Absolute Monarchies in Europe
Chapter 7 Europe in Crisis: Wars of Religion
Section 1 Religious Wars of Europe
By 1560, Calvinism (Protestant) and Catholicism had become militant (violent) Trying to win converts & eliminate authority Religious wars were the chief cause of crisis in the 16th century French Wars of Religion ( ) Kings persecuted Protestants; in spite of persecution, Protestantism still spread Political strife caused by religious wars French Protestantism Huguenots French Protestants
7% of French population 40% of Nobility = powerful political threat to monarchy Growing opposition to the monarchy will add to the power of the Protestants Religious Wars French Wars of Religion
St. Bartholomews Day Massacre (Paris 1572) Many Nobles, who were Huguenots (French Protestants), were in Paris on that day Prince Henry of Navarre becomes king of France Pictured: Henri IV or Henry of Navarre Henry IV of Navarre He is Protestant, but converts to Catholicism in order to be accepted as the ruler of France. First Bourbon king (monarchial family) Edict of Nantes: declaration of religious toleration between Huguenots & Catholics in France to create peace in France Rebuilt Frances prosperity, restored the French monarch to power Assassinated in 1610, stabbed by a fanatic He was assassinated by a Catholic religious fanatic because he believed Henry was just pretending to be Catholic and the Edict of Nantes was a travesty (tolerated Protestants) Philip II King Philip II of Spain
Militant Catholic He believed Spain was a nation of people chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics The Spanish drove out the Turks (Muslims) from Spain in 1571 Holy League Philip weakens Spain Spanish Netherlands richest part of empire
Philip tightened control over Protestant region (not a good idea) & Tried to stop Calvinism in the Netherlands Strongly opposed by Nobles in the Netherlands War between Spain & Netherlands ended with a truce after 12 years (unsuccessful by Philip & caused domestic problems) Elizabeth Tudor Ascended to throne in 1558 Daughter of Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy Head of moderate Protestant Church of England Elizabeth inherited her half-sisters problems from her reign religious laws repealed by Elizabeth in attempts to create a moderate church and monarchy to please both Catholics and Protestants. Elizabeth Tudor & England
England became leader of Protestant nations of Europe & world empire Tried to keep Spain & France from becoming too powerful Francis Drake pirate; raided Spanish ships Philip II wanted to invade England thought the Catholic population in England would rise against the queen Spanish Armada 1588, Philip II prepared an armada, a fleet of warships
Spain did not have the ships or man power needed to defeat England Hoped for a miracle from God The English defended themselves against the Spanish Armada Philip believed the Spanish were Gods chosen people to bring Catholicism back to strength & fight Protestants Social Crises, War, and Revolution
Section 2 Types of Government Dictatorship/ Totalitarian: undivided rule or absolute power by a single person Monarchy: undivided rule or absolute power by a single person or family Constitutional Monarchy: divided rule between a single person (or family) and a legislative body (Parliament) Oligarchy: few people rule, a group or family Democracy: People rule Divine Right: monarch chosen by God to rule; monarchy only accountable to God (not people) Students need to use their Types of Government graphic organizers. Thirty Years War Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1618 (Catholic)
Holy Roman Empire (HRE) = German States RuledCzech kingdom of Bohemia (Protestant) --Bohemians did not trust Ferdinand II Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches ->Bohemians rebelled = beginning of Thirty Years War Conflict over religion & territory & power between European monarchs Ask students to identify the cause-and-effect relationship in the Thirty Years War event. Students will write these cause-effect relationships on the graphic organizer. Each section will be filled in either using the notes (during the interactive presentation) or using the textbooks. Results of the Thirty Years War
Destructive all major European countries (except England) involved Peace of Westphalia All German states could chose their own religion Recognized as individual states European countries involved gained territory & power France became the most power because of this No more Holy Roman Empire Interactive Notes Graphic Organizer
Monarch Conflicts with Parliament James I Charles I James II Students need to copy down the following graphic organizer into their notes section, or on a separate sheet of paper that can be inserted into their notes section. Can be used as output when filled in by students using the textbook. Monarchs Defy Parliament
Elizabeth I dies with no heir, her cousin, James Stuart of Scotland, becomes ruler of England, 1603 (James I) James I, struggled with Parliament over money & with Puritan members over reforms of the English Church James is CATHOLIC! Parliament & majority of England is PROTESTANT Charles I, 1625 Like father like son King James I = King James Version of the Holy Bible James I/Charles I, like father like son! Parliament passed a petition that prohibited the passage of taxes without Parliamentary consentCharles I did not accept petition because it limited his (monarchys) power. POWER STRUGGLE Parliaments Response to Charles I
