36 to 48 months).Like the other development pages, each age is divided into the main areas of

development: gross motor

fine motor



12 speech and language

personal/social

From 3 years of age, your toddler will be very talkative and inquisitive. Be prepared to hear a lot of

"why"!36 months child development progress

Motor DevelopmentAt 36 months, if your child is following normal development, she will be

able to:

stand on one foot


ride a tricycle



build a 3 cube bridge using 1 inch cube wooden bricks copy a circle

use a tripod grasp on a pencil

turn pages one page at a timeYour toddler will now have a hand preference

Speech and Language Development At 36 months, your child, if she is following normal child developmental milestone progress, will beable to:

identify 3 colors if asked

name 8 pictures in a picture book

ask lots of questions - "what is ...?", "why..."

hold a good conversation

use plurals

count to 10

understand simple negatives


dress and undress


do up buttons

understand sharing with other children48 months normal child developmental milestone progress Motor Development

At 48 months, your toddler will be able to: hop on one leg

go downstairs one foot per step


draw a person with 3 parts

build 6 cube step using 1 inch cube wooden bricks

copy a cross

use scissors

Speech and Language Development At 48 months, your toddler will be able to:

use words like "but" and "and" name 4 colors

discriminate size - so will know which is the small and which is the large object



13 follow a 2 step command, eg. get your doll and put her in the bathPersonal / Social Development

At 48 months, your toddler, if she is following normal child developmental milestone progress, will

be able to: toilet herself

play imaginatively show concern for others

When to be concerned

If your child has not followed the normal child developmental milestoneprogress or is demonstrating the following signs, see your doctor:


if your toddler is unable to make her needs known at age 3 yearsReferences

Martin Bellman and John Cash. Schedule of Growing Skills. NEFR-

Nelson. ISBN 0 7005 1161 X


Normal Child Development: 4 to 5 years

The following page gives normal child development milestones during the period

from 4 to 5 years (48 to 60 months).There are 4 main areas of development that are assessed and these are shownin each age band.

Your precious baby is now getting ready for school and is becoming increasinglycomplex, particularly with language development and thought processes.

4 year normal child developmental milestonesMotor Development

At 4 years of age, your toddler will be able to: hop on one leg

go downstairs one foot per stepFine Motor / Vision Development

At 4 years, your toddler will be able to:

draw a person with 3 parts

build 6 cube step using 1 inch cube wooden bricks

copy a cross

use scissors

Speech and Language Development At 4 years, your toddler will be able to:

use words like "but" and "and" name 4 colors

discriminate size - so will know which is the small and which is the large object

follow a 2 step command, eg. get your ball and put it in the basketPersonal / Social Development

At 4 years, your toddler, if he is following normal development, will be able to:

toilet himself

play imaginatively

show concern for others4 1/ 2 year child development milestones Motor Development

At 4 1/2 years of age, if your child is following normal development, he will be

able to: run upstairs

Fine Motor / Vision Development



14 At 4 1/2 years, your toddler will be able to:

copy a square


At 4 1/2 years of age, your child, if he is following normal child development, will be able to: follow commands with 3 steps

5 year child development milestones Motor Development

At 5 years of age, if your child is following normal child development, he will

be able to:

skip

walk heel to toe

Fine Motor / Vision DevelopmentAt 5 years, your toddler will be able to:

copy a triangle

build 10 cube steps using 1 inch cube wooden bricks

draw a person with 6 partsSpeech and Language Development At 5 years of age, your child, if he is following normal child development, will be able to:

speak fluentlyPersonal / Social Development

At 5 years of age, your toddler will be able to:

tie shoe laces

dress alone

actively help others

observe rules - in fact, your toddler will be keen to inform on others breaking the rules!

References Martin Bellman and John Cash. Schedule of Growing Skills. NEFR-Nelson. ISBN 0 7005 1161

X


Toddler and Baby Development Stages

The Toddler and Baby Development Stages section gives information on theusual age developmental milestones are reached in the first five years of life.

A baby develops from a helpless being at birth and over the first five years he

will gain independence in mobility, speech and language and he will develophis own personality.Although every child is different, there is a pattern of developmental progress

that they all will follow within a fairly narrow time frame.

There are 4 main areas of toddler and baby development stages:

motor development - this is about body posture and large movements of the limbs and the developmental road to walking

fine motor development and vision - this is about manipulative skills leading eventuallyto being able to do complicated manual tasks

speech and language development and hearing - this is about

language development, which is a key human characteristic. To read more aboutnormal speech and language development, click here

personal and social development - this is about the development of self

and interactions with othersDo all children reach milestones at the same time?



15 No. Every child is an individual and, as such, your child will reach milestones at his pace. Try not tocompare your child with other children.

