IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
A S
EA
RC
H F
OR
MO
LE
CU
LA
R G
AS
IN L
OW
LU
MIN
OS
ITY
RA
DIO
SO
UR
CE
S
Pra
nd
on
i1, R
. L
ain
g2, P
. P
arm
a1, H
.R. d
eR
uit
er3
,T
. W
ilso
n2, F
. M
on
ten
eg
ro1
1Is
titu
to d
i R
ad
ioastr
on
om
ia d
el
CN
R,
Bo
log
na,It
aly
2E
uro
pean
So
uth
ern
Ob
serv
ato
ry,
Garc
hin
g, G
erm
an
y
3O
sserv
ato
rio
As
tro
no
mic
o d
i B
olo
gn
a,It
aly
Su
mm
ary
We d
iscu
ss C
O s
pectr
al
lin
e d
ata
fo
r a v
olu
me-l
imit
ed
sam
ple
of
23
nearb
y (z
<0.0
3)
low
lu
min
osit
y ra
dio
g
ala
xie
s,
sele
cte
d fr
om
th
eB
2
cata
log
ue
Mo
st
of
su
ch
ob
jects
(16/2
3)
have H
ST
im
ag
ing
availab
le
Ou
r aim
s a
re:
A)
to e
sta
blish
th
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n o
f m
ole
cu
lar
gas m
asses in
lo
wlu
min
osit
y r
ad
io g
ala
xie
s, in
co
mp
ari
so
n w
ith
oth
er
sam
ple
s.
B)
to e
sta
blish
targ
ets
fo
r fu
ture
CO
in
terf
ero
metr
ic im
ag
ing
C)
to d
ete
rmin
e t
he r
ela
tio
n b
etw
een
CO
an
d t
he d
usty
dis
ks
ob
serv
ed
wit
h H
ST
in
mo
st
of
su
ch
ob
jects
, an
d c
on
firm
th
esu
gg
esti
on
th
at
the C
O is in
ord
ere
d r
ota
tio
n.
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
Ob
serv
ati
on
s &
Lin
e M
easu
rem
en
ts
Tele
sco
pe u
sed
: IR
AM
30 m
at
Pic
o V
ele
ta
Em
issio
n lin
es s
earc
hed
fo
r: (1
0)
an
d (
2
1)
tran
sit
ion
s o
f 12C
O
Receiv
ers
an
d r
ms n
ois
e levels
(ou
tpu
ts s
um
med
& ∆ ∆∆∆
vre
s~
40 k
m/s
):
A100/B
100
0.5
–1 m
KA
230/B
230
1 –
2 m
K
Nu
mb
er
of
so
urc
es o
bserv
ed
:9
(Ju
ly a
nd
Octo
ber
2005)
Data
red
ucti
on
: C
LA
SS
packag
e
Lin
e m
easu
rem
en
ts:
ch
an
nels
su
mm
ed
in
th
e lin
e p
rofi
le (
at
FW
HM
)
Dete
cti
on
cri
teri
a:
bo
th C
O lin
es d
ete
cte
d(T
peak/T
rms >
2 )
AN
D a
t le
ast
on
e s
ure
dete
cti
on
(Tp
eak/T
rms >
3)
Up
per
lim
its
Tm
bd
v<
3T
rms ∆ ∆∆∆
vF
WH
M√ √√√( (((
∆ ∆∆∆v
FW
HM
/ ∆ ∆∆∆
vre
s)
wh
ere
∆ ∆∆∆v
FW
HM
=
=
=
= 5
00 k
m/s
(av.
FW
HM
lin
e w
idth
of
dete
cte
d s
ou
rces)
∆ ∆∆∆v
res
= 4
2 k
m/s
(v
elo
cit
y r
eso
luti
on
aft
er
sm
oo
thin
g)
M(H
2)
M(H
2)
= 1
1.2
x10
18 K
/[η
/[η
/[η
/[η
a( (((H
0D
)2]
[(1+
z)-√ √√√( (((
1+
1+
1+
1+z)]
2/(
1+
z)
Σ ΣΣΣT
a* d
v
wh
ere
D =
30 m
(tele
sco
pe d
iam
ete
r);
K =
1(f
or
po
int
so
urc
es);
η ηηηa =
Be
ff*
0.7
9 (
tele
sco
pe
eff
icie
ncy a
t o
bs.
