ABO Blood Group System CAI

8/18/2019 ABO Blood Group System CAI

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ABO blood group systemFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"ABO" redirects here. For other uses, see ABO (disambiguation).

"H substance" redirects here. For use in inflammation, see histamine.

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ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgMantibodies present in the serum

The ABO blood group system is the most important blood type system (or blood group systemin humanblood transfusion! The associated anti"A and anti"B antibodies are

usually IgM antibodies, #hich are produced in the first years of life by sensiti$ation toen%ironmental substances, such as food, bacteria, and %iruses! ABO blood types are alsopresent in some other animals, for e&ample rodents and apes, such aschimpan$ees, bonobos,and gorillas!')

Contents

'hide)

• *istory of disco%eries of the blood types

• + Antigens

• -ole of ABO antigens in transfusion medicine

o ! Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion

• . /enetics

o .! 0ubgroups

o .!+ 1istribution and e%olutionary history

o .! Origin theories

• 2 3ormal role in the body

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_serumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_(non-human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_(non-human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#History_of_discoveries_of_the_blood_typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Antigenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Role_of_ABO_antigens_in_transfusion_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Alteration_of_ABO_antigens_for_transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Subgroupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Distribution_and_evolutionary_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Origin_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Normal_role_in_the_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_serumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_typehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_(non-human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#History_of_discoveries_of_the_blood_typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Antigenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Role_of_ABO_antigens_in_transfusion_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Alteration_of_ABO_antigens_for_transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Subgroupshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Distribution_and_evolutionary_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Origin_theorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#Normal_role_in_the_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_(disambiguation)


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o 2! Bleeding and thrombosis (%on Willebrand factor

o 2!+ 1isease risks

o 2! ABO hemolytic disease of the ne#born

• 4 5seudoscience

• 6 0ee also

• 7 -eferences

• 8 Further reading

• 9 :&ternal links

History of discoveries of the blood types'edit)The ABO blood group system is #idely credited to ha%e been disco%ered by the Austrianscientist ;arl $echserologist Can CanskD had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into fourgroups,'.) but


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1iagram sho#ing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group

0tudent blood test! Three drops of blood are mi&ed #ith anti"B (left and anti"A (right serum! Agglutination on the

right side indicates blood type A!

The central principle of the ABO system is that antigens in this instance, sugars physicallye&posed on the e&terior of red blood cells differ bet#een indi%iduals, #ho ha%e immunologicaltolerance only to#ard #hat occurs in their o#n bodies! As a result, many humanse&press isoantibodies antibodies against isoantigens, natural components present in thebodies of other members of the same species but not themsel%es! Isoantibodies may be presentagainst the A andor B antigens in people #ho do not themsel%es ha%e the same antigens in their o#n blood! These antibodies act as haemagglutinins, #hich cause blood cells to clump andbreak apart if they carry the foreign antigens! This harsh response, though an adapti%e reactionuseful against infection, can cause death #hen large amounts of such cells are encounteredafter a blood transfusion, a circumstance not encountered in natural selection prior to modernhistory! Because A and B antigens are chemically modified from a precursor form that is alsopresent in type O indi%iduals, people #ith type A and B antigens can accept blood from type Oindi%iduals!

Anti"A and anti"B antibodies (called isohaemagglutinins, #hich are not present in the ne#born,appear in the first years of life! Anti"A and anti"B antibodies are usually IgM type, #hich are not

able to pass through the placenta to the fetal blood circulation! O"type indi%iduals can produceIg/"type ABO antibodies!

The precursor to the ABO blood group antigens, present in people of all common blood types, iscalled the * antigen! Indi%iduals #ith the rare Bombay phenotype (hh do not e&press antigen *on their red blood cells! As the * antigen ser%es as a precursor for producing A and B antigens,the absence of the * antigen means that the indi%iduals also lack A or B antigens as #ell (similarto O blood group! *o#e%er, unlike O group, the * antigen is absent, hence the indi%idualsproduce isoantibodies to antigen * as #ell as to both A and B antigens! If they recei%e blood fromsomeone #ith O blood group, the anti"* antibodies #ill bind to the * antigen on the red bloodcells (@-B>@ of the donor blood and destroy the -B>s by complement"mediated lysis! Therefore,people #ith Bombay phenotype can recei%e blood only from other hh donors (although they candonate as though they #ere type O! 0ome indi%iduals #ith the blood group A may also be able

to produce anti"* antibodies due to the complete con%ersion of all the * antigen to A antigen!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoantibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoantigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoantigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemagglutininhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemagglutininhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hh_antigen_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hh_antigen_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoantibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoantigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemagglutininhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hh_antigen_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hh_antigen_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system


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5roduction of the * antigen, or its deficiency in the Bombay phenotype, is controlled at the *locus on chromosome 8! The * locus is not the same gene as the ABO locus, but itis epistatic to the ABO locus, pro%iding the substrate for the A and B alleles to modify!'6) The *locus contains three e&ons that span more than 2 kb of genomic 13A, and encodesthe fucosyltransferase that produces the * antigen on -B>s! The * antigen is a carbohydrateseuence #ith carbohydrates linked mainly to protein (#ith a minor fraction attached

to ceramide moiety! It consists of a chain of J"1"galactose, J"1"3"acetylglucosamine, J"1"galactose, and +"linked, K"s!

Because of this, the AB blood type is referred to as the =uni%ersal recipient= (marked by belo#, as it possesses neither Anti"B or Anti"A antibodies in its plasma, and can recei%e both-h"positi%e and -h"negati%e blood! 0imilarly, the ON blood type is called the =uni%ersal donor=(marked by P belo# since its red blood cells ha%e no A or B antigens and are -h"negati%e, noother blood type #ill reGect it!

