AUAdditional UML and Non-UML Diagrams

Professor J. Alberto Espinosa

Business AnalysisITEC-630 Fall 2009

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Objectives Develop familiarity with some UML modeling diagrams Develop familiarity with important non-UML modeling diagrams Using MS Visio for modeling

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Important UML Diagrams

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Important UML Diagram Models

Use Case Diagrams (done) Packages – organizing the Use Cases (& other

models) Activity Diagrams

– Diagrams that explain Use Case workflows (sometimes useful, but use case text is often preferred)

– Some times also used to diagram dependencies between Use Cases

– And for business process models

Class Diagrams – describe the types of objects in a system and the static relationships among them

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The Use Case Modeling Process

Ongoing Use Case Management

Prepare for Use Case Modeling

Initial Use Case

Modeling

Expand Use Case Model

Test Use Cases &

Doc

Organize the Use Cases

DevelopInstance Scenarios

Map Use Cases to Object Models

Model Extend, Include & Generaliz

Develop Base Use Case Descriptions

Done Elaborated Use Case Descriptions

Next

Done

Done

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Packages

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Packages

Packages are a key aspect of UML A package contains a group or related Use Cases or model They are most useful to organize Use Cases and other models

when the get too large or complex to represent in a simple diagram

A package diagram is one that shows “packages” of artifacts (e.g., Use Cases, Class Diagrams, etc.) and their respective dependencies

A dependency between any two entities exist when events, actions or definitions in one entity influence events, actions or definitions in the other entity

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How to Group Use Cases into Packages

It is better to group Use Cases by business functionality (e.g., account management, ATM operation) than by sub-system

A system architect may later combine several Use Case packages into 1 sub-system, or split a package into more than 1 sub-system

It helps document the scope of each business function supported by the system

Focus on what makes the most sense for primary actors Two important principles to keep in mind:

– Maximize cohesion (i.e., business function similarity) within packages

– Minimize coupling (i.e., dependencies) between packages

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Example: Loan Processing Application Packages

Submit Loan Request

Request Information on Loan Program

Generate Approval Letter

Evaluate Loan Request

Book a New Loan

Enter Validated Credit References

Generate Loan Agreement

Inquiry on Loan Account Status Generate Standard Payment Notice

Generate Late Notice

Enter Loan Payment InformationClose Out Loan

Refer Delinquent Loan for Debt Collection

Report on Delinquent LoansReport on Portfolio Performance Measures

Forward Summarized Loan Information

Generate Account Activity Sheet

Retrieve Customer Credit Profile

Request Credit Report

Perform Credit Analysis

Loan Submission and Origination

Loan Portfolio Analysis and Reporting Credit Management

Loan Account Maintenance and Care

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Example:A Package Diagram for ATM System

ATM SystemPackage Diagram

Customer Account Management

ATM Service

Customer Transactions

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Example: AOL Student ProjectCity Search Application

Visio\UseCase_AOL.vsd

Team 1 Package

Team 2 Package

Functional Division of Responsibilities Team 1: Data Acquisition and Management Functions Team 2: AOL User Front End

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(1) External Database Sources

(1) Business Data Entry Clerk

(1) Verify Data

(1) Data Quality Mgt Team

(1) Maintain BusinessTypes & Attributes

(1) MaintainSynonym Table

(1) Update Database

(1) Process UsageQueries

Data Partner

Other Sources

Data Management System (Package 1)

Team 2 Package::(2) AOL Database Sources

Example: AOL Project

Team 1 Package –

Data Acquisition

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Example: AOL ProjectTeam 2 Package – Front End

Data Management System (Package 2)

(2) Web User

(2) Business Accounts Mgt Rep

(2) Sponsored LinkUpdate

(2) Switchboard

(2) Report AccountStatistics

(2) Conduct aSearch

Yellow Pages User

AOL City Guide User

(2) AOL Database Sources

(2) Manage Users

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Activity Diagrams

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Activity Diagrams

General: they describe sequencing of activities Particularly useful to visualize business workflows

and processes Sometimes used with Use Cases:

– To diagram the flow of events within a Use Case– To model dependencies between Use Cases

Activity diagrams are also used for other models, such as:

– Business process models– Test cases

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Use Case ID UC-100

Use Case Withdraw Funds

Actors (P) Customer

Description Customer logs in, selects withdraw funds, enters amount, gets cash

Pre-conditions Welcome screen is on

Flow of Events 1.Customer slides card in and out2.Machine prompts customer for password3.Customer enters password4.If password is incorrect

4.1 Go back to step 2 4.2 If password is incorrect 3 times 4.2.1 Retain card and notify user 4.2.1 Go to last step

5.System authenticates customer6.System presents user with a choice menu7.Customer selects Withdraw Funds option8.System asks customer for amount to withdraw9.Customer enters amount10.Check funds in customer account

10.1 If not enough funds, notify user 10.2 Go to last step

11.Check availability of cash in ATM 11.1 If not enough cash, notify user 11.2 Notify ATM Service 11.3 Go to last step

12.Update customer account balance 13.Dispense cash and print receipt14.Log out and thank you customer

Post-conditions Etc.

