A Survey of the - European Commission · 2016. 3. 15. · Thailand is the world’s major producer...

A Survey of theOrchid Trade inThailand

Royal Botanic Gardens, KewJanuary 1999

Vanda coerulescens

Cymbidium tracyanum

Cymbidium eburneum

Financially supported by the CITES Management Authorities of Japan andthe United Kingdom, and the Commission of the European Union

A survey of the orchid trade in Thailand iii RBG Kew, January 1999

Extract from the IUCN Species Survival Commission 1997 IUCN Red List of ThreatenedPlants. Eds: Kerry S Walter (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh), Harriet J Gillett (World

Conservation Monitoring Centre)

IUCN Categories of Threat (pre-1994)

EXTINCT (Ex)Taxa not definitely located in the wild during the past 50 years.

EXTINCT/ENDANGERED (Ex/E)Taxa that are suspected of having recently become Extinct.

ENDANGERED (E)Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating.Included are taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose habitats have been sodrastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction. Also included are taxathat may be extinct but have definitely been seen in the wild in the past 50 years.

VULNERABLE (V)Taxa believed likely to move into the ‘Endangered’ category in the near future if the causal factorscontinue operating. Included are taxa of which most or all the populations are decreasing because ofover-exploitation, extensive destruction of habitat or other environmental disturbance; taxa withpopulations that have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate security has not yet been assured; andtaxa with populations that are still abundant but are under threat from severe adverse factors throughouttheir range.

RARE (R)Taxa with small world populations that are not at present ‘Endangered’ or ‘Vulnerable’, but are at risk.These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographical areas or habitats or are thinly scatteredover a more extensive range.

INDETERMINATE (I)Taxa that are known to be Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare but where there is not enough information tosay which of the three categories is appropriate.

The world ‘threatened’ has no official definition within the IUCN Categories but is generally understood;however, to include taxa that are Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare or Indeterminate.

NOT THREATENED (nt)

NO INFORMATION (?)

OUT OF DANGER (O)

INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN (K)

A survey of the orchid trade in Thailand RBG Kew, January 1999

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Part I

• Floristic regions of Thailand ..................................................................................................................... i

• IUCN Categories of Threat..................................................................................................................... iii

• WCMC CITES Trade Database Output User-Guide................................................................................. v

• Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 • Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 1 • The role of Kew ...................................................................................................................................... 2 • Method .................................................................................................................................................. 2 • Analysis of data ..................................................................................................................................... 2

• Results and summary of the analysis ..................................................................................................... 4

• Workshop ............................................................................................................................................ 11

• Review ................................................................................................................................................. 11

• Summary results of workshops ............................................................................................................. 12

• Recommendations• Priority taxa for conservation action• Repatriation of data and information

• Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 13 Part II • Results of analysis of data - subsets of Master Database ..................................................................... 15

• Orchid species in trade .................................................................................................................... 21• Net trade of orchids reported at species level .................................................................................. 29• Net trade of orchids reported at Family, Genus or Hybrid level only ................................................. 45• Net trade of orchid species - including distribution and conservation status ...................................... 49• Net trade of orchid species listed according to region of distribution in Thailand ............................. 101• Net trade of orchid species endemic to one of the seven floristic regions of Thailand ..................... 223• Net trade of orchid species - occurrence in Thailand unknown ....................................................... 241• Net trade of non-native orchid species ........................................................................................... 243• Net trade of non-native orchid species - distributions in neighbouring countries ............................. 253• Net trade of orchid species - global distribution unknown ............................................................... 259• Net trade of orchid species listed by the first year in recorded trade ............................................... 261• Trade in orchids - listed by country of import .................................................................................. 281• Net trade of orchid species assigned IUCN country conservation rating of Extinct, Endangered,

Vulnerable or Rare ........................................................................................................................ 287• Net trade of orchid species assigned IUCN global conservation rating of Extinct, Endangered,

Vulnerable or Rare ........................................................................................................................ 303• Net trade of orchid species assigned IUCN global conservation rating of Not Threatened .............. 307• Trade in orchid species reported as ‘Wild-Collected’ ...................................................................... 319• Trade in orchids reported as ‘Wild-Collected’ - family and generic level only .................................. 333• Orchid species traded in large quantities ....................................................................................... 337• Orchid species traded in small quantities ....................................................................................... 343

Part III

• Results and recommendations of Workshop ....................................................................................... 355



PART I

A survey of the orchid trade in Thailand


A survey of the orchid trade in Thailand i RBG Kew, January 1999

Myanmar

Laos

Viet Nam

Cambodia

Viet Nam

Malaysia

I

II

IIIV

VIIV

VII

Figure 1: The seven floristic regions of Thailand according to Smitinand, 1958 andSmitinand, T. & Larsen, K. eds. (1972). Flora of Thailand. Volume 2 Part 2.