Identification of ABO and -h gene freuencies among human populations has %arious benefitsin transfusion medicine, transplantation and disease risk!'7)

ABO and Rh blood type donation showing matches between donor and recipient types

Donors

O+ A+ B+ AB+ O−† A− B− AB−

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosyltransferasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosyltransferasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylgalactosaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylgalactosaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameshifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polylactosamine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_3_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_3_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosphingolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosphingolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_hemolytic_transfusion_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_hemolytic_transfusion_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosyltransferasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylgalactosaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameshifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polylactosamine&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_3_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosphingolipidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_hemolytic_transfusion_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_hemolytic_transfusion_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplantationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-18


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Recipient

s

O+ ✔ ✔

A+ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

B+ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

AB+

* ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

O− ✔

A− ✔ ✔

B− ✔ ✔

AB− ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion'edit)

In April +996, an international team of researchers announced in the Gournal NatureBiotechnology an ine&pensi%e and efficient #ay to con%ert types A, B, and AB blood into type O!'8) This is done by using glycosidase en$ymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood groupantigens from red blood cells! The remo%al of A and B antigens still does not address theproblem of the -hesus blood group antigen on the blood cells of -hesus positi%e indi%iduals, andso blood from -hesus negati%e donors must be used! 5atient trials #ill be conducted before themethod can be relied on in li%e situations!

Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood, #hich couldact as a substitute in emergencies!'+9)

Genetics'edit)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesus_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Biotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesus_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=5


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A and B are codominant, gi%ing the ABphenotype!

Blood groups are inherited from both parents! The ABO blood type is controlled by asingle gene (the ABO gene #ith three types of alleles inferred from classical geneticsL i , I A,and I B! The gene encodes a glycosyltransferaseQthat is, an en$yme that modifiesthe carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens! The gene is located on the long arm ofthe ninth chromosome(8.!

The I A allele gi%es type A, I B gi%es type B, and i gi%es type O! As both I A and I B are dominanto%er i , only ii people ha%e type O blood! Indi%iduals #ith I AI A or I Ai ha%e type A blood, andindi%iduals #ith I BI B or I Bi ha%e type B! I AI B people ha%e bothphenotypes, because A and B e&pressa special dominance relationshipL codominance, #hich means that type A and B parents canha%e an AB child! A couple #ith type A and type B can also ha%e a type O child if they are both

hetero$ygous (I B

i ,I A

i The cisAB phenotype has a single en$yme that creates both A and Bantigens! The resulting red blood cells do not usually e&press A or B antigen at the same le%elthat #ould be e&pected on common group A or B red blood cells, #hich can help sol%e theproblem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group!'+)

Blood group inheritance

Blood type O A B AB

enotype ii !OO" I Ai !AO" I A I A !AA" I Bi !BO" I B I B !BB" I A I B !AB"

O ii !OO" OOO OO OO OO

O or AAO OO AO OO

AAO AO AO AO

O or BBO OO BO OO

BBO BO BO BO

A or BAO BO AO BO

A I Ai !AO" O or A

AO AO OO OO

O or AAA AO AO OO

AAA AA AO AO

O, A, B or ABAB AO BO OO

B or ABAB AB BO BO

A, B or ABAA AB AO BO

I A I

A !AA" A A A A or AB AB A or AB

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Co-dominancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Co-dominancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_(gene)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_(gene)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Co-dominancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Co-dominancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_(gene)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosyltransferasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_9_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_relationship#Co-dominancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-21


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AO AO AO AO AA AO AA AO AA AA AA AA AB AO AB AO AB AB AB AB AA AB AA AB

B

I Bi !BO" O or BBO BO OO OO O, A, B or ABAB BO AO OO A or ABAB AB AO AO O or BBB BO BO OO BBB BB BO BO A, B or ABAB BB AO BO

I B I B !BB" BBO BO BO BO

B or ABAB BO AB BO

ABAB AB AB AB

BBB BO BB BO

BBB BB BB BB

B or ABAB BB AB BB

AB I A I B !AB" A or BAO AO BO BO

A, B or ABAA AO AB BO

A or ABAA AA AB AB

A, B or ABAB AO BB BO

B or ABAB AB BB BB

A, B, or ABAA AB AB BB

The table abo%e summari$es the %arious blood groups children may inherit from their parents!'++)'+)'+.) /enotypes are sho#n in the second column and in small print for the offspringL AO and AAboth test as type A BO and BB test as type B! The four possibilities represent the combinationsobtained #hen one allele is taken from each parent each has a +2R chance, but some occurmore than once!

Blood group inheritance by phenotype only

Blood type O A B AB

O O O or A O or B A or B

A O or A O or A O, A, B or AB A, B or AB

B O or B O, A, B or AB O or B A, B or AB

AB A or B A, B or AB A, B or AB A, B or AB

*istorically, ABO blood tests #ere used in parental testing, but in 826 only 29R of Americanmen falsely accused #ere able to use them as e%idence against paternity!'+2)Occasionally, theblood types of children are not consistent #ith e&pectations " for e&ample, a type O child can beborn to an AB parent " due to rare situations, such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB!'+4)

Subgroups'edit)

The A blood type contains about t#enty subgroups, of #hich A and A+ are the most common(o%er 88R! A makes up about 79R of all A"type blood, #ith A+ making up almost all of the rest!'+6) These t#o subgroups are interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned, butcomplications can sometimes arise in rare cases #hen typing the blood! '+6)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-arcbs-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_phenotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_phenotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-atype-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-atype-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-arcbs-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_testinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_phenotypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-atype-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-atype-27


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With the de%elopment of 13A seuencing, it has been possible to identify a much larger numberof alleles at the ABO locus, each of #hich can be categori$ed as A, B, or O in terms of thereaction to transfusion, but #hich can be distinguished by %ariations in the 13A seuence! Thereare si& common alleles in #hite indi%iduals of the ABO gene that produce one@s blood typeL '+7)'+8)

A B O

A101 (A1)

A201 (A)

B101 (B1) O01 (O1)

O02 (O1v)

O03 (O)

The same study also identified 7 rare alleles, #hich generally ha%e a #eaker glycosylationacti%ity! 5eople #ith #eak alleles of A can sometimes e&press anti"A antibodies, though these areusually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact #ith the antigen at bodytemperature!'9)

>is AB is another rare %ariant, in #hich A and B genes are transmitted together from a singleparent!

Distribution and evolutionary history'edit)!ain article Blood ty#e distribution by country

The distribution of the blood groups A, B, O and AB %aries across the #orld according to thepopulation! There are also %ariations in blood type distribution #ithin human subpopulations!

