+ All Categories
Home > Documents > A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS...

A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS...

Date post: 25-Jun-2020
Category:
Upload: others
View: 4 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
33
A SAM for Uganda MAMS Presentation for First Intensive Training Workshop of the Project “Strengthening MacroMicro Modelling Capacities to Assess Development Support Measures and Strategies”, Entebbe, March 79, 2012 Martín Cicowiez (CEDLASUNLP) Marco V. Sanchez (UNDESA/DPAD)
Transcript
Page 1: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

A SAM for Uganda MAMS

Presentation for First Intensive Training Workshop of the Project “Strengthening Macro‐Micro Modelling Capacities to Assess 

Development Support Measures and Strategies”, Entebbe, March 7‐9, 2012

Martín Cicowiez(CEDLAS‐UNLP)

Marco V. Sanchez(UN‐DESA/DPAD)

Page 2: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Outline

• Introduction

• A SAM for MAMS

• Steps in Building a 2009/2010 Ugandan SAM for MAMS

Page 3: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

What is a SAM?

• A SAM is a consistent and complete data system that captures the interdependence that exists within a socio‐economic system– it portrays both the input‐output and national and external accounts in a consistent framework

• Originated from the pioneering work on national accounts by Meade and Stone (1940)– first SAM developed by Nobel Laureate Richard Stone for the UK in 1962; work on developing countries started in the 1970s

Page 4: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Features of a SAM

• A SAM is a square matrix with identical row and column accounts– each cell shows payment from its column account to its row account

• Accounting consistency means that column totals = row totals– budget constraint; supply=demand

• A SAM says nothing about the behavioral and technical relationships that generated its values.

Page 5: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Uses of a SAM

• A SAM describes the economic structure.• The SAM construction process puts together data from disparate sources– usually, need for reconciliation – in fact,  SAM building helps to check data consistency

• A SAM can be key data source for economy‐wide models– SAM multiplier models and CGE models– in MAMS, the SAM provides the bulk of the data used to define base‐year parameter values

Page 6: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Main Account Types in a SAM

• Activities: each activity produces one or more commodities using factor services and intermediates.

• Commodities: supplied by activities and/or via imports; demanded for exports and domestic final and intermediate use.

• Factors: services produced by stocks– labor, capital, land, other natural resources

• Institutions: entities that own factors, consume and invest, receive or pay taxes and transfers– households, enterprises, government, rest of world

• Others: taxes, interest, saving, capital, and investment.

Page 7: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

A SAM for MAMS

• Minimum account disaggregation– activities/commodities: government, private– factors: labor, private capital– institutions: household, government, rest of world

• Accounts of each institution– current (= named after the institution)– capital

• Other institution‐related accounts– taxes but also interest payments

• One investment account per capital stock

Page 8: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

A SAM for MAMSa‐prv

a‐gov

c‐prv

c‐gov

f‐lab

f‐capprv

hhd

gov

row

tax‐dom

tax‐imp

int‐dom

int‐row

cap‐hhd

cap‐gov

cap‐row

inv‐prv

inv‐gov

dstk

total

a‐prv proda‐gov prodc‐prv io io con exp inv inv dstkc‐gov conf‐lab va vaf‐capprv vahhd va‐h va‐h trns trns intdgov va‐g trns trns itax+dtax mtaxrow imp trns trns intrtax‐dom atax ctax incf itaxtax‐imp mtaxint‐dom intdint‐row intr‐h intr‐gcap‐hhd sav borrcap‐gov sav borr borrcap‐row savinv‐prv inv‐p inv‐pinv‐gov inv‐gdstk dstk‐h dstk‐gtotal

Page 9: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Cells in SAM for MAMSitem explanationprod production of gov/priv commoditycons gov/hhd consumption of gov/priv commodityexp exports of private commodityimp imports of private commodityio intermediate use of private commodity by gov/priv activityva value added from gov/priv activity va‐g/va‐h value added to gov/hhd from capital/labor and capitalincf factor income to capital/RoW from RoW/capitalsav gov/hhd/RoW savingsborr borrowinginv investment use of private commodity for gov/priv capitalinv‐g investment in gov capital financed by govinv‐p investment in priv capital financed by hhd or RoWdstk stock change for priv commoditydstk‐g/dstk‐h stock change financed by gov/hhddtax/itax direct/indirect domestic taxesmtax import taxes (tariffs)trns transfers to gov/hhd/RoW from gov/hhd/RoWintd domestic interest to hhd from govintr RoW interest (total)intr‐g/intr‐h RoW interest from gov/hhd

Page 10: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

SAM for MAMS: Non‐Standard Accounts

• The MDG version of MAMS focuses on human development. Then, need to disaggregate government accounts (activity, commodity, investment) into – education (primary, secondary, tertiary)– health– water and sanitation

• In addition, other government sectors are usually singled out– public infrastructure (roads, bridges, airports, and so on) ‐‐ provide productivity‐raising services

– other government (public administration and other services)

Page 11: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

SAM for MAMS: Non‐Standard Accounts – cont.