A survey of the orchid trade in Thailand ii RBG Kew, January 1999

Floristic Regions and Provinces of Thailand

I. (Northern)Mae Hong SonChiang MaiChiang RaiPhayaoNanLamphunLamphangPhraeUttaraditTakSukhothaiPhitsanulokKamphaeng PhetPhichitNakhon Sawan

II. (North-eastern)PhetchabunLoeiUdon ThaniNong KhaiSakon NakhonNakhon PhanaomKalasinMaha SarakhamKhon Kaen

III. (Eastern)ChaiyaphumNakhon RatchasimaBuri RamSurinRoi EtYasothonSi Sa KetUbon Ratchathani

IV. (South-western)Uthai ThaniKanchanaburiRatchaburiPhetchaburiPrachuap Khiri Khan

V. (Central)Chai NatSing BuriLop BuriSuphan BuriAng ThongPhra Nakhon Si AyutthayaSaraburiNakhon NayokNakhon PathomPathum ThaniNonthaburiKrung Thep Maha Nakhon (Bangkok)Samut PrakanSamut SongkhramSamut Sakhon

VI. (South-eastern)Prachin BuriChachoengsaoChon BuriRayongChanthaburiTrat

VII. (Peninsular)ChumphonRanongSurat ThaniPhangngaPhuketKrabiNakhon Si ThammaratPhatthalungTrangSatunSongkhlaPattaniYalaNarathiwat

A survey of the orchid trade in Thailand iii RBG Kew, January 1999

A survey of the orchid trade in Thailand 1 RBG Kew, January 1999

SURVEY OF THE ORCHID TRADE IN THAILAND: 1990 - 1995

IntroductionThe report presented to the eighth meeting of the Conference of the Parties on the Review of SignificantTrade in Species of Plants included in Appendix II of CITES (Doc. 8.31), included a recommendation tocarry out a survey of the Thai orchid trade. In addition, it recommended that assistance be provided to theThai Government for the protection of native orchids and the development of appropriate national CITEScontrols. A first step taken with respect to this recommendation was the acquisition of a computer for theManagement Authority of Thailand for Plants to improve and facilitate annual reporting. The Governmentof Japan and TRAFFIC Southeast Asia funded this project.

Thailand is the world’s major producer of orchids for international trade. Commercial orchid production iswell established within the country, with nurseries propagating a range of native and non-native species. Atthe same time however, Thailand exports a significant quantity of wild orchids, collected within the country.

The present project was developed in close consultation between the CITES Secretariat, the CITESManagement Authority of Thailand (MA, Thailand) and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK (RBG Kew) -the CITES Scientific Authority for Plants of the United Kingdom. The resulting project proposal wasapproved by the ninth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, the CITES Standing Committee andsupported by the CITES Plants Committee.

Objectivesi) Analysis of the data available on international trade in wild-collected specimens of orchids from

Thailand.

ii) Review of the distribution in Thailand of orchid species common in international trade andpreliminary survey of the conservation status of Thai orchid species reported in trade.

iii) Collection of information on the current structure of the trade via the central point of orchid trade inThailand, the Bangkok Flower Market, and on the possible sources of the orchids traded there.

iv) Collection of information on the chain of trade from collector to exporter and, if the study referredunder iii) has demonstrated that such is the case, on sources outside Thailand.

v) Collection of information on the volume of national trade in orchid species already studied withrespect to item ii) above.

vi) Collation and review of data on the import and re-export of orchid species from neighbouringcountries.

vii) Analysis of existing conservation measures for wild orchid species in Thailand and currentmechanisms for the implementation of CITES with respect to trade in orchids and other species offlora.

viii) Provision of assistance and information to help strengthen the role of the CITES ManagementAuthority for plants in Thailand in the implementation of CITES.

ix) Development of a conservation strategy for Thai orchids with recommendations for speciesprotection.