In the ?;, the distribution of blood type freuencies through the population still sho#s somecorrelation to the distribution of placenames and to the successi%e in%asions and migrationsincluding Eikings, 1anes, 0a&ons, >elts, and 3ormans #ho contributed the morphemes to theplacenames and the genes to the population!')

The t#o common O alleles, O9 and O9+, share their first +4 nucleotides #ith the group A allele A9!'+) *o#e%er, unlike the group A allele, a guanosine base is subseuently deleted! Apremature stop codon results from this frame"shift mutation! This %ariant is found #orld#ide, andlikely predates human migration from Africa! The O9 allele is considered to predate the O9+allele!'citation needed )

0ome e%olutionary biologists theori$e that the I A allele e%ol%ed earliest, follo#ed by O (by thedeletion of a single nucleotide, shifting the reading frame and then I B!'citation needed )This chronologyaccounts for the percentage of people #orld#ide #ith each blood type! It is consistent #ith theaccepted patterns of early population mo%ements and %arying pre%alent blood types in differentparts of the #orldL for instance, B is %ery common in populations of Asian descent, but rare inones of Western :uropean descent! Another theory states that there are four main lineages ofthe ABO gene and that mutations creating type O ha%e occurred at least three times in humans!') From oldest to youngest, these lineages comprise the follo#ingallelesL A$%$&A'%$&O%, B$%$, O%' and O%$! The continued presence of the O alleles ishypothesi$ed to be the result of balancing selection!') Both theories contradict the pre%iouslyheld theory that type O blood e%ol%ed earliest! 'citation needed )

Origin theories'edit)

It is possible that food and en%ironmental antigens (bacterial, %iral, or plant antigensha%e epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens! The antibodies created againstthese en%ironmental antigens in the first years of life can cross"react #ith ABO"incompatible redblood cells that it comes in contact #ith during blood transfusion later in life! Anti"A antibodies arehypothesi$ed to originate from immune response to#ards influen$a %irus, #hose epitopes aresimilar enough to the K"1"3"galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross"reaction! Anti"B antibodies are hypothesi$ed to originate from antibodies produced against /ram"negati%e bacteria, such as . coli , cross"reacting #ith the K"1"galactose on the B glycoprotein! '.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-Potts_1979-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-Potts_1979-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-Cserti2007-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-Cserti2007-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-shift_mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-calafell-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-calafell-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-calafell-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_distribution_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-Potts_1979-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-Cserti2007-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-shift_mutationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_framehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-calafell-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_selectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-calafell-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_colihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-34


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The =


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ABO blood group incompatibilities bet#een the mother and child does not usuallycause hemolytic disease of the ne#born (*13 because antibodies to the ABO blood groups areusually of the IgM type, #hich do not cross the placenta! *o#e%er, in an O"type mother, !g" ABOantibodies are produced and the baby can potentially de%elop ABO hemolytic disease of thene#born!

Pseudoscience'edit)

1uring the 89s, connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Capan andother areas of the #orld!'2) On the contrary, there are some positi%e science studies! '2.)'22)

Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet, claims that group Acauses se%ere hango%ers, group O is associated #ith perfect teeth, and those #ith blood group A+ ha%e the highest ISs! 0cientific e%idence in support of these concepts is none&istent! '24)

Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions

The discovery of blood groups

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_types_in_Japanese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_types_in_Japanese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_types_in_Japanese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system#cite_note-56


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:&periments #ith blood transfusions, the transfer of blood or blood components into a person@s blood

stream, ha%e been carried out for hundreds of years! Many patients ha%e died and it #as not until 89,

#hen the Austrian ;arl


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What are the dierent blood groups?

The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain

protein molecules called antigens and antibodies! The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood

cells and the antibodies are in the blood plasma! Indi%iduals ha%e different types and combinations of these

molecules! The blood group you belong to depends on #hat you ha%e inherited from your parents!

There are more than +9 genetically determined blood group systems kno#n today, but the AB9 and -h

systems are the most important ones used for blood transfusions! 3ot all blood groups are compatible #ith

each other! Mi&ing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, #hich is dangerous

for indi%iduals!

3obel


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Blood group AB

If you belong to the blood group AB, you ha%e both A and B antigens onthe surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in yourblood plasma!

Blood group $If you belong to the blood group 9 (null, you ha%e neither A or B antigenson the surface of your red blood cells but you ha%e both A and Bantibodies in your blood plasma!

!h factor blood grouping system

Many people also ha%e a so called -h factor on the red blood

cell@s surface! This is also an antigen and those #ho ha%e it are called -h ! Those #ho ha%en@t are called

-h"! A person #ith -h" blood does not ha%e -h antibodies naturally in the blood plasma (as one can ha%e A

or B antibodies, for instance! But a person #ith -h " blood can de*elo# -h antibodies in the blood plasma if

he or she recei%es blood from a person #ith -hblood, #hose -h antigens can trigger the production of -h

antibodies! A person #ith -h blood can recei%e blood from a person #ith -h " blood #ithout any problems!

Blood group notation

According to abo%e blood grouping systems, you can belong to either of follo#ing 7 blood groupsL

A -h B -h AB -h 9 -h

A -h"

B -h"

AB -h"

9 -h"


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1o you kno# #hich blood group you belong to

Blood typing " ho# do you $nd out to #hich blood group

someone belongs?

%&

Hou mi& the blood #ith three different reagents including either of the three different antibodies, A, B or -h

antibodies!

'&

Then you take a look at #hat has happened! In #hich mi&tures has agglutination occurred The

agglutination indicates that the blood has reacted #ith a certain antibody and therefore is not compatible

#ith blood containing that kind of antibody! If the blood does not agglutinate, it indicates that the blood doesnot ha%e the antigens binding the special antibody in the reagent!

&

If you kno# #hich antigens are in the person@s blood, it@s easy to figure out #hich blood group he or she

belongs toU

A person #ith A blood recei%es B blood! The Bantibodies (yello# in the A blood attack the foreign

red blood cells by binding to them! The B antibodies inthe A blood bind the antigens in the B blood andagglutination occurs! This is dangerous because theagglutinated red blood cells break after a #hile andtheir contents leak out and become to&ic!

What happens #hen blood clumps or agglutinates?

