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©Subject Support 2012
A2 Revision - 1A2 Revision - 1
• Based on previous questions, and• potential answers to those questions
©Subject Support 2012
Revision topics – chosen by Revision topics – chosen by your teachersyour teachers
1. Application of Forces2. Commercialisation3. Olympic Ideals4. Krebs cycle5. Aggression6. Support from organisations for elite athletes7. Projectile motion8. PNF stretching
©Subject Support 2012
Application of forces - Typical Application of forces - Typical questionquestionJan 08 Qu 3Maximising effort during performance is largely
concerned with the correct application of forces.What forces act on a player when they are running
during a game? (3 marks)
June 2010Using ‘Newton’s First and Second Laws of Motion,
explain how a swimmer dives off the starting blocks. (4 marks)
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ForcesForces
Forces cause ; A force is a “A force is that which alters or to alter a body’s or of in a line.”
If a body changes or , a has been applied
force
movement
push or a pull
tends
state of rest
uniform motion straight
direction velocity
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Forces affecting motionForces affecting motion
Muscular/action forcesReaction forcesGravityAir resistanceFriction
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Forces acting on a sprinterForces acting on a sprinter
Action force of muscular contraction
Friction
Gravity
Air resistanc
e
Equal and opposite Ground Reaction Force
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Newton’s LawsNewton’s Laws
1st Law: A body will remain in its / until affected by a
• A body has a to change its
state of motion
reluctance
rest force
state of motion
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Applying Newton’s 1Applying Newton’s 1stst Law Law
• Sprinter remains in on blocks until a causes him to change his
• Ball keeps moving until a causes it to change its
force
set position
force
state of motion
state of motion
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2nd Law - Momentum2nd Law - Momentum
All objects in motion have mass and
Product = Momentum =
velocity
(m x v) momentum
quantity of motion
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Newton’s 2Newton’s 2ndnd Law Law
• The rate of change of is to the force causing the change, and the change takes place in the in which the force was applied • In sport, remains constant and therefore momentum equates to
momentum
directly proportional
direction
mass
acceleration
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Applying Newton’s 2Applying Newton’s 2ndnd Law Law
• The (size) and of force applied by the sprinter to the blocks determines the and of received – because mass remains constant• Acceleration is to applied
magnitude direction
magnitude
direction
acceleration
proportional
force
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Newton’s 3Newton’s 3rdrd Law Law
• To every force there is an and reaction force
equalopposit
e
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Applying Newton’s 3Applying Newton’s 3rdrd Law LawThe sprinter applies a
to the ground. This results in a force
that causes movement
The sprinter cannot move the
Reaction force from ground =
muscular force
reaction
earth/blocks
Ground Reaction Force
©Subject Support 2012
Commercialisation - Typical Commercialisation - Typical questionquestion
Many elite sports are now commercialised and seen as a form of entertainment.Discuss the suggestion that an increase in the ‘commercialisation’ of sport has been beneficial for performers and the sport.
(7 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
CommercialisationCommercialisationIdea of sporting events being used
to make moneySport gains income from: / /
/
Income used to pay players –
Commercialism increases in last
Spectators media sponsorship
merchandising
profession
als30 years
©Subject Support 2012
• Sport seen as a
• Where the becomes the driving force in sport• The sale of - the major source of sports funding• Broadcasting rights for Premier League now worth
commoditymarket
TV rights
£1.1 billion a year
CommercialisationCommercialisation
©Subject Support 2012
Media and sportMedia and sportSport – – to report/showMore readers/viewers – more
, more , more Need to make information
provided interesting –
cheap sales
advertising income
inform or sensationalise
©Subject Support 2012
Role of sport to mediaRole of sport to media
to suit demands of media
Share of entertainment market –
Increased interest – from TV rights and
income
Adapted
peak time viewing more
participantsIncomeMarketing
advertising
©Subject Support 2012
TelevisionTelevision and advertising and advertising
TV cameras – Pre-game /during game advertising Advertising Sponsors name /logo Sponsor:
logos on pitch
hoardings in
media
competition
venue stand
©Subject Support 2012
Sport Has Changed For TVSport Has Changed For TV
One day and 20:20 Penalty Timings – starts/kick-off to suit TV
Use of in tennis/cricket 3rd umpire in /TMO in Camera
cricketshoot outs
more viewers
hawkeye
cricket rugby
angles/position/playercam
©Subject Support 2012
TV has what we can watch and when and how we watch
Also brings sports we might never normally watch - ,
Become converted to
Reduces
TV changes sportTV changes sport
improved
sumo wrestling
armchair spectators
participation?