• The labor factor is disaggregated by educational achievement into– less than completed secondary 

– completed secondary but not tertiary

– completed tertiary 

• Typically, payments to capital from government activities do not appear in IO tables ‐‐may only reflect depreciation.

Page 12: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

SAM for MAMS: Non‐Standard Accounts – cont.

• Private activity and commodity into – agriculture  ‐‐ can be split further– industry  ‐‐ can be split further– services

• split further to single out MDG‐related services provided by the private sector

• Private capital into– private capital (defined more narrowly)– agricultural land– natural resources

• Household and related capital account into rural/urban or by income characteristics if needed.

Page 13: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

SAM‐Based CGE Model Calibration

• A typical CGE model is calibrated using a SAM.

• SAM‐based calibration– on the basis of a dataset for a base period given by the SAM, the parameters of the model are estimated in a manner that enables the model solution to precisely replicate the SAM

• (in the absence of shocks)

Page 14: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Calibration Example; Cobb‐Douglas

• According to the SAM – specific activity,– production value = Ush 100

– labor payment = Ush 40

– capital payment = Ush 60

– intermediate consumption = 0 

100Q 60K

40L

1 rwpLK LKQ

1 LK

Page 15: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Calibration Example – cont.

• The cost minimization problem consist in finding the input combination that minimizes a firm’s production cost, given quantity of output. Analytically,

LK LKqKrLw ..min

01 KL KLwL LL

01 KL KLrQK K L

0 KL KLq L

Page 16: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Calibration Example – cont.

• From the First Order Conditions,

60.0pQrK

K 40.0pQwL

L

60.01001601

xx

K 40.01001401

xx

L

Page 17: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

SAM‐Based Model Calibration

• Main disadvantage– high dependence on data for one year; results may be misleading, especially if the year is exceptional or there are data errors

• make sure the SAM is good! 

• Main advantage– makes it possible to develop a model that can address relatively detailed policy‐relevant issues without asking for non‐existent data and/or carrying out complicated estimations

• Implications– careful judgment has to be applied; draw on model for insights, not for exact numbers

Page 18: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Building a New SAM for Uganda

• The selected base year is 2009/10, given that– input‐output coefficients are from SUT 2002

– MAMS requires a dynamic calibration that imposes observed trends for non‐base simulation years, including 2009/10

– a new and detailed household survey is available for 2009/10

• In addition, availability of 2007/08 version.

Page 19: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Steps in the Uganda SAM Building Process

1. Construction of a MacroSAM– national accounts, government budget, and the 

balance of payments

2. Disaggregation of the MacroSAM into a matrix with a large sectoral breakdown (MicroSAM) suitable for the calibration of MAMS

– use data in MacroSAM as control totals– disaggregate accounts for activities, commodities, 

factors, institutions

3. Adaptation of the MicroSAM to make it suitable for the calibration of MAMS

– additional disaggregations

Page 20: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Uganda MacroSAM 2009/2010act

com

f‐lab

f‐cap

hhd

gov

row

tax‐vat

tax‐com

tax‐imp

tax‐dir

int‐dom

int‐row

cap‐hhd

cap‐gov

cap‐row

inv‐prv

inv‐gov

dstk

tot

act 54,640 54,640com 22,532 27,856 3,374 7,148 6,219 1,890 82 69,101f‐lab 9,273 0 9,273f‐cap 22,834 0 22,834hhd 9,112 22,459 1,230 2,286 327 35,413gov 11 103 912 1,251 1,070 479 1,406 5,232row 11,660 161 364 1,033 0 77 13,296tax‐vat 1,251 1,251tax‐com 1,070 1,070tax‐imp 479 479tax‐dir 1,406 1,406int‐dom 327 327int‐row 18 59 77cap‐hhd 4,998 450 5,448cap‐gov 242 792 856 1,890cap‐row 2,951 2,951inv‐prv 4,574 1,645 6,219inv‐gov 1,890 1,890dstk 82 82total 54,640 69,101 9,273 22,834 35,413 5,232 13,296 1,251 1,070 479 1,406 327 77 5,448 1,890 2,951 6,219 1,890 82

Page 21: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Data Sources: MacroSAM

• NIPA: GDP + fixed capital formation + output composition

• Balance of Payments + EXR

• Government Data (UBOS, 2011)– recurrent incomes and expenditures

– budget – financial operations

• SUT 2002 – VA disaggregation

Page 22: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Data Sources: MicroSAM unbalanced

• First, an unbalanced MicroSAM was built; disaggregation of MacroSAM cells using– supply and use table 2002

• commodity production by activity same as in SUT 2002

– government budget (UBOS, 2011)

– sectoral GDP 2009/10 – provided by UBOS• provides intermediate consumption and VA with good sector disaggregation 

– trade and transport margins same structure as in SUT 2002

Page 23: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Assumptions with Room for Improvement (!)