freq
uen
cy);
(L
im e
t al. 2
000
)
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
Ob
serv
ed
Data
set
12C
O(1
0)
12C
O(2
1)
So
urc
e
Σ ΣΣΣT
a* d
v∆ ∆∆∆
vF
WH
MT
peak/T
rms
Σ ΣΣΣT
a* d
v∆ ∆∆∆
vF
WH
M
Tp
eak/T
rms
(K k
m/s
)
(k
m/s
)(K
km
/s)
(km
/s)
0120+
33
<0.3
5-
-<
0.6
1 -
-
0149+
35 1
.34 545 5.4
3
.15 5
51 7.7
0258+
35 0
.88 382 6.6
0
.21 1
27 2.4
0326+
39 <
0.3
5 -
-0.6
4 1
71 1.9
0331+
39 1
.35 807 3.6
0
.90 6
79 3.4
1122+
39 6
.84 670 23.0
5
.93 6
72
16.7
1217+
29 0
.58 346 3.3
0
.87 3
35 3.1
1321+
31 <
0.3
5 -
-1.2
4 2
97 2.7
1615+
35 <
0.3
5 -
-0.5
2 1
29 4.1
NB
:*u
nd
ete
cte
d s
ou
rces
*dete
cte
d s
ou
rces
(s
ee F
igu
res 1
e 2
)
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
Fig
ure
1 -
12C
O(1
0)
sp
ectr
a
0149+
35
0120+
33
0258+
35
0331+
39
0326+
39
1122+
39
1321+
31
1217+
29
1615+
35
Velo
cit
y (
km
/sec)
Antenna Temperature Ta*(K)
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
Fig
ure
2 -
12C
O(2
1)
sp
ectr
a
0149+
35
0120+
33
0258+
35
0331+
39
0326+
39
1122+
39
1321+
31
1217+
29
1615+
35
Antenna Temperature Ta*(K)
Velo
cit
y (
km
/sec)
A)
Th
e B
2 z
<0.0
3 s
am
ple
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
005530 0.017 24.08 363 586 5.9 UGC 8.1 2.9 disk
0104320.017 24.21 444 1720 6.4 UGC 8.7 5.1 disk
0120330.016 22.30 <140 <347 <5.7 B2 <7.7 -
no dust
0149350.016 22.33 273 1247 6.2 B2 8.3 4.4 disk
020738 0.018 22.59 -
--
--
--
0258350.016 23.67 177 <441 <5.8 B2 8.1 -
-
0326390.024 24.06 <140 <410 <6.1 B2 <8.0 -
-
033139 0.020 23.69 <140 <410 <6.0 B2 8.5 -
-
0924300.027 23.52 <126 <315 <6.1 -
--
no dust
1101380.030 23.97 181 361 6.2 -
--
?(*)
112239 0.007 21.81 1813 7014 6.2 B2 8.2 -
disk(**)
1217290.002 21.24 618 2041 4.7 B2 6.1 2.6 complex
1254270.025 22.63 -
--
--
--
1256280.022 23.05 <25 <85 <5.4 -
-2.6 disk
1257280.024 23.08 <25 <85 <5.4 -
--
no dust
1321310.016 23.85 <140 <347 <5.7 B2 <7.7 3.6 disk
1322360.018 24.55 <153 <378 <5.8 UGC <8.3 3.3 disk
IRA
S(1
)
C
O o
bs
H
ST
ob
s(2
)
So
urc
e
z
lg
P1.4
GH
zS
60
µ µµµS
100
µ µµµlg
Md
ust
Re
f.
lg
M(H
2)
lgΜ ΜΜΜ
du
st
Du
st
mo
rph
.
W/H
zm
Jy
m
Jy
Msu
nM
su
n
M
su
n
A)
Th
e B
2 z
<0.0
3 s
am
ple
–C
on
t’d
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
IRA
S(1
)
C
O o
bs
H
ST
ob
s (
2)
So
urc
e
z
lg
P1.4
GH
zS
60
µ µµµS
100
µ µµµlg
Md
ust
Re
f.
lg
M(H
2)
lgM
du
st
Du
st
mo
rph
.
W/H
zm
Jy
m
Jy
Msu
nM
su
n
M
su
n
1615350.030 24.30 <112 <284 <6.1 B2 <8.2 -
-
1626390.030 24.49 <38 <113 <5.7 3C <8.1 4.9 filament
2116260.016 22.79 538 1276 6.3 UGC 8.2 4.7 disk
2229390.018 24.03 186 1029 6.3 UGC 8.1 4.3 disk
2236350.028 23.47 <140 <347 <6.2 -
--
no dust
233526 0.030 24.88 149 <198 <6.0 3C <8.2 3.8 disk
No
tes:
(1)
Imp
ey &
Gre
go
rin
i 1993
(2)
de R
uit
er
et
al.
2002
CO
ob
s r
ef.
UG
C =
Leo
n e
t al. 2
003
3C
=
Lim
et
al.
2003
B2
=
ou
r IR
AM
ob
s
-
=n
ot
ava
ilab
le
(*)
no
t d
ete
rmin
ed
becau
se B
l L
ac
(**)
Du
st
mo
rph
olo
gy f
rom
gro
un
d o
bserv
ati
on
s
So
urc
e 0
207
38:
on
ly S
pir
al
in t
he s
am
ple
Fo
r H
2m
ass d
et.