Parliament refused to grant Charles I any money until he signed the Petition of Right: He would not imprison subjects without due cause. He would not levy taxes without Parliaments consent. He would not house soldiers in private homes. He would not impose martial law in peacetime. Petition of Right became important in establishing the law was above the king in England. Does the petition of right sound familiar? (Well, it will next yearDeclaration of Independence.) Charles Is Response to Parliament
He ignored petition 1629, dissolved Parliament (adjourned it) and refused to call it back into session He imposed fees and fines on the English people to get money His popularity severely decreased year by year English Civil War Parliament passed laws to limit royal power Charles arrested leaders of Parliament Enraged mob of Londoners outside of palace Charles fled London & raised an army of those loyal to him (north of England) Royalists/Cavaliers = supporters of Charles I Oliver Cromwell = general of the New Model Army military genius Roundheads Puritans, supporters of Cromwell Oliver Cromwell Rules England
1649, Cromwell & Puritans bring Charles I to trial for treason against Parliament, found guilty and sentenced to death = beheaded Cromwell abolished the monarchy & House of Lords (symbols of upper class) Established a commonwealth (republican form of government) Cromwell became a military dictator, ripped up a draft of a constitution Charles I was beheaded publically, why do you think the courts & Parliament decided to publically execute Charles I? Do you think they were trying to send a message? What kind of message do you think they were sending? Why or why not? House of Lords is comparable to the Senate, but it was appointed by the wealthy nobility of the country. Restoration 1658, Cromwell dies, govt he established collapsed (no dictator to rule w/o him) Parliament voted to ask Charles II, Charles I eldest son to rule England = Restoration Guarantees of freedom, habeas corpus: to have the body right to be brought before a judge & told of formal charges against you Protected citizens against monarchs putting opposition in jail for the sake of it Parliament debated who should succeed Charles II? What was being restored during the restoration? The monarch of Charles I his son was taking the throne that was rightfully his before Cromwell went on a rampage and became a military dictator. Do you think Cromwell was justified in executing Charles I and taking over the government? Why or why not, support your answer through a discussion. Revolution 1685, Charles II dies, James II becomes king
Appoints Catholics to high office, against the law Parliament protests appointments, James II dissolves Parliament James II has a son, English terrified of the future of being ruled by Catholics Parliament invited William & Mary (James IIs older daughter) to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism The major debate was over a Catholic should be able to rule in England again. It was a disaster when Mary was allowed to rule after her father & brother were Protestants and England came under Protestant (Church of England) rule. Glorious Revolution William led his army into London James II fled to France without putting up a fight therefore, a BLOODLESS revolution = GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Limits on Monarchs Power
William & Mary recognized Parliament as their PARTNER in governing = switch from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy English Bill of Rights: clarified the limits of royal power. A ruler could not: Suspend Parliaments laws Levy taxes without a grant from Parliament Interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament Penalty for a citizen who petitions king about grievances. Students call pull out their charts (Types of government) in order to refresh themselves on the definition of constitutional monarchy. Do the English bill of rights sound familiar to the Bill of Rights that is included in the U.S. Constitution? Hm, doesnt that seem odd? Nope. Response to Crises: Absolutism
Section 3 Power Struggles Louis XIII (Henry IVs son) becomes king in he is 9 y.o. Needs advisor because he is young & weak, chooses Cardinal Richelieu Becomes the most hated Frenchmen, but most successful After Henry IVs death, his son, Louis XIII (9 years old!) took the throne. He was weak. He appointed a strong minister to make up for his weaknesses. Cardinal Richelieu was a hardworking Church leader in France. Wanted to pursue his political ambitions, could as Louis XIIIs advisor. He wanted to make the Bourbon monarch the absolute power of France & make France the leading power of Europe. He did this by: Moved against the Huguenots - he did not want them to defy the king. Tried to weaken the nobles power, increased the power of the government Louis XIV comes to power
Sun King, he thought that all power radiated from him. Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieus hand-picked successor, but not the true ruler of France Anti-Mazarin riots by nobles Failed because: 1. nobles distrusted one another 2. Govt used violent repression 3. Peasants & people of France accepted the absolute power of the king. Louis XIV was the most powerful ruler of French history. -He was 14 years old when he took the throne. -Cardinal Mazarin was an Italian that was hand-picked to succeed Cardinal Richelieu and advise the king. Mazarin was extremely hated mainly because he was picked by Richelieu, and no one liked him either! King Louis XIV hated the nobility because they threatened his right to govern and challenged his authority as king. Louis did not like this, and his goal was to take all the power away from the nobles and become an absolute ruler. -Eventually, Louis XIV succeeded in becoming an absolute ruler. King Louis XIV 1661 (22 y.o.) becomes the absolute ruler of France