©Subject Support 2012
Changing the Changing the characteristics of sportcharacteristics of sport
Changing the format of play –
Changing the competition structure –
Changing the rules to simplify them –
Changing the rules to make game ‘flow’ –
tennis tie breaks
Champions League/ RU premiership
American scoring – badminton/volleyball
one-day/20:20 cricket
©Subject Support 2012
Professional performer - a Professional performer - a commercial object?commercial object?Signs contract –Can be Brings in money through
Exploit image for company goals –
Financial rewards
like a business
‘hired and fired’
advertising
marketability based on
results
endorsements
©Subject Support 2012
Olympic idealsOlympic ideals
Not Striving to win -Taking part more important than – for the love of sport
• Individuals performing
teams/Nationsfairl
y winning
• Amateur
©Subject Support 2012
OlympismOlympismCompeting with spirit of
Symbols:Olympic Olympic Virtually gone due to needed to competeIOC accept professional
performers –
sportsmanship
rings
oath financial support
‘amateur spirit’
©Subject Support 2012
Kreb’s cycle - Typical Kreb’s cycle - Typical questionquestionAt the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver medal in the swimming 10 kilometre marathon event, in a time of 1 hour 51 minutes and 53.1 seconds.Explain how the majority of energy used during the race would be provided. (7 marks)
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Kreb’s cycleKreb’s cycleCarbohydrates - -
broken down in series of reactions to
Called Some energy released forFats (fatty acids) prepared through
ready for
in
pyruvate
ATP resynthesis
Kreb’s cycle
glycogen/glucose
β -oxidation
glycolysis
mitochondria
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Kreb’s cycleKreb’s cyclePyruvate converted into Enters Hydrogen removed leavingSomeHydrogen toOxidised to Releases large amounts of energy
for
carbon dioxideATP resynthesised
Electron Transport Chain
ATP resynthesis
Acetyl Co- AKreb’s cycle
water
©Subject Support 2012
Aggression - Typical Aggression - Typical questionquestion
Trait theories may be used to explain several psychological constructs.
(a)Sport may increase or decrease the likelihood of aggressive behaviour occurring among competitors. How may trait theory be used to explain aggression in sport?
(2 marks)
(b)Use the frustration-aggression hypothesis to explain why this may happen.(2 marks)
(c)Explain why incidents of aggression occur only occasionally in team games. (2 marks)
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AggressionAggression“Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment”
Aggression is:1. a behaviour/action;
2. intentional; 3. to cause harm;4. outside the rules;
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Forms of AggressionForms of AggressionInstrumental –aggression used to
increase chances of Hostile - aggression with injury as
Constructive use of force in sport =
Channelled aggression – diverting aggressive feelings into
winning
main aim
assertion
useful actions
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Instinct theoryInstinct theoryAggression Builds up – needs to be Displaced into sport rather than Release = Theory suggests most aggression
is , but some is as a means of
control
inherited release
d violencecatharsi
s hostileinstrumental
Social learning
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Frustration-aggression Frustration-aggression hypothesishypothesis
Frustration leads to Aggression comes from In sport, prevents
attainment of - leads to frustration, especially if
Aggression released – – but not always
But, not all leads to
aggressionfrustratio
nopposition
goals
unexpected
cathartic
frustration
aggression
©Subject Support 2012 34
Aggressive-cue theoryAggressive-cue theory
Not all frustration leads to aggression
Only occurs if certain present
Such as:Coach aggression of behavioursCertain or Previous Depends on
learned cues
encouragingReinforcement
objects sports
experiences
situation
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Social learning theorySocial learning theory to be aggressive of others leads to prevents
LearnObservation significa
ntReinforcement
repeating actions
Punishment
copying
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Strategies to reduce Strategies to reduce aggressionaggression
Strategies both for player and coach
• Punish aggressive play• Reinforce assertive play• Reduce arousal• Avoid aggressive situation