Example:WithdrawFundsUse Case

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Example:WithdrawFundsActivityDiagram

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Submit Loan Request

Evaluate Loan Request

Request Info on Loan Program

Enter Credit References

Generate Approval Letter

Generate Loan Agreement

Book New Loan

Loan Submission and Origination (see slide 9)Using an Activity Diagram to Model Use Case Sequence

Begin Loan Origination

Proceed to Loan Account Maintenance

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Class Diagrams(Static Structure)

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Object-Oriented Analysis

OO is most prevalent software system development paradigm today

There are OO analysis, design and programming methods

These are different, but related concepts and methods

OO analysis aims to discover and describe objects (their properties/attributes and behaviors/methods) in the system domain – what they are, their attributes, their behaviors (i.e., methods), how they collaborate with and relate to each other, etc.

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Objects and Classes

An object is a person, place, event or other thing A class is a category or grouping of similar objects

(e.g., professors) We say that an object is an “instance” of a class

(e.g., A. Espinosa) An object has attributes (i.e., data) and

methods (or operations) (i.e., programs)

Objects inherit attributes and methods from their class Classes inherit attributes and methods from super-classes

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Methods or Operations

Methods or Operations are procedures/programs (written in an OO programming language) to update, manipulate or query data in object attributes

They are functions or services available to all objects of the class in which the methods are defined – 4 main types:1. Constructor – creates a new object in the class (equivalent to

Insert SQL query or C in CRUD matrix)

2. Query – accesses data in an object’s attributes, no side effects (equivalent to Select SQL query or R in CRUD matrix)

3. Update – alters the content of an object, with side effects (equivalent to Update SQL query or U in CRUD matrix)

4. Scope – applies to the whole class or a range of objects rather than a single object

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Inheritance

Objects inherit operations and properties from their respective class

Classes can be created under other classes

Sub-classes inherit operations and properties from super-classes

Thus, OO models have an “inheritance structure”

– Gen-Spec or Generalization (“is a”)

– Whole-Part or Aggregation (“is part of”)

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+Add New Course()+Modify Course()+Update Course()+Print Course List()+Print Instructors List()

-Course Number-Semester-Course Name-Credit Points-Instructor ID

Courses

+Add New Course()+Modify Course()+Update Course()+Print Course List()+Print Instructors List()

-Course Number-Semester-Course Name-Credit Points-Instructor ID

Courses

+Print Room Use Report()

-Building Number-Room Number

Campus Course

+Print Equipment Use Report()+Print Room Use Report()

-Location-Room Number-Equipment Neede-Session Manager-Contact Number

Videoconference Cours

+Print Roster()+Print Enrollment Report()

-Student ID-Student Name-EMail Address

Roster

+Print Book Use Report()+Inquire Books for a Course()

-Book ISBN-Book Title-Author-Publisher

Book List

1

0..*

1

0..*

Inheritance Types and Structure:Gen-Spec (Is a) and Whole-Part (Is part of)

Properties

Methods orOperations Class

InheritanceSub-Class

Generalization-Specialization (Is a)Aggregation or

Whole-Part (Is part of)

Multiplicities

(similar to

cardinality):Not Needed Needed

Two Types of Inheritance

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Object-Oriented Databases

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Object Oriented (OO) Database Modeling

OO Database Models or Class Diagrams are like ERDs

– An object is like an instance of an entity or a record (i.e., row) in a database table

– A class is like an entity in an ERD or a table in the database

– Attributes are called properties

But they also include operations (or methods) and inheritance

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Terminology Equivalence

ERD or Data Model

RelationalDatabase

OO DatabaseOther

Terms Used

Entity Table Class

Instances Records Objects Rows, Tuples

Relationship Relationship Relationship

Cardinality Cardinality Multiplicity

Attributes Fields Properties Columns

N/A N/AOperations,

MethodsPrograms, Procedures

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Example: Course Registration OO Database Model

+Add New Course()+Modify Course()+Update Course()+Print Course List()+Print Instructors List()

-CourseNumber (PK)-Semester-Course Name-Credit Points-Instructor ID

Courses

+Print Room Use Report()