The role of KewThe two consultants for the project were The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK and the CITES ManagementAuthority of Thailand. At Kew the project was co-ordinated by the Conventions and Policy Section, whoconsulted with orchid experts at Kew and globally. The following tasks were the responsibility of RBGKew:

1) Review the trade data available in the CITES database held at WCMC, regarding orchid speciesoccurring in Thailand and the trade to and from Thailand in order to:

a) determine or extrapolate the actual quantities of wild specimens of orchid species fromThailand in trade;

b) produce a short-list of species of orchids from Thailand traded as wild specimens;

c) produce a list of species of orchids not indigenous to Thailand, but traded from there aswild-collected specimens, if such is the case.

2) Collect preliminary information on the conservation status of the species referred to under 1 b) and 1c), by review of the literature and by correspondence and interviews with experts within the countryand elsewhere.

3) Identify, for which areas of the country and for which taxa, field research is necessary to assess thecurrent conservation status of the orchid species concerned.

MethodThe World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) provided the CITES trade data for the years 1990 -1995. These were transferred into a Microsoft Access database (the Master Database) created andmaintained by the Conventions and Policy Section (CAPS), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK (RBG Kew).

The following information was gathered for each of the orchid species traded over that period:

• Published Authority

• Original Reference

• Global Distribution

• Distribution in Thailand (using seven floristic regions according to Smitinand, 1958)

• Conservation Status: (WCMC Threatened Plants Database and expert review) This information was incorporated into the Master Database. Sources of information included IndexKewensis and Gunnar Seidenfaden’s comprehensive references to Thailand (Opera Botanica and DanskBotanic Arkiv series). A number of orchid experts were also consulted for their advice. Analysis of data Queries were run on the Master Database to ascertain trends, trade patterns and possible detrimental trade.The results are included in Part II of the report. A trade pattern analysis for the years 1990 - 1995 was thencarried out and is presented as a summary in Part I of this report. Following the initial analysis and consideration of the data on distribution and conservation status, prioritywas given to:


1. Orchid species endemic to Thailand 2. Orchid species considered threatened at national or global level 3. Non-native orchid species traded from Thailand 4. The most heavily traded orchid species Individual data sheets for each of the species under consideration were prepared. The data sheets includedaccepted name, synonymy, national and global distribution (including map), national and global conservationstatus, trade figures and comments from expert reviewers. These data sheets were presented for discussion atthe project workshop held in Bangkok, Thailand. An example of a data sheet is given in figure 2 below: Figure 2 - example of a data sheet

Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch.34: (1830).

Myanmar

Laos

Viet Nam

Cambodia

Viet Nam

Malaysia

I

II

IIIV

VIIV

VII

Synonymy: Callista nobilis (Lindl.) Kuntze Dendrobium chlorostylum Gagnep. Dendrobium coerulescens Wall. Dendrobium formosanum (Rchb. f.) Masamune Dendrobium friedericksianum auct. non Rchb. f. Dendrobium lindleyanum Griff. Dendrobium nobile var. formosanum Rchb.f. (Ref: OB83) Distribution Thailand: I, II Global: BT, CN, IN, LA, MM, NP, TH, TW, VN Conservation Rating by Country: BT - ?, CN - ?, (TW)?, IN - I, LA - ?, MM - ?, NP - ?, TH - ? Global: ?

Trade Data

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Net Exports 261 534 230 459 13099 751

Workshop comments 1994 importer = JP (10,000), but export permits issued for 469 - CITES Plants Officer to check. Possibly cameacross border. Doubt regarding identification because "many experts say that we don't have the real D. nobile inThailand". Could be confused with D. signatum. Temporary ban until taxonomic and nomenclatural status isverified. Workshop recommendation Temporary export ban and field studies. Check taxonomy and nomenclature. PRIORITY (5).


Results and summary of the analysis A number of specific queries were generated from the master database and new data sets were produced.Figures 3 - 9 illustrate the results. The complete data sets are included in Part II of this report and are alsosupplied on diskettes. Notes for interpreting the graphs in figures 3 - 9: • Reporting years Note that Thailand did not start providing annual reports until 1991 and thus any trade information

included has been compiled from the annual reports of the importing countries. For example, in figure 3there are no exports shown of wild-collected material from Thailand.

• Trade ban Note that from 22 April 1991 to 2 April 1992 there was a CITES trade ban with Thailand. CITES Annual

Reports go from 1 January to 31 December, therefore there is only partial data each year whichcorresponds with the ban:

In 1991 there was an (almost) 9 month ban In 1992 there was a 4-month ban • Differences in trade figures provided by Thailand and by importing countries*

Some countries compile their annual reports based on permits issued (whether the transaction occurred ornot), whereas other countries record the actual transactions. This would effect the trade figures recordedas exports from Thailand and imports from Thailand.