©Subject Support 2012
Elite Athlete Support - Typical Elite Athlete Support - Typical questionquestionTo maximise the chances of winning medals at major championships, such as the Olympic Games, performers need the support of many organisations.Outline and explain the structure of the World Class Performance Pathway. (3 marks) Explain the support structures for elite performers provided by the National institutes of excellence, such as the English Institute of Sport. (4 marks)
©Subject Support 2012
Role of National Governing Role of National Governing BodiesBodies
Develop structure
Manage development strategies – ,
, etcDevelop structureManage Enforce of sport
club and competition
WCP
TASScoachin
grepresentative teamsrules and regulations
Promotion
©Subject Support 2012
Whole Sports PlansWhole Sports PlansWSP – plan for all – grass roots to
eliteWSP directs Sport England funding IdentifiesLinks with partners – ‘Measures’
NGB’s needsPESSYP
how well NGBs doing
©Subject Support 2012
UK SportUK Sport
Aims:Development ofAttracting and running major
sporting events in UK prevention and testingFunded by
and
elite athletes
Dopingcentral
governmentLottery
no longer!
©Subject Support 2012
UK SportUK SportFull responsibility for all
and performance-related
supportRuns
programme,
All funding and support integrated
World Class Performance
OlympicParalympi
c
Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme
English Institutes of Sport
©Subject Support 2012
World Class Performance World Class Performance PathwayPathway
Three levels:World Class Podium –
World Class Development – potential
World Class Talent – identify and develop potential
2012 medal hopes
2016 winners
2020 performers
©Subject Support 2012
Funding Of Elite Funding Of Elite PerformersPerformers
1. Lottery grants via 2. – group and
personal3. 4.
Many/majority do not receive or money
NGBSponsorshi
pAppearance moneyPrize
money
appearanceprize
©Subject Support 2012
English Institute of Sport – English Institute of Sport – ‘making the best better’‘making the best better’
One of
Support – , medicine, physiology, diet and nutrition advice, mechanics, fitness testing and conditioning, information
Athlete Career Education
4 National Institutes• 9 regional
sites sports science
©Subject Support 2012
Projectile motion – Typical Projectile motion – Typical questionquestionThe flight of a golf ball is said to be parabolic. Explain the term parabolic and the main factors that limit the distance that a golf ball will travel in flight. (4 marks)
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Projectile motionProjectile motion
•Flightpath =parabola
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ComponentsComponents
Motion of projectile has components component component
two
VerticalHorizontal
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Projectile motionProjectile motion
Vertical motion affected by gravity –
Horizontal motion is affected by friction –
Vertical componen
t Horizontal componen
tdecreases
negligible
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Variations in vertical and Variations in vertical and horizontal componentshorizontal components
This causes the observed parabolic flight and affects the motion components as follows:
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Projectile motionProjectile motion
Factors affecting distance travelled:• • •
Speed of release Height of release Angle of release
©Subject Support 2012
Typical question – PNF Typical question – PNF stretchingstretchingAs part of their preparation elite athletes may try to improve their performance through Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) training. What is the main benefit of PNF training and explain how PNF training works?
(4 marks)
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Proprioceptive neuromuscular Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitationfacilitation
Means of improving Requires a partnerWorks by disengaging
– allows greater range of movement
– contract-relax, antagonist-contract
flexibility
stretch reflex
CRAC
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Proprioceptive neuromuscular Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitationfacilitation
Joint stretched Isometric
contraction of – held
for –
cancels
Increased
to normal limit/range
antagonist
range of movement possible
few secondsstretch
reflex