Jean Baptiste Colbert, finance minister Mercantilism Self-sufficiency = high tariffs Gave govt funds & tax benefits to manufacturers Colbert did a lot to help the economy of France in attempts of making France the most power and wealthiest After Colbert died, Louis canceled the Edict of Nantes which caused a recession of the French economy because it drove out many of the merchants and manufacturers that were Huguenots. Decreased Frances wealth. Palace of Versailles How do you think the people of the United States would feel if President Bush decided to build a HUGE and ELABORATE palace in Crawford, Texas because he preferred the country to the city of Washington, D.C? Well, first, wed all probably be very upset he was spending tax payers $ to fund the building, right? Then, wed be upset because Washington, DC is our seat of government, and the Leg. & judicial branches would be upset too. Wouldnt we really feel like he was trying to take over and really decide the way the government will be run? All this is a little like what King Louis XIV did when he build his palace he called Versailles. He built the palace outside of the capital of Paris because he preferred the country to the city. Versailles was built on a marshy area of land that was near the village of Versailles & an old hunting lodge of his fathers, Louis XIII. It took him 25 years to build the grand palace, which was an expression of Louis XIVs absolute power & divine right. Palace could house 10,000 people. He built apartments for French aristocrats (nobility) and bureaucracy. Moved the seat of government in France from Paris to Versaille Palace. Uniting Spain & France Charles II, Spanish king dies with no heir.
Makes a deal with Louis XIV to give throne to his nephew Philip (a French Bourbon) The deal would unite France & Spain under one family- the Bourbons. Great Britain, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal, several German & Italian states joined together to stop this union of France & Spain War of Spanish Succession
Struggle stop union of France & Spain under the Bourbons Treaty of Utrecht Philip allowed to rule Spain, but cannot unite France & Spain Legacy of Louis XIV Died in 1715
French were relieved of his death because he had put the country into so much debt Positive Legacy: France was a country to be reckoned with Origins of Absolutism in Europe
Absolute Monarchs: kings or queens who held all the power within their nations boundaries--control all aspects of society. Divine Right: idea that God created the monarchy and the monarch acted as Gods representative on earth An idea that absolute monarchs STRONGLY believed Absolute monarchs only answered to God, not his or her subjects (the people) Causes of Absolutism Religious & Territorial conflicts led to continuous warfare during the 17th century = chaos & upheaval in Europe Rulers regulated everything from religious worship to social gatherings. Goal of rulers = free themselves from limitations imposed by the nobility and Parliament Use transparency to fill in graphic organizer that lists cause-effect relationships of absolutism First Czar Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible 3 years old when he came to power in 1533 First Russian to use the name czar relating to caesar Killed his son (heir to the throne), leaving his weaker son who was incapable of ruling = disaster for Russians argument over czar Romanov dynasty comes to power after Russian nobles choose them to rule Ruled for 300 years, until the Russian Revolution. Peter the Great Czar Peter I known as Peter the Great because he became Russians greatest reformers & increased the czars power Grand Embassy Peters tour of Western Europe to learn about culture, customs, & manufacturing techniques Ultimately westernized Russia, brought them in competition with Western Europe & made Russia part of Europe. During this period in Russian history, Russia was stuck in the Middle Ages: serfdom/feudalism were the ways of wealthy landlords of Russia, called boyars. Russian landowners wanted to make huge profits by selling agricultural products to Western Russia. Peter the Great realized he wanted to make Russia a part of Europe and westernize Russia. He did so in many ways, specifically reforming Russian society. Peters Reforms Russian Orthodox Church brought under state control, controlled by Holy Synod Reduced power of landowners by recruiting men from lower-ranking families & promoted them to positions of power & gave land Military were given European weapons & drill tactics, soldier became lifetime job Westernization of Russia
Introduced potatoes, which became a staple in the Russian diet Started Russias first newspaper Raised womens status by having them attend social gatherings Ordered nobles to give up traditional clothes for Western fashions Advanced education by opening a school of navigation & schools of arts & sciences Key to Russias Success
EDUCATION! Encouraged Russians to study science, arts, culture abroad. Window on Europe Baltic coast seaport St. Petersburg Symbol of Peter the Greats attempts to westernize Russia