• Net exports*

“The term ‘net exports’ refers to the positive difference between total (re)exports (gross) and total imports(gross)” (World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1996).

Imports in this instance refers to the imports from Thailand which were recorded in the annual reports ofthe importing countries (that is, orchids which were imported from Thailand).

* refer to pages iii - xi


0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

30000000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995Year

Net exports reported at family or genus level or hybrids

Net exports reported at species level

Figure 3: Net exports of orchid plants - Thailand 1990 - 1995 (including those reported only atgenus and family level)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Year

Imports from Thailand reported as wild-collected

Exports fromThailand reported as wild-collected

Figure 4: Total number of orchid plants exported from Thailand and reported as 'Wild-Collected' -1990 - 1995


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Year

Net exports

Figure 5: Exports of orchid plants with an IUCN global conservation rating of Extinct,Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare - Thailand 1990 - 1995

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Year

Net exports

Figure 6: Net exports of non-native orchid plants with distributions in neighbouring countries(Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Viet Nam and China) - Thailand 1990 - 1995

1990 1991 1992 1993Year

Region I Region II Region III Region IV Region V

Figure 7: Net exports of orchid plants endemic to one of the seven districts of Thailand (see Figure 1) - Thailand 1990 - 1995

AU AT BE BM CA CH CN CR DE DK DO ES FR GB HK IN IT KP

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

AU AT BE BM CA CH CN CR DE DK DO ES FR GB HK IN IT KP

Importing Countries

Total exports reported by Thailand: 1990 - 1995 Total imports from Thailand (reported by importing countries): 1990 - 1995

Japa

n

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

0

10000000

20000000

30000000

40000000

50000000

Japa

n

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Figure 8: Major importing countries of orchids from Thailand: 1990 - 1995(Reported by Thailand and by importing countries)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

Orchid Species traded in quantities > 10,000 - Thailand: 1990 - 1995

Hab

enar

ia r

hodo

chei

la

Den

drob

ium

som

aie

Den

drob

ium

chr

ysot

oxum

Asc

ocen

trum

min

iatu

m

Den

drob

ium

lind

leyi

80000

120000

160000

200000

240000

280000

320000

360000

400000

Species traded in quantities > 100,000

Figure 9: The most heavily traded (total quantities >10,000) orchid species from Thailand during the six years 1990 - 1995



WorkshopThe workshop to review the results of the trade analysis carried out by RBG Kew and the research carriedout by the CITES Management Authority of Thailand took place in The Louis Tavern Hotel, Bangkok from27 - 29 July 1998. The workshop was organised by Mr Wichar Thitiprasert and his team in the CITESManagement Authority of Thailand and was opened by Dr Ananta Dalodom, Director-General, Departmentof Agriculture, Thailand. Twenty seven people attended. The expert panel comprised: Asst. Prof. DrPimchai Apavatjrut, Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Chiang Mai, Assoc. Prof. Dr ObchanTaitong, Chiang Mai University, Asst. Prof. Dr Surawit Wannakairoj, Scientific Authority of Thailand, MrChamlong Chettanachitara, Director of Agricultural Regulatory Division, Department of Agriculture,Thailand and Mr Wichar Thitiprasert, Dr Ger van Vliet (Plants Officer, CITES Secretariat), Mr NoelMcGough, Ms Jacqueline Roberts, Mr James Comber, (RBG Kew). Mrs Supanon Sirichuaychoo was theWorkshop Secretary and there were 17 observers.

Presentations were given by representatives of the two consultants (CITES MA, Thailand and RBG Kew),outlining the methods used in the collection of data for the workshop review. In addition Thailand informedthe group that since November 1997 new controls on the export of orchids from Thailand were in place.Thus in order for a permit to be granted for the export of wild-collected orchids from Thailand, the exporterwas required to obtain written proof from the private landowner or from the Royal Forest Department toshow that the plants had been legally collected. Only where such proof of legal collection was shown wouldan export permit be granted. No such permits had been granted between November 1997 and July 1998. Inaddition a number of traders who had been found to be trading in illegally collected wild material, atChatuchak market, had been arrested and prosecuted.

Review processThe working group, chaired by Mr Noel McGough, was provided with the following working documents:

291 data sheets covering:

a) Orchid species endemic to Thailand.b) Orchid species considered threatened.c) Orchid species not native to Thailand, but recorded in trade.d) The most heavily traded orchid species.e) Orchid species traded in low volumes.

The working group was asked to discuss and provide recommendations on the following basis:

1. No action required.2. Field investigation required.3. Quota required.4. High priority for artificial propagation in Thailand.5. Export ban required.

