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Obstacles – Chicken & Egg
Return on investment for the retailer required source marking by the manufacturer
It took 4.6 years for manufacturers to provide UPC symbols on 75% of pre-packaged items sold in supermarkets
Obstacles – Item Price Marking
Controversy over the removal of price stickers on individual items
Retail unions & consumer advocates
Unfavorable publicity about price errors at the point of sale
State and local legislation required item price marking
Obstacles - Superstition A Satanic plot -
666
666
This was a real book!
Analogous toRFID privacy concerns
Obstacles – Patent Litigation Bilgutay vs. Uniform Code Council Lawsuits between scanner
manufacturers Lemelson vs. end user companies
$1,500,000,000 collected in license fees 2001 - Symbol Technologies & others filed
suit against Lemelson 2004 - Federal court declares Lemelson
claims invalid and unenforceable
Number of scanning stores in the US & Canada
Cumulative # Scanning Stores
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984
Year
Co
un
t
0 6 45 111 210 432
Other Significant Bar Code Mandates
1983/4
US DOD US Automobile Industry
These mandates together with UPC and EAN sharply accelerated market growth.
Subsequent Progress
Bar code replaced OCR in fashion retail
International Symbology Standards Verification developed & standardized 2 dimensional bar codes Ultimately bar code spread world
wide to every facet of retail, distribution, and manufacturing