• Two “heroic” assumptions:– exports and imports sectoral structure same as in SUT 2002 

• to update and disaggregate by trade partner, we need concordance between SUT 2009 products and Harmonized System

– effective (indirect) tax rates same as in SUT 2002• ideally, use “official” indirect tax collection by SUT product.

Page 24: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Balancing the MicroSAM

• Once finished, the MicroSAM was balanced using a cross entropy algorithm.

• In short, min (A‐A*) s.t. restrictions imposed by – equality between row and column totals– MacroSAM cells– where A = unbalanced MicroSAM, A* balanced MicroSAM

• The cross entropy algorithm uses measure of distance between A and A* based on information theory.

Page 25: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Data Sources: MicroSAM balanced

• Once balanced, the MicroSAM is further disaggregated using available data sources– education: by cycle + private/public

– health: private/public

– labor payments: by skill level

– no capital payments in government activities

Page 26: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Data Sources: MicroSAM balanced

• Education Sector– government and private recurrent spending by cycle based on SUT 2002 + sectoral GDP + number of enrolled students

• Government Investment– UBOS 2011 government budget data classified as development spending

• Labor Payments by Skill Level– UBOS 2011 from UNHS 2009/10

• Government Activities and Commodities– need to impose 1‐1 relation

Page 27: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Accounts in the Uganda SAM for MAMSSectors (47) Factors of Production (12) Capital accounts (3)Private (40) Unskilled labor HoseholdsAgriculture (14) Semi‐skilled labor GovernmentIndustry (15) Skilled labor Rest of the worldPrimary education Private capitalSecondary education Land Investment accounts (9)Tertiary education Government capital (7) Private (2)

Health Gross fixed capital formationOther services (7) Tax accounts (3) Stock changes

Government (7) Commodity taxes Government (7)

Primary education Import taxes Primary educationSecondary education Direct taxes Secondary educationTertiary education Tertiary educationHealth Interest payments (2) HealthWater and sanitation Domestic interest payments Water and sanitationOther infrastructure Foreign interest payments Other infrastructurePublic administration Public administration

Institutions (3)HoseholdGovernmentRest of the world

Page 28: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Sectoral DisaggregationMaize Mining TradeRice Coffee processed Hotels and restaurantsWheat Tea processed TransportCassava Other food CommunicationsPotato Textiles Public administrationCotton Oil refining Primary education, privateTobacco Chemical products Secondary education, privateBeans Ruber and plastic Tertiary education, privateFlowers Metal products Primary education, governmentCoffee Non‐metallic mineral products Secondary education, governmentTea Machinery Tertiary education, governmentMatoke Vehicles Health, privateLivestock Other manufactures Health, governmentOther agriculture Electricity Other infrastructureForestry Water and sanitation Other servicesFishing Construction

Page 29: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Macro Indicators Derived from SAMINDICATOR GDPshrAbsorption 112.7Consumption ‐ private 79.5Consumption ‐ government 9.7Investment ‐ private 17.8Investment ‐ government 5.5Stock change 0.3Exports 20.7Imports 33.5GDP at market prices 100.0Net indirect taxes 8.1GDP at factor cost 91.9

Page 30: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Government Receipts and SpendingINDICATOR GDPshrReceipts Direct taxes 4.0

Import tariffs 5.9Export taxes 0.0Other indirect taxes 2.2Private transfers 0.3Foreign transfers 2.6Factor income 0.0Domestic borrowing 2.3Foreign borrowing 2.5Total 19.9

Spending Consumption 9.7Fixed investment 5.5Stock change 0.0Private transfers 3.6Foreign transfers 0.0Domestic interest payments 0.9Foreign interest payments 0.2Domestic capital transfers 0.0Total 19.9

Page 31: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Balance of PaymentsINDICATOR GDPshrOutflows Imports 33.5

Private transfers to RoW 3.0Official transfers to RoW 0.0Factor income to RoW 1.6Net interest income of RoW 0.2Total 38.2

Inflows Exports 20.7Private transfers from RoW 6.5Official transfers from RoW 2.6Factor income from RoW 0.0Government borrowing 2.5Private borrowing 1.3FDI 4.7Total 38.2

Page 32: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Sectoral Structure in SAMSECTOR VAshr PRDshr EMPshr EXPshr EXP‐OUTshr IMPshr IMP‐DEMshragr 18.9 14.0 65.8 15.9 12.1 3.7 6.1ind 15.1 26.3 6.3 54.4 23.2 71.9 45.0svc 66.0 59.7 27.9 29.6 6.4 24.4 8.4svc non‐gov 57.4 50.9 23.7 28.4 7.2 23.9 9.6svc gov 8.6 8.8 4.2 1.2 1.8 0.6 1.3total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.6 100.0 22.3

Page 33: A SAM for MAMS - United Nations › ... › uganda › uganda_4_sam_for_mams.pdf · A SAM for MAMS a ‐ p r v a ‐ g o v c g o f ‐ l a b f ‐ c a p p r v h h d g o v r o w t

Recommended