For a blood transfusion to be successful, AB9 and -h blood groups must be compatible bet#een the donor

blood and the patient blood! If they are not, the red blood cells from the donated blood #ill clump or

agglutinate! The agglutinated red cells can clog blood %essels and stop the circulation of the blood to

%arious parts of the body! The agglutinated red blood cells also crack and its contents leak out in the body!

The red blood cells contain hemoglobin #hich becomes to&ic #hen outside the cell! This can ha%e fatal

conseuences for the patient!

The A antigen and the A antibodies can bind to each other in the same #ay that the B antigens can bind to

the B antibodies! This is #hat #ould happen if, for instance, a B blood person recei%es blood from an A

blood person! The red blood cells #ill be linked together, like bunches of grapes, by the antibodies! As

mentioned earlier, this clumping could lead to death!

Blood transfusions " #ho can receive blood from #hom?


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Of course you can al#ays gi%e A blood to persons #ith blood group A, B blood to a person #ith blood group

B and so on! But in some cases you can recei%e blood #ith another type of blood group, or donate blood to

a person #ith another kind of blood group!

The transfusion #ill #ork if a person #ho is going to recei%e blood has a blood group that doesn@t ha%e

any antibodies against the donor bloods antigens. But if a person #ho is going to recei%e blood has

antibodies matching the donor blood@s antigens, the red blood cells in the donated blood #ill clump!

%eople #ith blood group 0 !h - are called &universal donors&

and people #ith blood group AB !h+ are called &universal

receivers&

!h+ blood can never be given to someone #ith !h - blood,

but the other #ay around #or's (or e)ample, 0 !h+ blood

can not be given to someone #ith the blood type AB !h -

Blood "roup Antigens AntibodiesCan give blood

toCan receiveblood from

AB -h A, B and -h 3one AB -h AB -h

AB -h *

A -h

A -h *

B -h

B -h*

9 -h

9 -h *

AB -h * A and B 3one(>an de%elop -hantibodies

AB -h *

AB -hAB !h -

A !h -

B !h -

0 !h -

A -h A and -h B A -h

AB -h

A -h

A -h*

9 -h

9 -h *

A -h * A B(>an de%elop -hantibodies

A -h *

A -h

AB -h *

AB -h

A -h *

9 -h *

B -h B and -h A B -h

AB -hB -h

B -h *

9 -h


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9 -h"

B -h * B A(>an de%elop -hantibodies

B -h*

B -h

AB -h*

AB -h

B -h *

9 -h *

9 -h -h A and B 9 -h

A -h

B -h

AB -h

9 -h

9 -h *

9 -h * 3one A and B (>ande%elop -hantibodies

AB -h

AB -h *

A -h

A -h *

B -h

B -h *

9 -h

9 -h *

9 -h *

ABO Blood Types


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The most #ell"kno#n and medically important blood types are in the

ABO group! They #ere disco%ered in 899 and 89 at the ?ni%ersityof Eienna by ;arl


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ABOBlood #ype

Antigen

A Antigen

B

Antibodyanti*A

AntibodyAnti*B

A yes no no yes

B no yes yes no

O no no yes yes

AB yes yes no no

Indi%iduals #ith type O blood do not produce ABO antigens! Therefore,their blood normally #ill not be reGected #hen it is gi%en to others #ithdifferent ABO types! As a result, type O people are uni%ersal donors fortransfusions, but they can recei%e only type O blood themsel%es! Those#ho ha%e type AB blood do not make any ABO antibodies! Their blood

does not discriminate against any other ABO type! >onseuently, they areuni%ersal recei%ers for transfusions, but their blood #ill be agglutinated#hen gi%en to people #ith e%ery other type because they produce bothkinds of antigens!

ABOBlood #ype

AntigenA

AntigenB

Antibody

anti*A Antibody

Anti*B

A yes no no yes

B no yes yes no

O no no yes yes

AB yes yes no no

It is easy and ine&pensi%e to determine an indi%idual@s ABO type from a fe#drops of blood! A serum containing anti"A antibodies is mi&ed #ith some ofthe blood! Another serum #ith anti"B antibodies is mi&ed #ith theremaining sample! Whether or not agglutination occurs in either sample

indicates the ABO type! It is a simple process of elimination of thepossibilities! For instance, if an indi%idual@s blood sample is agglutinated bythe anti"A antibody, but not the anti"B antibody, it means that the A antigenis present but not the B antigen! Therefore, the blood type is A!

"enetic !nheritance +atterns

-esearch carried out in *eidelberg, /ermany by


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inherited! We no# kno# that they are determined by genes onchromosome 8, and they do not change as a result of en%ironmentalinfluences during life! An indi%idual@s ABO type results from the inheritanceof of alleles (A, B, or O from each parent! The possible outcomes are

sho#n belo#L

The possible ABO alleles for oneparent are in the top ro# and thealleles of the other are in the leftcolumn! Offspring genotypesare sho#n in black! 5henotypesare red!

+arent Alleles

A B O

A AA(A

AB(AB

AO(A

B AB(AB

BB(B

BO(B

O AO(A

BO(B

OO(O

Both A and B alleles are dominant o%er O! As a result, indi%iduals #hoha%e an AO genotype #ill ha%e an A phenotype! 5eople #ho are type Oha%e OO genotypes! In other #ords, they inherited a recessi%e O allelefrom both parents! The A and B alleles are codominant! Therefore, if an Ais inherited from one parent and a B from the other, the phenotype #ill be

AB! Agglutination tests #ill sho# that these indi%iduals ha%e thecharacteristics of both type A and type B blood!

>A?TIO3L the inheritance of ABO blood types does not al#ays follo# suchstraightfor#ard rules of inheritance! If you #ish to e&plore the reason #hythis is true, select the Bombay 5henotype button belo#!

Bombay 5henotype

ABO Blood type antigens are not only found on the surface of red cells!They are also normally secreted by some people in their body fluids,including sali%a, tears, and urine! Whether someone is able to secretethem is genetically controlled! 5olice agencies no# routinely use this so"called secretor system data to identify potential %ictims and criminals#hen blood samples are not a%ailable!

