PowerPoint Presentation

A2 Revision - 2Based on previous questions, andpotential answers to those questionsSubject Support 2013Revision topics chosen by your teachersOBLA - Lactate thresholdImpulseCharacteristics of World GamesInjury and recoveryDeviance & drug takingSocial facilitation - Zajonc's model and Baron's distraction - conflict theoryMotor unit recruitment - Spatial summationATP-PC energy systems

Subject Support 2013Lactate threshold Typical questionElite performers follow structured training programmes to develop exceptional levels of fitness.Outline the relationship between VO2 max and lactate threshold.(3 marks)Gymnastic events can last up to 90 seconds. Explain how the majority of energy is provided for these events. (7 marks)

Subject Support 2013During intense exercise of short durationGlycogen is used as energy source Too much produced by - excess is converted toCan only last

4Lactate Threshold/OBLAlactate30 secs - 2 minspyruvateglycolysisSubject Support 20135Glycogen/glucosepyruvateMitochondriaLactatefatigueanaerobicDuring high intensity exerciseATPSubject Support 20136Lactate thresholdWhen starts to inAlso known as Percentage of Occurs because of lack of in at start of exercise = - and during high intensity exercise - lactateincreasebloodOBLAoxygenmitochondriaoxygen deficitanaerobicVO2 maxSubject Support 20137Lactate toleranceHow well performer copes with accumulationMay depend on ability to acidity of accumulationFitter performers can remove quickerMay depend on lactatebufferlactatepsychologypain barrierlactateSubject Support 20138Removal of lactateDuring component of65% converted to into and for resynthesis25% converted to pyruvate and then to in 10% converted to

slowEPOCpyruvatemitochondriaoxidisedATPglucose/glycogenCori cycleliverproteinSubject Support 2013Impulse Typical questionThe acceleration that a performer receives when sprinting or high jumping is related to impulse. What do you understand by the term impulse, and how does the athlete use impulse during their sprint or take-off?(3 marks)

Subject Support 201310Impulse Measured during force platforms on trackDisplayed as

Force x timesprintingForce.time graphSubject Support 201311timeforcenegativepositive Impulse = force x time shown as area under graphSubject Support 2013ImpulseImpulse is mainly concerned with single events Involves onlyTwo parts to a negative horizontal forces - positive horizontal forces12a footfallhorizontal forcesfootfallLandingPush-offSubject Support 201313TypicallytimeforcenegativepositiveLanding - negative impulsePush-off - positive impulseNet impulse is difference between positive and negative impulsesSubject Support 201314TypicallytimeforcenegativepositiveSmall negative impulseLarge positive impulseNet impulse is positive performer is acceleratingSubject Support 201315TypicallytimeforcenegativepositiveLarge negative impulseSmall positive impulseNet impulse is negative performer is deceleratingSubject Support 2013World games Typical question'World Class Events' is part of UK Sport's development programme, which aims to attract major sporting championships to the UK.Discuss the suggestion that hosting major championships will benefit the individual performer and the sport. (5 marks)Subject Support 2013Characteristics of World games performers for city/country Large appealRequires major infrastructure ElitePre-qualifyingShop windowCommercialisedspectator/TVtransport, accommodation, facilitiesSubject Support 2013Effects of World games - performersHighly to be/test themselves againstMake most of abilities High

motivatedthe bestreach potentialExtrinsic rewardsSelf-satisfaction / prideexpectationsRole modelsSubject Support 2013Effects of World games - performers Great Short No

Long-term goalsacrificescareerself-discipline/motivationguarantee of successSubject Support 2013Effects of World games - Country impact seen as successful, part of national characterSocial impact Economic impact financial success

Can have negative impact -

Culturalunite countrytourism / regeneration / infrastructurefailureSubject Support 2013Effect of World Games - GovernmentProvide support May be used to demonstrate political success Successful bid seen as achievement on world-wide scale bidding, planningBeijing- LondonSubject Support 2013Why seek excellence?IndividualSocietyChallengeEmploymentSelf-esteemRole modelsNational prideReduces crimeBig moneyHealthy increase mass participationSubject Support 2013Not all good newsElite sport for requires substantial