Don't be concerned if a baby of 13 months is walking while your 13 month old is not or if a 2 year

old is using sentences when your 2 year old is not.On the pages that give milestone progress for each age band, there is a section on when to be

concerned. Unless your child is demonstrating these characteristics, there is no need to worry.What does it mean if a baby is not developing normally?

If a baby is not developing normally, it may be an idication that something is

wrong. If a child is not reaching motor milestones, there may be something wrong with hisneuromuscular system. For example, he could have cerebral palsy.

A problem with speech and language development may indicate a problem with hearing or may be

a manifestation of a communication disorder like autistic spectrum disorder.In either case, the earlier the developmental problem is picked up the better so appropriateintervention can begin. Of course, sometimes babies are just slow to develop without there being a

major problem.

How w ill I know if my baby is not developing normally?Mothers (and fathers) are very good at picking up some developmental problems and mostcountries have some type of well child checks where development is tested. You can also check the

pages below for the milestones to expect at different ages.See your doctor is you are concerned that your toddler or baby development stages are not

appropriate, and, in particular, if you are concerned your baby does not see or hear.Babies also exhibit primitive reflexes which are present from birth or shortly after and last weeks ormonths. If primitive reflexes persist, it can be an indication that there is a problem with the brain.

What can I do to help my baby's development?

The most important thing you can do as a parent for your baby is to providea loving environment with adequate food and warmth for your baby.

Studies have shown that babies who have tummy time while they are awakereach motor milestones earlier than babies who do not have tummy time. So,

make sure your baby has supervised tummy time while he is awake.Remember that the safest sleeping position is on his back.

Search

Custom Search

What are the Toddler and Baby Development Stages?

To check on normal toddler and baby development stages, click on the appropriate age band:

birth to six months

6 months to 12 months

1 year to 2 years 2 years to 3 years

3 years to 4 years 4 years to 5 years To read about normal communication and speech development, click here

References

Majnemer A, Barr R. Association between sleep position and early motor development. J

Pediatr 2006;149:623-9


X

Mary Sheridan. From birth to five years. NFER-Nelson. ISBN 0 85633 074 4

Baby Milestones - Primitive Reflexes



16 Early development of baby milestones is marked by primitive reflexes - reflexactions that occur in response to certain stimuli. These primitve reflexes are

important for babies to be able to cope alone after nine months being totally

supported in the womb.Primitive reflexes do not usually persist (except the parachute reflex) and

persistence can be a sign that all is not well with the neurological system of the baby.

Moro reflex

Placing Reflex Stepping Reflex

Rooting Reflex

Sucking Reflex Palmar Grasp Reflex Plantar Grasp Reflex

Atonic Neck Reflex

Forward Parachute Reflex Moro reflexWhen:This occurs from birth until about 3 months of age.

What:When the baby is held in the supine position and the head is suddenly allowed to fall back,there is symmetrical opening of the arms before they close again (extension then flexion of the

limbs).Placing reflexWhen:This occurs from birth until about 6 weeks of age of normal baby milestones.

What:When the baby is held upright and the top (dorsum) of the foot is brushed against the edge

of a table, the baby will lift the foot and place it on the table.Stepping reflex

When:This occurs from birth until about 6 weeks of age.What:When the baby is held in the upright position and the foot is placed on a firm surface, the

baby will take steps.Rooting reflex

When:This occurs from birth until about 4 months of age.What:When the baby is touched near the corner of the mouth, the baby will turn his head towards

the stimulus. This is one of the baby milestones that is useful for getting babies to latch onto thebreast - the baby will turn to the nipple if it is brushed on the baby's cheek.

Sucking reflex

When:This occurs from birth until about 4 months of age.What:When an object is placed in the mouth, the baby will start sucking. This isone of the baby milestones that is vital for survival. Babies don't have to learn how

to feed after birth, it is a natural reflex.Palmar Grasp reflex

When:This occurs from birth until about 3 months of age.

What:The baby will close his hand if an object is placed in the palm.Plantar Grasp reflexWhen:This occurs from birth until about 10 months of age.

What:The baby will close his foot around an object is placed against the sole.Atonic neck reflex

When:This occurs from about 2 months until 6 months of age.

What:When the baby is lying on his back and the head is turned to one side, the arm on that sidewill extend and the other arm will flex - a fencing posture.

Parachute (forward) reflexWhen:This occurs from about 9 months of age and persists.



17 What:If the baby is held in a position where he is dropped forward, he will outstretch his hands.This is one of the baby milestones that is protective for falling.