1espite the fact that the blood types of children are solely determined byinheritance from their parents, paternity in the ?!0! and many other nationscan no longer be legally established based on con%entional blood typing!To do that, it is necessary to compare *


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Antibodies to alien antigens in the ABO group are usually present in ourplasma prior to the first contact #ith blood of a different ABO type! Thismay be partly e&plained by the fact that these antigens are also producedby certain bacteria and possibly some plants! When #e come in contact

#ith them, our bodies may de%elop long"term acti%e immunity to theirantigens and subseuently to the same antigens on the surface of redblood cells! This usually occurs in babies #ithin the first si& monthsfollo#ing their birth!

,nvironmental -actors

While blood types are 99R genetically inherited, the en%ironmentpotentially can determine #hich blood types in a population #ill be passed

on more freuently to the ne&t generation! It does this through naturalselection! 0pecific ABO blood types are thought to be linked #ith increasedor decreased susceptibility to particular diseases! For instance, indi%iduals#ith type A blood are at a some#hat higher risk of contracting smallpo& andde%eloping cancer of the esophagus, pancreas, and stomach! 5eople #hoare type O are at a higher risk for contracting cholera and plague as #ell asde%eloping duodenal and peptic ulcers! -esearch suggests that they arealso more tasty to mosuitoes! That could be a significant factor incontracting malaria!

NO- A small number of #eo#le ha*e t+o different ABO blood ty#es.-hey are not sim#ly AB codominant. A##arently, most of these blood

chimera indi*iduals shared a blood su##ly +ith their nonidentical t+inbefore birth. In some cases, #eo#le are una+are that they had a t+inbecause he or she died early in gestation and +as s#ontaneously aborted.

As many as / of nonidentical t+ins may ha*e chimeric blood. 0ome #eo#le are microchimericthey ha*e a small amount of blood of a different

ty#e in their system that has #ersisted from a blood transfusion or #assedacross the #lacental barrier from their mother before birth. 1i2e+ise, fetalblood can #ass into a mothers system. -his fact has led someresearchers to suggest that the significantly higher fre3uency ofautoimmune disorders in +omen is a result of the #resence of foreign +hiteblood cells that had come from their unborn children during #regnancy.

N40 An international team of researchers led by Henric2 5lausen of the6ni*ersity of 5o#enhagen, 7enmar2 ha*e disco*ered a bacterial en8yme

that can con*ert red blood cells of ty#es A, B, and AB into O by stri##inga+ay their identifying surface antigens. -his has the #otential for

http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/glossary.htm#natural_selectionhttp://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/glossary.htm#natural_selectionhttp://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/glossary.htm#natural_selectionhttp://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/glossary.htm#natural_selection


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dramatically im#ro*ing the safety of blood transfusions. 5linical trials ofthis techni3ue are no+ under+ay. (" Bacterial 9lycosidases for the :roduction of 6ni*ersal ;ed Blood 5ells", #ublished online in Nature Biotechnology, A#ril $,'%%


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Rh blood group systemFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(-edirected from -hesus blood group system

";h" redirects here. For the 0iddharta album, see ;h (album). For the band, see -he ;HFactor .

The .h blood group system (including the .h factor is one of thirty"three current human bloodgroup systems! It is the most important blood group system after ABO! At present, the -h bloodgroup system consists of 29 defined blood"group antigens, among #hich the fi%e antigens 1, >,c, :, and e are the most important! The commonly used terms ;h factor , ;h #ositi*e and ;h

negati*e refer to the 7 antigen only! Besides its role in blood transfusion, the -h blood groupsystemQspecifically, the 1 antigenQis used to determine the risk of hemolytic disease of thene#born (or erythroblastosis fetalis as pre%ention is the best approach to the management ofthis condition! As part of prenatal care, a blood test may be used to find out the blood type of afetus! If the -h antigen is lacking, the blood is called -h"negati%e! If the antigen is present, it iscalled -h"positi%e! When the mother is -h"negati%e and the father is -h"positi%e, the fetus caninherit the -h factor from the father! This makes the fetus -h"positi%e too! 5roblems can arise#hen the fetusVs blood has the -h factor and the motherVs blood does not!

A mother #ho is -h"negati%e may de%elop antibodies to an -h"positi%e baby! If a small amountof the babyVs blood mi&es #ith the mother@s blood, #hich often happens in such situations, themother@s body may respond as if it #ere allergic to the baby! The mother@s body may makeantibodies to the -h antigens in the babyVs blood! This means the mother has become sensiti$ed

and her antibodies may cross the placenta and attack the babyVs blood! 0uch an attack breaksdo#n the fetusVs red blood cells, creating anemia (a lo# number of red blood cells! Thiscondition is called hemolytic disease or hemolytic anemia! It can become se%ere enough tocause serious illness, brain damage, or e%en death in the fetus or ne#born! 0ensiti$ation canoccur any time the fetusVs blood mi&es #ith the motherVs blood! It can occur if an -h"negati%e#oman has had a spontaneous or undetected miscarriage of a -h positi%e fetus!

Contents

'hide)

• -h factor

• + *istory of disco%eries

• -h nomenclature

• . -h system antigens

• 2 *emolytic disease of the ne#born

• 4 5opulation data

• 6 Inheritance

• 7 Function

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhesus_blood_group_system&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhesus_blood_group_system&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhesus_blood_group_system&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh-_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_RH_Factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_RH_Factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroblastosis_fetalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease#Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease#Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Rh_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#History_of_discoverieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Rh_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Rh_system_antigenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Population_datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Functionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhesus_blood_group_system&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh-_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_RH_Factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_RH_Factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood_group_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroblastosis_fetalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease#Preventionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Rh_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#History_of_discoverieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Rh_nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Rh_system_antigenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Population_datahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#Function


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• 8 Origin of -*1 polymorphism

• 9 Weak 1

• 5artial 1

• + -h null phenotype

• Other -h group antigens

• . -h antibodies

• 2 -eferences

• 4 :&ternal links

Rh factor'edit) An indi%idual either has, or does not ha%e, the =;h factor = on the surface of their red blood cells! This term strictly refers only to the most immunogenic 1 antigen of the -h blood group system,or the -hN blood group system! The status is usually indicated by ;h #ositi*e (-h does ha%ethe 1 antigen or ;h negati*e (-hN does not ha%e the 1 antigen suffi& to the ABO blood type!*o#e%er, other antigens of this blood group system are also clinically rele%ant! These antigensare listed separately (see belo+ ;h nomenclature! In contrast to the ABO blood group,immuni$ation against -h can generally only occur through blood transfusion or placentale&posure during pregnancy in #omen!