In light of the new controls in operation the working group did not consider it appropriate to recommendquotas for any of the species considered. Quotas may be considered at some time in the future.


Summary results of Workshop

79

14 2

153

1 3 2 123

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Action

Recommendations for action

No action

No action (non native)

Temporary export ban

Temporary export ban and fieldstudiesFull export ban and field studies

Field studies only

Check nomenclature

Species unknown

Appendix I (no further action)

The bar chart above summarises the discussions and subsequent recommendations of the review process.See Part III for full results. Of the taxa included above, 16 species and one genus were identified as priorityfor action:

Priority taxa for conservation actionBrachycorythis spp. (Priority for artificial propagation)Bulbophyllum orientaleCalanthe roseaCleisostoma arietinumCymbidium cyperifoliumCymbidium eburneumCymbidium tracyanumDendrobium scabrilingueDendrobium sulcatumDendrobium seidenfadeniiDendrobium kratense (endemic)Dendrobium nobileDendrobium keithii (endemic)Habenaria carneaSchoenorchis fragransVanda coerulescens

A table listing all the species discussed, with recommendations and comments is included in part III

Repatriation of data and informationThe master database, all data subsets and over 200 photographic images of Thai orchids have been given tothe CITES Management Authority of Thailand. It is planned that the good working relationship developedbeen the two consultants will result in future co-operative projects in the years to come. It is intended tocontinue the information flow to develop and maintain the database.


Bibliography

Seidenfaden, G.:

(CLV75) Contributions to a revision of the Orchid Flora of Cambodia, Laos & Vietnam 1975

(COoT) Contributions to the Orchid Flora of Thailand XIII 1997(DBA73) Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Notes on Cirrhopetalum 1975(DBA75) Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Orchid Genera in Thailand I 1975(DBA75) Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Orchid Genera in Thailand I-III 1975(DBA76) Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Orchid Genera in Thailand IV 1976(DBA77) Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Orchid Genera in Thailand V 1977(DBA78) Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Orchid Genera in Thailand VI 1978(DBA78) Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Orchid Genera in Thailand VII 1979(DBA79) Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Orchid Genera in Thailand VIII 1979(DBA80) Dansk Botanisk Arkiv Orchid Genera in Thailand IX 1980(OB62) Opera Botanica 62 Orchid Genera in Thailand X 1982(OB72) Opera Botanica 72 Orchid Genera in Thailand XI 1983(OB83) Opera Botanica 83 Orchid Genera in Thailand XII 1985(OB89) Opera Botanica 79 Orchid Genera in Thailand XIII 1986(OB95) Opera Botanica 72 Orchid Genera in Thailand XIV 1988(OB114) Opera Botanica 114 Orchids of Indo China 1992

Seidenfaden, G. & Smitinand, T.:

(OoT63) Orchids of Thailand (Preliminary List) 1 - 4, 1959 - 1964 1963(OoT65) Orchids of Thailand: A Preliminary List 1965

Seidenfaden, G. & Wood, J.J.:

(OMS92) The Orchids of Peninsula Malaysia and Singapore 1992

Other:

(CK1) Roberts, J.A. et al. CITES Orchid Checklist Volume 1 1995(CKII) Roberts, J.A. et al. CITES Orchid Checklist Volume 2 1997(CKIII+) Roberts, J.A. et al. CITES Orchid Checklist Volume 3 (in prep.)(COS86) Bechtel, H. et al. Cultivated Orchid Species 1986(Den,S,S) Schelpe, S. & Stewart, J. Dendrobiums 1990(ENR95) Kraenzlin, F. Eine Niue Rodriguezia - Art. 1895(FGT97) Vaddhanaphuti, N. A field guide to the wild orchids of

Thailand. 1997(FOM64) Holtum Flora of Malaya, Volume 1 1964(GC88) DuPuy, D. & Cribb, P.J. The Genus Cymbidium 1988(GE36) Oakes, Ames & Hubbard The Genus Epidendrum 1936(GP87) Cribb, P.J. The Genus Paphiopedilum 1987(OAD86) Upton, W.T. Orchids of Australia, Dendrobiums 1986(OoB94) Wood, J.J. & Cribb, P.J. A Checklist of the Orchids of Borneo 1994(OoJ90) Comber, J.B. Orchids of Java 1990(SWE80) Sweet, H.R. The Genus Phalaenopsis 1980(WCMC) World Conservation

Monitoring Centre Threatened Plants Database 1998


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