References Mary Sheridan. From birth to five years. NFER-NELSON. ISBN 0 85633 074 4



18 A Pediatrician Gives Advice Ever wished you had a pediatrician you could call every time you had medical

questions about your baby or toddler?

Do you need reassurance about your infant's health?Do you want peace of mind that you're doing the right thing when your

toddler's not well?Hi, I'm Dr Maud - an experienced pediatric specialist / pediatrician. I will

provide you with easy-to-understand, up-to-date health information and

practical medical advice about your infant or toddler.I come from a large family and am responding to medical questions from my

sisters all the time. They're my nieces in the photos. If you don't have a sister

who is a pediatrician but still have questions about your baby or toddler, youcan get the answers here as all information on babies and toddlers is in aeasy-to-read question and answer format.

My sisters are smart and busy. They don't want the textbook version - they

can get that themselves. They want my plain language explanation andconsidered advice.To search for an answer to your question on this site, enter your question in

the search box below.

Search

Custom Search

If you can't find the answer to your question on the site, you can put a request for a page on that

particular problem to me, the pediatrician, and depending on the question's suitability to the site, Iwill endeavour to provide that information on the site. Go to Ask Dr Maud.

Parents who have already had peace of mind with answers to their questions to the pediatricianhave said this:

Thank you Dr. Maud!You rock! My mind is at ease with the information that you have provided.

Kim

Dr Maud,Thank you so much for the info. I just called my brother to let him know what you had to say. Weall feel much better. The doctors are doing a great job, but it is nice to get a second opinion.....

Sincerely,Virginia

Toddler and Baby Growth

Baby growth is astounding. A baby grows from about 3.5 kg to about 10 kg inthe first year - that's an increase of 6.5 kg (or 14 lbs).

Growing is such an important part of the first year of life that parents are oftenconcerned when their child only puts on a small amount of weight in the second

year.However, in the second year, it is normal for a toddler to only put on about 2 kg

(just under 4 1/2 lbs) in a 12 month period. Toddler growth is not as rapid as

baby growth.Child Growth Charts

There are child growth charts that show normal growth in both height



19 and weight for babies and toddlers. Parents often worry that their baby or toddler is not growingbecause they compare with other children - what you need to do is to monitor your child's growth

over time.

The page on child growth charts gives information on how to interpret growth charts and what isnormal growth for a baby or child.

You can also download growth charts to assess your own toddler or baby growth.Feeding - What is normal

If you have an infant who is under 4 - 6 months of age, she won't yet be on solids. To read more

on baby feeding click here. If you have an infant who is 4 - 6 months of age, you will be starting to introduce solids - called

weaning. For information on weaning and feeding babies who are 6 - 12 months of age click

here.If your child is over 12 months of age, she will be having more of thefamily meals. To read about what is appropriate now the first year growth

phase is over click here.

For full information on nutritional requirements of infants and toddlers,for information on serving sizes for toddlers over 2 years of age and for thefood pyramid, click here.

Toddler and Infant Growth Chart - check your Infant or Toddler's Progress

Want to see a toddler or infant growth chart? This page has links to growthcharts for boys and girls from birth to 3 years of age and for boys and girls over2 years of age. The growth charts are those used by the Center for Disease

Control (CDC).How are Grow th Charts Interpreted?

Before you open the links to the infant growth chart of your choice, you will

want to understand how growth charts are made.Growth Charts are created by looking at a cross section of thepopulation at one time and then plotting the weight and height of all the infants

and toddlers.There is a range because we are not all the same size. That range is represented by centile (or

percentile) lines on the child or infant growth chart.

The growth charts here have lines representing the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97thcentiles (also called percentiles).The 3rd centile line gives an indication where the lower end of the normal range is - actually 3% of

normal infants and toddlers will be below the 3rd centile.

The 50th centile is where 50% of the population will sit.The 97th centile gives an indication where the upper end of the normal range is - actually 3% of

normal infants and toddlers will be above the 97th centile.So anywhere between the 3rd and 97th centiles is appropriate growth. It can be normal to beslightly above the 97th centile or slightly below the 3rd centile. What is more important than an

individual reading is the trend.

What is normal growth? It is far more important to look at the toddler or infant growth chart trend than one reading.

Generally infants and toddlers should follow one centile line (or grow parallel to one centile line) forheight and weight.Trends are easier to see when time has passed so don't be concerned if there isn't appropriate

increase in weight over 1 week - wait and see what happens over 3 months. Children get lots of viral illnesses so they may have weight that fluctuates with those illnesses - over time, they will

usually manage to put on the required weight.Normal growth is a trend that follows a centile line and is similar for height and weight on theinfant growth chart.