History of discoveries'edit)

In 88, 5hilip


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Rh nomenclature'edit)

The -h blood group system has t#o sets of nomenclaturesL one de%eloped by -onaldFisher and -!-! -ace, the other by Wiener! Both systems reflected alternati%e theories ofinheritance! The Fisher"-ace system, #hich is more commonly in use today, uses the >1:nomenclature! This system #as based on the theory that a separate gene controls the product of

each corresponding antigen (e!g!, a =1 gene= produces 1 antigen, and so on! *o#e%er, the dgene #as hypothetical, not actual!

The Wiener system used the -h*r nomenclature! This system #as based on the theory thatthere #as one gene at a single locus on each chromosome, each contributing to production ofmultiple antigens! In this theory, a gene - is supposed to gi%e rise to the blood factorsX -h9, rhV,and hrX (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the 1, > and e antigens and the gene r toproduce hrV and hrX (corresponding to modern nomenclature of the c and e antigens! '4)

3otations of the t#o theories are used interchangeably in blood banking (e!g!, -ho(1 meaning-h1 positi%e! Wiener@s notation is more comple& and cumbersome for routine use! Because it issimpler to e&plain, the Fisher"-ace theory has become more #idely used!

13A testing has sho#n that both theories are partially correct! 'citation needed ) There are in fact t#olinked genes, the ;H7 gene #hich produces a single immune specificity (anti"1 andthe ;H5 gene #ith multiple specificities (anti">, anti"c, anti":, anti"e! Thus, Wiener@s postulatethat a gene could ha%e multiple specificities (something many did not gi%e credence to originallyhas been pro%en correct! On the other hand, Wiener@s theory that there is only one gene haspro%en incorrect, as has the Fischer"-ace theory that there are three genes, rather than the +!The >1: notation used in the Fisher"-ace nomenclature is sometimes rearranged to 1>: tomore accurately represent the co"location of the > and : encoding on the -h>: gene, and tomake interpretation easier!

Rh system antigens'edit)

The proteins #hich carry the -h antigens are transmembrane proteins, #hose structure suggest

that they are ion channels!'6) The main antigens are 1, >, :, c and e, #hich are encoded by t#oadGacent gene loci, the ;H7 gene #hich encodes the -h1 protein #ith the 1 antigen (and%ariants'7) and the ;H5 gene #hich encodes the -h>: protein #ith the >, :, c and e antigens(and %ariants!'8) There is no d antigen!


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!ce&d#$ % 'r * '.'''+

!#e&!c$ % 1% 11.-

!#e&dc$ % 1r// '.000

!c$&d#e % r/ '.

!#$&dce % r '.10+

!" #" $" c" e2 (%h!")

!c$&!#$ % % '.'-

!c$&d#$ % r * '.''1

!#$&dc$ % r// '.''

!" #" $" c2 e" (%h!")

!#e&d#$ % 1r * '.''

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!" #" $" c2 e2 (%h!")

!#$&!#$ % % '.'''-

!#$&d#$ % r * 3'.'''1

!" #" $2 c" e" (%h!")

!ce&d#e % 'r/ '.''

!#e&dce % 1r +.-'

!#e&!ce % 1% ' .1-

!" #" $2 c2 e" (%h!") !#e&!#e % 1% 1 1.-'+


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!#e&d#e % 1r/ '.'

!" #2 $" c" e" (%h!")

!c$&!ce % % ' '.+

!ce&dc$ % 'r// '.'-1'

!c$&dce % r 1'.0-

!" #2 $" c" e2 (%h!")

!c$&!c$ % % 1.00'-

!c$&dc$ % r// '.+++

!" #2 $2 c" e" (%h!")

!ce&!ce % '% ' '.'-0

!ce&dce % 'r 1.00'

!2 #" $" c" e" (%h!2)

dce&d#$ rr * '.''+0

d#e&dc$ r/r// '.'+

!2 #" $" c" e2 (%h!2) dc$&d#$ r//r * '.'''1

!2 #" $" c2 e" (%h!2) d#e&d#$ r/r * '.'''1

!2 #" $" c2 e2 (%h!2) d#$&d#$ r *r * 3'.'''1

!2 #" $2 c" e" (%h!2) dce&d#e rr/ '.-

!2 #" $2 c2 e" (%h!2) d#e&d#e r/r/ '.''0

!2 #2 $" c" e" (%h!2) dce&dc$ rr// '.0+


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!2 #2 $" c" e2 (%h!2) dc$&dc$ r//r// '.'11

!2 #2 $2 c" e" (%h!2) dce&dce rr 1.1''

P Figures taken from a study performed in 8.7 on a sample of +999 people in the ?nited;ingdom!'9) 3ote that the -9 haplotype is much more common in people of sub"0aharan Africanorigin!

Rh phenotypes in patients and donors in urey4115

Rh #henotype ,D- #atients !&" Donors !&"

%

1r #c!e +. ++.'

% 1%

#c!$e +. +'.

% 1% 1

#!e . 1.

rr ce 1'.+ 11.-

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% '%

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% %

c!$ . .

rr// c$e 6 '.0

% %

#!$ 6 '.'+

rr/ #ce '. 6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-11


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Hemolytic disease of the newborn'edit)!ain article Hemolytic disease of the ne+born

The hemolytic condition occurs #hen there is an incompatibility bet#een the blood types of themother and the fetus! There is also potential incompatibility if the mother is -h negati%e and thefather is positi%e! When any incompatibility is detected, the mother often recei%es an inGection at+7 #eeks gestation and at birth to a%oid the de%elopment of antibodies to#ard the fetus! Theseterms do not indicate #hich specific antigen"antibody incompatibility is implicated! The disorder inthe fetus due to -h 1 incompatibility is kno#n as erythroblastosis fetalis!