Loss of morality

Physical and psychological damage fromfunding and resources sportsmanship over training and specialisationexclusive minorityincreased deviancySubject Support 2013Qualities required for elite performer/performancePhysical

Psychological Ability/skillCompetitiveFitnessPhysiqueMuscle-fibre typeAnatomical advantages - leversCommitmentMental toughnessMotivationSingle-mindedMake sacrificesSubject Support 2013Injury and recovery Typical questionHow can a performer reduce the effects of delayed on of muscle soreness (DOMS)?(3 marks)

How may hyperbaric chambers aid injury rehabilitation? (3 marks)

Subject Support 201326Preparation to reduce injuriesUse correct equipment eg Use protective equipment eg Appropriate clothing eg

Training egDanger of overtraining especially children - footwearshin padsmicrofibre during high temperaturescore strengthLTADWarm upSubject Support 2013 Due to microscopic tissue damage from intense exercise especially contractions24 hours after activityCauses and increased27Delayed Onset Muscle SorenessDOMSeccentricswellingmuscle temperatureSubject Support 2013Prevention and/or recovery:ActiveAvoid strenuous eccentric muscle action Increase intensity of exerciseAn active , including

Use to disperse fluids

28Delayed Onset Muscle Sorenesswarm upmassage graduallycool downpassive stretching

Subject Support 201329Injury recovery - reduces tiny tears in - prevents ; following helps flush out Massage reduces ; removes

Ice bathsmuscleslactateswellinglactatevasoconstriction DOMSvasodilation Subject Support 201330Injury recoveryHyperbaric chambers contain at high pressure quicker injury recovery - reduces Hypoxic tents simulates high altitudes - increases content of blood

pressure and swellingoxygenoxygenSubject Support 2013Deviancy Typical QuestionSome sports have experienced violence, both on and off the field of play, involving both players and spectators. How does the law and sports legislation help to ensure that performers are protected during sporting contests?(3 marks)

Explain the advantages and the disadvantages of all sports, in all countries, testing for performance enhancing drugs.(4 marks) Subject Support 2013Deviancy in SportDeviant behaviour against societies

Criminal deviant Morally deviant against what is normally accepted as behaviour varies within society subgroups

norms and valuesagainst the lawgoodSubject Support 2013Deviancy in SportIntentional breaking of rules or of sport has detrimental effectCheating Accepting / illegal /

/ Breaks

ethicsdivesfoulsdrugsbribesbettingtransfer bungsHooliganismplayer violencecontract to competeSubject Support 2013Causes of deviancyIndividuals lacking Individuals valuing winning above possible or Rewards to resist temptationSome deviant behaviour is becoming

Punishment due to pressures or possible moral restraintpunishmentloss of respecttoo greatacceptableinsufficientcommerciallegal actionSubject Support 2013Player violenceSpontaneous or planned

Causes - Instinct theoryFrustration-aggression hypothesisSocial learning theoryCrowd incitementover-arousalSubject Support 2013Controlling playersSupport playersUse of / Use with good discipline awardsTraining for players Training for officials dealing with officials decisionsPunishvideo evidenceciting officersrole modelsFair playanger managementangry playersSubject Support 2013Leaders responsibilitiesSet offendersKeep offenders away from Avoid over- of certain individualsGet players to arousalAvoid attitudegood exampleCode of conductPunishstressful situationsarousalcontrolwin at all costsSubject Support 2013Controlling HooliganismSegregation Extra

