Abraham Lincoln – Marfan SyndromeEmily Dickinson – Manic Depression

Vincent Van Gogh – EpilepsyAlbert Einstein – Dyslexia

John F. Kennedy – Addison’s DiseaseRita Hayworth – Alzheimer’s Disease

Ray Charles – Primary GlaucomaStephen Hawking – Amyotrophic Lateral

Sclerosis

Of course you may not have been born!

Chapter 9 Frontiers of Biotechnology

In most cases of genetic engineering, scientists start by cutting the DNARestriction enzymes = enzymes that cut DNA

at a specific spotHundreds of restriction enzymes are used as tiny scissors

Restriction enzymes either leave a “blunt end or sticky

end”

Once DNA is cut up it can be studied in a couple ways

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate the pieces 1. DNA is loaded into a gel

2. Voltage is applied3. DNA has a negative charge, it moves toward the positive end

Little pieces move fastBig pieces move slow

Instead of adding paper/toner, add DNA polymerase and free bases

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows scientists to make many copies of DNA

PCR is like a copy machine for DNA

DNA fingerprinting take advantage of restriction enzymes and the fact that everyone's DNA is different

Created using gel electrophoresis

A clone = genetically identical copy of a gene/organism

Dolly was the first clone of an adult mammal

Cloning occurs naturally (plants/bacteria/twins)

Genetic engineering = changing DNA to give new traits

Recombinant DNA = DNA that contains genes from more than 1 organism

Plasmid = closed loop of DNA separated from the rest

Bacteria is often used in genetic engineering

Restriction enzymes + plasmid + sticky ends = recombinant DNA

Transgenic bacteria can be used to create human proteins

Transgenic organism = has genes from another organism

Transgenic plants create natural pesticidesTransgenic mice are models of human

development

The Human Genome Project sequenced all human DNA

Genomics = study of genomes/ gene sequences

Genetic screenings can identify disordersGene therapy could help cure those

disorders