• Hemolytic comes from t#o #ordsL =hemo= (blood and =lysis= (destruction or

breaking do#n of red blood cells

• rythroblastosis refers to the making of immature red blood cells

• Fetalis refers to the fetus!

When the condition is caused by the -h 1 antigen"antibody incompatibility, it is called .h D/emolytic disease of the neborn or .h disease! *ere, sensiti$ation to -h 1 antigens(usually by feto"maternal transfusion during pregnancy may lead to the production ofmaternal Ig/ anti"1 antibodies #hich can pass through the placenta! This is of particularimportance to 1 negati%e females at or belo# childbearing age, because any subseuentpregnancy may be affected by the -h 1 hemolytic disease of the ne#born if the baby is 1positi%e! The %ast maGority of -h disease is pre%entable in modern antenatal care byinGections of Ig/ anti"1 antibodies (-ho(1 Immune /lobulin! The incidence of -h disease ismathematically related to the freuency of 1 negati%e indi%iduals in a population, so -hdisease is rare in old"stock populations of Africa and the eastern half of Asia, and theIndigenous peoples of Oceania and the Americas, but more common in other genetic groups,most especially Western :uropeans, but also other West :urasians, and to a lesser degree,nati%e 0iberians, as #ell as those of mi&ed"race #ith a significant or dominant descent from

those (e!g! the %ast maGority of entral Asians!

• Symptoms and signs in the fetusL

• :nlarged li%er, spleen, or heart and fluid buildup in the fetus@ abdomen seen %ia

ultrasound!

• Symptoms and signs in the nebornL

• Anemia that creates the ne#born@s pallor (pale appearance!

• 0aundice or yello# discoloration of the ne#born@s skin, sclera or mucous

membrane! This may be e%ident right after birth or after +..7 hours after birth! Thisis caused by bilirubin (one of the end products of red blood cell destruction!

• :nlargement of the ne#born@s li%er and spleen!

• The ne#born may ha%e severe edema of the entire body!

• Dyspnea or difficulty breathing!

Population data'edit)

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_D_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho(D)_Immune_Globulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_D_hemolytic_disease_of_the_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenatalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho(D)_Immune_Globulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=6


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The freuency of -h factor blood types and the -h1 neg allele gene differs in %ariouspopulations!

#opulation data for the Rh D factor and the RhD neg allele415

#opulation Rh!D" %eg Rh!D" #osRh!D" %eg

alleles

Bas7ue people 16+-841+5 -8 appro9 -'8

other $uropeans 1-8 8 '8

A:rican American appro9 8 0+8 appro9 -8

;ative Americans appro9 18 008 appro9 1'8

A:rican descent less 18 over 008 +8

Asian less 18 over 008 18

Inheritance'edit)

A child #ill be ;h negati*e if both its parents are ;h negati*e! Other#ise the child may be ;h #ositi*e or ;h negati*e!'.)

The 1 antigen is inherited as one gene (-*1 (on the short arm of the first chromosome,p4!p.! #ith %arious alleles! Though %ery much simplified, one can think of alleles thatare positi%e or negati%e for the 1 antigen! The gene codes for the -h1 protein on the red cellmembrane! 1N indi%iduals #ho lack a functional ;H7 gene do not produce the 1 antigen,and may be immuni$ed by 1 blood!

The epitopes for the ne&t . most common -h antigens, >, c, : and e are e&pressed on thehighly similar -h>: protein that is genetically encoded in the ;H5 gene, also found onchromosome ! It has been sho#n that the ;H7 gene arose by duplication ofthe ;H5 gene during primate e%olution! Mice ha%e Gust one -* gene! '2)

The -*A/ gene, responsible for encoding -h"associated glycoprotein (-hA/ is found onchromosome 4a!

The polypeptides produced from the -*1 and -*>: genes form a comple& on the red bloodcell membrane #ith the -h"associated glycoprotein! '4)

unction'edit)

On the basis of structural homology it has been proposed that the product of -*1 gene, the

-h1 protein, is a membrane transport protein of uncertain specificity (>O+ or 3* andunkno#n physiological role!'6)'7) The three"dimensional structure of the related -*>/ protein

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-rhprev-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-arcbs-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHD_(gene)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHCGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHCGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-rhprev-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-arcbs-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHD_(gene)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_transport_proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHCG


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and biochemical analysis of the -h1 protein comple& indicates that the -h1 protein is one of three subunits of an ammonia transporter !'8)'+9) Three recent studies'+)'++)'+) ha%e reported aprotecti%e effect of the -h1"positi%e phenotype, especially -h1hetero$ygosity, against thenegati%e effect of latent to&oplasmosis on psychomotor performance in infected subGects!-h1"negati%e compared to -h1"positi%e subGects #ithoutanamnestic titres of anti"-o>o#lasma antibodies ha%e shorter reaction times in tests of simple reaction times! And

con%ersely, -h1"negati%e subGects #ith anamnestic titres (i!e! #ith latent to&oplasmosise&hibited much longer reaction times than their -h1"positi%e counterparts! The publisheddata suggested that only the protection of -h1"positi%e hetero$ygotes #as long term innature the protection of -h1"positi%e homo$ygotes decreased #ith duration of the infection#hile the performance of -h1"negati%e homo$ygotes decreased immediately after theinfection!

Origin of RH! polymorphism'edit)

This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by veri:ying the cl

made and adding inline citations.


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rele%ant! In this respect, genotyping of blood groups has much simplified this detection of the%arious %ariants in the -h blood group system!