BanAllFamilyof fans/banning of away fanspolicing/stewards/ID cardsCCTV/police intelligenceon alcohol consumption-seater stadiaenclosuresSubject Support 2013Drugs - Typical questionElite sport performers should be allowed to use performance enhancing drugs just like any other training aid.Discuss this statement(5 marks)Subject Support 2013Why performers may use drugsLack morality Assume everybody else is with drugsUnaware of drugs Unaware of to achieveTemptation to cheatwhy not meSuccess only achievable- given by coacheshealth risksOutside pressurespeed up recoverySubject Support 2013Battle against drugsProvide those proved to have used drugs Educate young against Ensure performers aware of if they take drugsEnsure performers aware of what is/what is not and what their aretesting regimesPunishuse of drugs consequencesallowedresponsibilities Subject Support 2013Stamp out drugsEducate performers about Make performers responsibilities clear and consequences of Increase number of no warning Increase punishment for proven Use positive to encourage young performers to not use drugs.Continue to develop Use the law - make taking of PEDs health hazards positive testtestsdrug userole modelsbetter testsillegalSubject Support 2013Drug testingNot same for all in UKPerformer notifies NADO of Tester arrives Urine Strict - Not all drugs leave traces inIf first sample positive

sampleprocedure2 samplesurine2nd sample tested sportswhereaboutsunannouncedSubject Support 2013Legalising Drugs in SportForAgainstSave time/moneyAids spectacular performancesSome undetectableCompetitors should make own opinionEveryone at same level Health riskDysfunctional role modelsPressure to take drugsUnfair - cheatingDestroy competition ethosSubject Support 2013Social facilitation Typical questionExplain the concept of social facilitation and how it can affect performance. (7 marks)

Subject Support 201346Social facilitationThe effects of the presence of an on Audience: primary spectators secondary spectators co-actors at the eventon TVother competitorsaudienceperformanceSubject Support 201347Zajonc Audience produces increase in Increase in arousal leads to increase in performance of Hence good/improved performance on well-learned or Negative effect/worse performance on complex or Drive theoryarousaldominant responsesimple taskspoorly-learned tasksSubject Support 201348Increase in arousalIncreased probability of Dominant response usually poor or incorrectDominant response usually correct or well-learned Audience or coactors enhance performance

Audience or coactors impair performance

dominant responsesocial inhibitionsocial facilitationSubject Support 201349CotterellDifferent audiences can have effectsCalledEvaluative audience - increases effect of arousaldifferentevaluation apprehensionSubject Support 201350Barons Distraction-conflict theoryAudience takes up capacitySufficient capacity for skills, but in tasks, audience affects and increases and hence affects

Any limits processingcapacity and increases information processingsimplecomplexattentionarousalperformancedistractionarousalSubject Support 201351Implications of social facilitationLearn new skill in Train/practice with Learn to minimise effects of distractors isolationothersrelaxation, self-talk, imagery, etcSubject Support 2013Spatial summation Typical questionAll gymnastic events require controlled powerful movements.How can a performer vary the strength of muscular contractions to ensure that a skill is completed correctly?(4 marks)

Subject Support 201353Motor UnitsMuscle = bundles of Group of muscle fibres + motor neurone = Either or -twitch unitsDifferent sizes of motor units:larger unit -more units used -FT unit -

muscle fibresmotor unitfastmore force/strengthslowSubject Support 201354Control of strengthMotor units either contract or they do not contract at all

More and/or bigger motor units will produce more

Based on Spatial summationstrengthmemory/experiencefullyall or none principleSubject Support 2013ATP-PC system Typical questionDuring the winter season, many elite athletes compete indoors. Sprinters compete over 60-metres.Explain how the majority of energy is produced during a 60-metre sprint.(4 marks)

Subject Support 201356ATP-PC systemDuring maximum effortStored muscle is broken down into This releasesThis energy may then be used to for muscle contractionLimited stores of PC in hence limited duration

phosphocreatineenergy creatine and phosphateresynthesise ATP5-8 secondsmusclesSubject Support 201357ATP-PC systemenergy + ADP + PATPPCC + P + energySubject Support 2013