-Building Number-Room Number

Campus Course

+Print Equipment Use Report()+Print Room Use Report()

-Location-Room Number-Equipment Neede-Session Manager-Contact Number

Videoconference Course

+EnrollStudent()+UpdateEnrollment()+DeleteEnrollment()

-Semester (PK)-CourseNumber (PK, FK)-StudentID (PK, FK)

Enrollment

+AddStudent()+UpdateStudent()+DeleteStudent()

-StudentID (FK)-LastName-FirstName-EMail

Student

1 0..*

Contains

0..* 1

Enrolls

+ Inheritance

+ Operations or Methods

Relationships (like ERD’s) w/multiplicities (like cardinality)

Classes (like entities in ERD’s)

In sum, OO database models are like class diagrams, but also include relationships like in data models (or ERD’s)

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Example: ATM OO Database Model

+Report Operation Status()+Report Cash Balance()+Update Cash Balance()

-ATM ID-ATM Location-Operation Status-Cash Balance

ATM

+Retrieve Customer Data()+Record Last Transaction()

-Customer ID-Last Name-First Name-Contact Info-SSN-Home ATM-Last Withdrawal Date-Last Deposit Date-Last Funds Transfer Date-Last Balance Inquiry Date

Customer

+Inquire Account Balance()+Debit Amount()+Credit Amount()

-Client ID-Account Number-Account Type-Account Balance

Customer Account

+Record Transaction()

-Transaction ID-Client ID-Transaction Date-Amount-From Account-To Account-ATM ID

Customer Transactions

«subclass»

-Routing Number-Second Signature

Checking Account

-Min Balance-Interest Rate

Savings Account

«subclass»1

0..*

1*

0..* 1

+Record ATM Transaction()

-ATM ID-Transaction ID-Transaction Type-Transaction Date

ATM Transaction Log

0..* 1

Multiplicity (UML term) = Cardinality (database term) How many instances of one class can be associated with another class 0..1 (0 or 1); 1 (only 1), 0..* (0 or many), * (many, but not 0)

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Popular non-UML Diagrams

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Non-UML System Modeling Methods

Process-Oriented Methods (process-driven systems): Flowcharts Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) Structure Charts

Data-Oriented Methods (data-driven systems): Data Modeling: Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD) Data Dictionaries

Control-Oriented Methods (real-time systems): State Transition Diagrams (STD)

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Process Diagrams:Dataflow Diagrams

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Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)

label

No.

labellabel

label

Data Source/Sink

(external)

Process Data Store Data Flow

[Gane-Sarson Symbols]

Process oriented modeling method that shows how the data moves through a system

Most suitable for process oriented systems Good visual representation of a system Simple: only uses only 4 symbols

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Data Flow Diagram Levels

DFDs start at a high level of abstraction and proceed to more detailed levels:

Context Diagram Level-0 Diagram Level-1, 2, … n Diagrams Primitive DFD

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Context Diagram

Highest level view of the system Contains ONLY one process, i.e., the “system” It also shows all external data sources/sinks

(“electronic” or “manual”)

And all data flows between data sources/sinks and the process

It contains NO data stores

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DFD Context Diagram Example Food Ordering System

P

Food OrderingSystem

RestaurantManager

KitchenCustomer

Reports

Food Order

Receipt

Customer Order

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Level-0 Diagram

Expands the main process from context diagram Represents the system’s major processes Which are the primary individual processes at

the highest possible level This is called “functional decomposition”

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Level-0 DiagramFood Ordering System

P4

ProduceManagement

Reports

P3

UpdateInventory File

P2

Update GoodsSold File

P1

Receive &Transf CustFood Ord

RestaurantManager

KitchenCustomer

D Goods Sold File D1 Inventory File

Management Reports

Formatted Inventory Data

Daily Inventory Depletion Amts

Daily Goods Sold Amounts

Formatted Goods Sold Data

Inventory DataGoods Sold

Customer Order

Receipt

Food Order

Reports

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Level-1 Diagram for Process P1Food Ordering System

P1.5

GenerateInventory Decr

P1.4

GenerateGoods Sold

Incr

P1.3

TransformOrder to

Kitchen Fmt

P1.2

GenerateCustomerReceipt

P1.1

ReceiveCustomer Order

P3

UpdateInventory File

P2

Update GoodsSold File

Kitchen

Customer

ReceiptCustomer Order 4

Customer Order 2

Customer Order 5

Customer Order 3

Food Order

Customer Order 1

Inventory Data

Goods Sold

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Primitive DFD

Lowest level DFD When further decomposing no longer necessary What next?

– Describe the primitive in structured English– Or using pseudo-code– Turn over to programmers to start coding modules