Partial !'edit)

It is important to differentiate #eak 1 (due to a 3uantitati*e difference in the 1 antigen from

partial 1 (due to a 3ualitati*e difference in the 1 antigen! 0imply put, the #eak 1 phenotypeis due to a reduced number of 1 antigens on a red blood cell! In contrast, the partial 1phenotype is due to an alteration in 1"epitopes! Thus, in partial 1, the number of 1 antigensis not reduced but the protein structure is altered! These indi%iduals, if alloimmuni$ed to 1,can produce an anti"1 antibody! Therefore, partial 1 patients #ho are donating blood shouldbe labeled as 1"positi%e but, if recei%ing blood, they should be labeled as 1"negati%e andrecei%e 1"negati%e units!'4)

In the past, partial 1 #as called @1 mosaic@ or @1 %ariant!@ 1ifferent partial 1 phenotypes aredefined by different 1 epitopes on the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane! Morethan 9 different partial 1 phenotypes ha%e been described! '4)

Rh null phenotype'edit)-h null indi%iduals ha%e no -h antigens (no -h or -hA/ on their red blood cells! As aconseuence of the absence of -h antigens, -h null red blood cells also lack urrently, 29 antigens ha%e been described in the -h group system among those describedhere, the 1, >, c, : and e antigens are the most important! The others are much less

freuently encountered or are rarely clinically significant! :ach is gi%en a number, though thehighest assigned number (>:0T or -*26 according to the I0BT terminology is not anaccurate reflection of the antigens encountered since many (e!g! -h7 ha%e beencombined, reassigned to other groups, or other#ise remo%ed!'+6)L+.

Rh antibodies'edit)

-h antibodies are Ig/ antibodies #hich are acuired through e&posure to -h"positi%e blood(generally either through pregnancy or transfusion of blood products! The 1 antigen is themost immunogenic of all the non"ABO antigens! Appro&imately 79R of indi%iduals #ho are1"negati%e and e&posed to a single 1"positi%e unit #ill produce an anti"1 antibody! Thepercentage of alloimmuni$ation is significantly reduced in patients #ho are acti%ely

e&sanguinating (some say to appro& 2R

'+7)

All -h antibodies e>ce#t 1 display dosage (antibody reacts more strongly #ith red cellshomo$ygous for an antigen than cells hetero$ygous for the antigen (:: stronger reaction %s:e!

-h antibodies are capable of causing hemolytic transfusion reactions #ith e&tra%ascularhemolysis! They may also result in se%ere hemolytic disease of the fetus andne#born(*1F3 or *13!

If anti": is detected, the presence of anti"c should be strongly suspected (due to combinedgenetic inheritance! It is therefore common to select c"negati%e and :"negati%e blood fortransfusion patients #ho ha%e an anti":! Anti"c is a common cause of delayed hemolytictransfusion reactions!'4)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#Blood_group_genotypinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#Blood_group_genotypinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#Blood_group_genotypinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Brecher_2005-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Brecher_2005-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_transfusion_reactionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_transfusion_reactionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_fetus_and_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_fetus_and_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type#Blood_group_genotypinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Brecher_2005-27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh_blood_group_system&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_transfusion_reactionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_fetus_and_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_fetus_and_newbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system#cite_note-Mais.2C_DD_2009-16


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What Is a Blood Transfusion?

A blood transfusion is a safe, common procedure in which you receive blood through an

intravenous (IV) line inserted into one of your blood vessels.

Blood transfusions are used to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion

also might be done if your body cant ma!e blood properly because of an illness.

"uring a blood transfusion, a small needle is used to insert an IV line into one of your blood

vessels. #hrough this line, you receive healthy blood. #he procedure usually ta!es $ to % hours,

depending on how much blood you need.

Blood transfusions are very common. &ach year, almost ' million Americans need a blood

transfusion. ost blood transfusions go well. ild complications can occur. Very rarely, serious

problems develop.

Important Information About Blood

#he heart pumps blood through a networ! of arteries and veins in the body. Blood has many vital

jobs. or e*ample, it carries o*ygen and other nutrients to your bodys organs and tissues. +aving

a healthy supply of blood is important for your overall health.

Blood is made up of various parts, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (-A#&

lets), and plasma. Blood is transfused either as whole blood (with all its parts) or, more often, as

individual parts.


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Blood Types

&very person has one of the following blood types/ A, B, AB, or 0. Also, every persons blood is

either 1hpositive or 1hnegative. 2o, if you have type A blood, its either A positive or A negative.

#he blood used in a transfusion must wor! with your blood type. If it doesnt, antibodies (proteins)in your blood attac! the new blood and ma!e you sic!.

#ype 0 blood is safe for almost everyone. About %3 percent of the population has type 0 blood.

eople who have this blood type are called universal donors. #ype 0 blood is used for emergencies

when theres no time to test a persons blood type.

eople who have type AB blood are called universal recipients. #his means they can get any type

of blood.

If you have 1hpositive blood, you can get 1hpositive or 1hnegative blood. But if you have 1h

negative blood, you should only get 1hnegative blood. 1hnegative blood is used for emergencies

when theres no time to test a persons 1h type.

Blood Banks

Blood ban!s collect, test, and store blood. #hey carefully screen all donated blood for infectious

agents (such as viruses) or other factors that could ma!e you sic!. (or more information, go

to 45hat Are the 1is!s of a Blood #ransfusion64)

Blood ban!s also screen each blood donation to find out whether its type A, B, AB, or 0 and

whether its 1hpositive or 1hnegative. 7ou can get very sic! if you receive a blood type that

doesnt wor! with your own blood type. #hus, blood ban!s carefully test donated blood.

#o prepare blood for a transfusion, some blood ban!s remove white blood cells. #his process is

called white cell or leu!ocyte (-8!osite) reduction. Although rare, some people are allergic to

white blood cells in donated blood. 1emoving these cells ma!es allergic reactions less li!ely.

9ot all transfusions use blood donated from a stranger. If youre going to have surgery, you may

need a blood transfusion because of blood loss during the operation. If its surgery that youre able

to schedule months in advance, your doctor may as! whether you would li!e to use your own

blood, rather than donated blood.

If you choose to use your own blood, you will need to have blood drawn one or more times prior to

the surgery. A blood ban! will store your blood for your use.

Alternatives to Blood $ransfusions

1esearchers are trying to find ways to ma!e blood. :urrently, no manmade alternative to human

blood e*ists. +owever, researchers have developed medicines that may help do the job of some

blood parts.

or e*ample, some people who have !idney problems ta!e a medicine called erythropoietin. #his

medicine helps their bodies ma!e more red blood cells. As a result, they may need fewer blood

transfusions.

2urgeons try to reduce the amount of blood lost during surgery so that fewer patients need bloodtransfusions. 2ometimes they can collect and reuse the blood for the patient.

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/bt/risks.htmlhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/bt/risks.html


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pyrogenic * fever producing

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ABO Blood Group System CAI

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