20 What does it mean if my baby crossed centile lines? Sometimes, there will be a natural moving across the centile lines for weight on the infant growth

chart in the first 6 months or so. This is because babies who are destined to be small people,

because of their genes, will be big babies. They have to get on their "right" centile line and will dothis over the first months.

This is called "Catch Down Growth" but once your baby finds her growth centile, she shouldfollow that line on the infant growth chart. If she keeps crossing centile lines, that is not normal.

Usually, "catch down growth" involves starting at a high centile like 90th and then crossing no

more than 2 centile lines, say to the 50th on the infant growth chart.I often have babies referred to me because their weight is falling away from the initial centile on

the infant growth chart. If the baby is well and is feeding appropriately, I don't worry too much and

just wait and see what happens over the next month. I don't advocate weekly weighing in thesecases because it can be misleading and stressful. Particularly if you are breast-feeding your baby,you don't need to be stressed about your baby's weight.

How do I interpret weight centiles that are different from height centiles?

As well as looking at the trend, it is also important to look at the weight in relation to the height -being on the 90th centile for weight is not appropriate if your toddler is on the 3rd centile forheight.

Often infants and toddlers are one centile apart for weight and height and this is usually not aproblem - so on the 10th centile for height and the 25th centile for weight or vice versa is fine.

Is length in babies a reliable measurement? Not usually. It depends how much your baby is stretched out before measuring. Height is a morereliable measurement when your child can stand up straight.

What if my child's weight on a centile line that is more than her height

centile line? If your toddler's weight is more than 2 centiles above the height centile (weight on the 50th centile

but height on the 10th centile or below), she is slightly overweight.Be aware of her eating habits and watch her weight closely to prevent it moving even further away

from her height centile. It is much easier to prevent obesity than to try and treat it later.When to be concerned about you baby or toddler's growth

You should see your doctor if:

your baby crosses more than 3 centile lines

your child's weight centile is more than 2 centiles greater than her height centile

your baby is less than the 3rd centile for weight and is growing away from the centiles

Toddler M ilestones: 2 years to 3 years

The following page gives the usual age at which different toddler milestones arereached during the period 24 to 36 months (2 to 3 years of age).

For other ages, you need to go to the link for the appropriate age group at thebottom of the page - Click to go there now.Each age band has the development described in terms of motor, fine motor,

language and personal/social development as that is how professionals assess

development. Different areas have prominence at different ages. Read more.From 2 years of age, you will notice your toddler's speech and language

development really progressing to the stage where they can have a conversationwith you by 3 years of age.24 months toddler developmental milestones

Motor DevelopmentAt 24 months, your toddler will be able to:

kick a ball run

walk upstairs holding on using two feet per step



21 Fine Motor / Vision DevelopmentAt 24 months, your toddler will be able to:


build a tower of 6 using 1 inch cube wooden bricks copy a vertical line

turn pages one at a timeYour toddler will also be developing hand preference, so will be starting to favor either the right or

left hand.

Speech and Language Development At 24 months, your toddler will be able to:

put two words together - like "daddy gone", "mummy home"


identify 5 pictures in a picture book - for example, your child will be able to point to objectsyou name

use about 50 words


play alone


give her first name


to have a major temper tantrum!!30 months toddler milestones

Motor Development

At 30 months, if your child has reached normal toddler milestone, she will beable to:

throw a ball overarmFine Motor / Vision Development


thread beads onto a string

copy a horizontal lineSpeech and Language Development


use more than 200 words

understand prepositions like "under", "in", "behind"


give full name and sex

feed skillfully with a spoon36 months toddler milestones

Motor Development

At 36 months, if your child has reached normal toddler milestones, she will be able to:

stand on one foot


ride a tricycleFine Motor / Vision Development

At 36 months, your toddler will:


build a 3 cube bridge using 1 inch cube wooden bricks

copy a circle use a tripod grasp on a pencil

turn pages one page at a time



22 show hand preferenceSpeech and Language Development

At 36 months, your child, if she is following normal toddler milestones, will be able to:

identify 3 colors if asked name 8 pictures in a picture book

ask lots of questions - "what is ...?", "why..." hold a good conversation

use plurals

count to 10

understand simple negatives



dress and undress


do up buttons

understand sharing with other childrenWhen to be concerned If your child has not reached the following toddler milestones or is demonstrating the following



if your toddler is unable to make her needs known at age 3 years

References


X


For infants from birth to six months of age, click here

For infants from 6 to 12 months of age, click here For toddler milestones from 1 to 2 years of age, click here

For toddlers from 2 to 3 years of age, click here

For toddlers from 3 to 4 years of age, click here For children from 4 to 5 years of age, click here

To go to the main Development page, click here To return to the Home page, click here

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A Pediatrician Gives Advice

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