:Σ ΣΣΣ
Ta* d
v f
or
12C
O(1
0);
H0
= 1
00 k
m/s
/Mp
c;
Ω
Ω
Ω
Ω =
1
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
Th
e B
2 z
<0.0
3 s
am
ple
D
ust
vs. H
2M
ass
MD
us
tfr
om
IR
AS
Up
per
lim
its f
or
Md
us
t
MMD
us
tD
us
tfr
om
HS
Tfr
om
HS
T
Up
per
lim
its f
or
M(H
Up
per
lim
its f
or
M(H
22))
We n
oti
ce (
Fig
ure
3):
O
bje
cts
dete
cte
d in
IR
AS
alw
ays d
ete
cte
d in
CO
O
bje
cts
dete
cte
d in
CO
alw
ays s
ho
w o
pti
cal d
ust
(HS
T)
(see a
lso
Fig
. 4)
M
(H2)>
Md
us
t(IR
AS
)>M
du
st(H
ST
)
Fig
ure
3
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
1)
Md
us
t(IR
AS
) ~
10-1
00 M
du
st(H
ST
)
du
e t
o d
iffe
ren
t scale
s p
rob
ed
wh
ole
gala
xy f
or
IRA
S F
IR o
bserv
ati
on
s
inn
er
gala
xy c
ore
fo
r H
ST
hig
h r
eso
luti
on
ob
serv
ati
on
s
2)
CO
ob
s. ap
pro
x. sen
sit
ive t
o s
am
e s
cale
as H
ST
[<5-1
0 k
pc a
t 1
2C
O(1
-0)
ob
s.
freq
uen
cy]
p
rob
e s
am
e s
tru
ctu
res
-see e
xam
ple
s in
Fig
ure
s 5
an
d 6
-see f
ew
exis
tin
g in
terf
ero
metr
ic C
O o
bs. sh
ow
ing
CO
ro
tati
ng
dis
ks w
hic
h c
oin
cid
e w
ith
HS
T d
usty
dis
ks (
Oku
da e
t al. 2
005)
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
1217+
29
1321+
31
Fig
ure
5
No
du
st
in g
ala
xy c
ore
n
o C
O d
ete
cti
on
Fig
ure
4 -
CO
lin
e d
ete
cti
on
d
ust
in g
ala
xy c
ore
HS
TH
ST
0120+
33
HS
T
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
0149+
35
1122+
39
Fig
ure
6 -
do
ub
le-h
orn
CO
lin
es a
sso
cia
ted
to
ro
tati
ng
du
sty
dis
ks
HS
T
Mo
un
t W
ilso
n
Co
mp
ari
so
n S
am
ple
s
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
B)
3C
: A
ll r
ad
io g
ala
xie
s w
ith
z<
0.0
3
vo
lum
e lim
ited
sam
ple
of
23 o
bje
cts
Ref.
L
im e
t al. 2
003
C)
UG
C:
All g
ala
xie
s w
ith
:
v<
7000 k
m/s
(z<
0.0
233)
o
pti
cal
dia
mete
r >
1 a
rcm
in
ra
dio
jets
vo
lum
e lim
ited
sam
ple
of
18 o
bje
cts
Ref.
L
eo
n e
t al. 2
003
NB
:S
am
ple
s A
, B
an
d C
are
part
ially o
verl
ap
pin
g
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
Fig
ure
7
Red
sh
ift
dis
trib
uti
on
& C
O d
ete
cti
on
rate
s
A)
B2:
mo
st
at
z <
0.0
23
Nto
t=
23 N
ob
s=
16 N
det=
9
B)
3C
:m
ost
at
z >
0.0
2
Nto
t=
23 N
ob
s=
22 N
det=
4
C)
UG
C:
all a
t z<
0.0
023
z =
0.0
233
Sam
ple
s p
rob
e d
iffe
ren
t vo
lum
es
co
mp
ari
so
n in
sam
e r
esh
ift
ran
ge
at
z <
0.0
23:
A)
Nto
t=
14 N
ob
s=
12 N
det=
9
N
det/N
ob
s=
75 ±
25
%
B)
Nto
t=
13 N
ob
s=
12 N
det=
4
N
det/N
ob
s=
33 ±
17
%
C)
Nto
t =
18 N
ob
s=
17 N
det=
8
N
det/N
ob
s=
47 ±
17
%
IN
AF
-
IS
TIT
UT
O D
I R
AD
IO
AS
TR
ON
OM
IA
Co
nclu
sio
ns
1)
Evid
en
ce
s fo
r a re
lati
on
b
etw
een
C
O an
d th
e d
usty
d
isks o
bserv
ed
wit
h H
ST
D
ete
cte
d s
ou
rces w
ill
be p
rop
osed
fo
r C
O i
nte
rfero
metr
y t
o
co
nfi
rm s
uch
evid
en
ces
2)
No
sig
nif
ican
t d
iffe
ren
ce
in
dete
cti
on
ra
tes
am
on
g
dif
fere
nt
sam
ple
s o
f lo
cal ra
dio
so
urc
es
on
ce c
orr
ecte
d f
or
vo
lum
e e
ffects
3)
No
co
rrela
tio
n
betw
een
rad
io
po
wer
P1.4
G
Hz
an
d
mo
lecu
lar
gas m
ass M
(H2)
Caveat:
rad
io p
ow
er
ran
ge is h
ere
very
lim
ited
NB
:a c
orr
ela
tio
n b
etw
een
Md
us
t(H
ST
) an
d P
1.4
GH
zfo
un
d b
y
de R
uit
er
et
al. 2
002
