ACADEMIC DISCOURSE

DOCUMENTATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AND

IN-TEXT DOCUMENTATION

DIFFERENT DOCUMENTATION STYLES

author-title system of citation

used in Literature and the Humanities

MLA (Modern Language Association)

author-date system of citation

used in social sciences

APA (American Psychological Association)

Chicago Style

ELEMENTS OF A DOCUMENTATION STYLE

In this course we will deal mainly with:

(1) How we write a bibliography at the end of an article, a paper or a book

(2) How we cite sources inside an article, a paper or a book (in-text documentation)

The author-date system of citationReference List: Basic Rules

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper provide the information necessary for a reader to

locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper.

Please note that: Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your

reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

The author-date system of citationReference List: Basic Rules

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay.

Label this page References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. It should be double-spaced just like the rest of your

essay.

BASIC FORMAT FOR BOOKSSingle Author

Author, A. A. (Year of publication)Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Levinson, S. R. (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

To note: Colon (:) after place of publication Italics for title Capitals for all words in the title

Two or more books by the same author

Tannen, D. (1984) Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Tannen, D. (1990) You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation. New York: Morrow.

Two (or more) works by the same author are ordered by date of publication.

To note: Colon (:) after place of publication Italics for title Capitals for all words in the title

A book by two or more authors

Author, A. and Author, B. (date) Book title. Location: Publisher.

Brown, P. and Yule, G. (1983) Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

In the case of joint authorship, all authors should be included, regardless of the number, in the order in which they appear on the book.

A book by a corporate author

UNESCO (1953) The Use of Vernacular Languages in Education. Monographs on Fundamental Education.

An anonymous (no author) book

Business Japanese, vols. I and II (1985) Tokyo: Nissan Motor Company.

Edited Book

Author, A. (ed.)(Year of publication)Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Coates, J. (ed.) (1998) Language and Gender: A reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

To note: Colon (:) after place of publication Italics for title Capitals for all words in the title Fullstop after ‘ed.’

Lascaratou, C., Despotopoulou, A. and Ifantidou, E. (eds.) (2008) Reconstructing Pain and Joy: Linguistic, Literary, and Cultural Perspectives. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Article in an Edited Book

Author, A. (Year of publication) “Title of article” In A. Author (ed.) Title of book. Location: Publisher. Page numbers.

Eckert, P. (1998) “Gender and sociolinguistic variation”. In J. Coates (ed.) Language and Gender: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 64-75.

Notice that the title of an individual work/chapter appearing in an edited book is placed in quotation marks, with only the first word capitalized.

Also, the name of the editor appears in reverse order with first name followed by surname.

Mitsikopoulou, B. (2008) “Representations of pain in ‘war against terrorism’ pedagogies”. In C. Laskaratou, A. Despotopoulou and E. Ifantidou (eds.) Reconstructing Pain and Joy: Linguistic, Literary, and Cultural Perspectives. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 313-338.

Article in a Journal

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., and Author, C. C. (Year). “Title of article”. Journal title volume number(issue number): pages.

Knapp, M.L, Hopper, R. & Bell, R. (1984) “Compliments: a descriptive taxonomy”. Journal of Communication 34(4): 12-31.

To note: Colon (:) after volume or issue number. Issue number in

parentheses Italics for title of journal Capitals only for the first word of the title

Article in a Magazine

Author, A. A. (Year, month day). “Title of article”. Magazine title. pages.

Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). “Making the grade in today's schools”. Time. 28-31.

Article in a Newspaper

Author, A. A. (Year, month day). “Title of article”. Newspaper title. pp newspaper section.

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). “Calls made to strengthen state energy policies.” The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4.

ACTIVITY 3: Compiling a reference list (Reader p.121-122)

(1) A book by one author

Shortis, T. (2001) The Language of ICT: Information and Communication Technology. London: Routledge.

(2) A book by two authors

Palmer, R. R. and Colton, J. (1983) A History of the Modern World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

(3) An anonymous (no author) book

The Chicago Manual of Style (1982) Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

(4) A chapter in an edited book

Machura, L. (1991) “Using literature in language teaching”. In C. Brumfit, J. Moore and R. Tongue (eds.) Teaching English to Children. London: Collins ELT. 67-80.

(5) An article in a Journal

Harrington, H. R. (1983) “Anthony Powell, Nicolas Poussin, and the structure of time”. Contemporary Literature 24(3): 431-448.

(6) An article in a magazine

Callahan, T. (1988, June 27) “Boxing's Allure”. Time Magazine 131(26): 66-77.

(7) A book review published in a magazine

Wolff, S. C. (1981, June 5) “Stellar Physics”. [Review of The Brightest Star, by C. De Jager]. Science Magazine 212 (4499): 1139.

(8) An article in a newspaper

Brown, C. and Sengupta, K. (2004, May 25) “Afghanistan, the war the world forgot”. The Independent, Sec. 3. 3

(9) An unsigned newspaper editorial

“The governor wants a watchdog”. (1988, June 12) The Plain Dealer, Sec. C. 4.

(10) An encyclopedia entry

Struning, W.C. (1976) “Coffee”. Encyclopedia Americana.

HOW TO WRITE THE

REFERENCE LIST

REFERENCE LISTBasic rules

All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

Reference list entries should appear alphabetically by the last name of the first author of each work.

Hanging indentation

REFERENCE LISTBasic rules (2)

Authors' names are inverted (last name first)

Give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors.

If the work has more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's name to indicate the rest of the authors.

REFERENCE LISTBasic rules (3)

If you have: more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-author

references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.

References

Brown, C. and Sengupta, K. (2004, May 25) “Afghanistan, the war the world forgot”. The Independent. 3. Sec. 3.

Callahan, T. (1988, June 27) “Boxing's Allure”. Time Magazine 131(26): 66-77.

The Chicago Manual of Style (1982) Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

“The Governor Wants a Watchdog”. (1988, June 12) The Plain Dealer. 4. Sec. C.

Harrington, H. R. (1983) “Anthony Powell, Nicolas Poussin, and the structure of time”. Contemporary Literature 24(3): 431-448.

cont

Machura, L. (1991) “Using literature in language teaching”. In C. Brumfit, J. Moore and R. Tongue (eds.) Teaching English to Children. London: Collins ELT. 67-80.

Palmer, R. R. and Colton, J. (1983) A History of the Modern World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Shortis, T. (2001) The Language of ICT: Information and Communication Technology. London: Routledge.

Struning, W.C. (1976) “Coffee”. Encyclopedia Americana.

Wolff, S. C. (1981, June 5) “Stellar Physics”. [Review of The Brightest Star, by C. De Jager]. Science Magazine 212 (4499): 1139.

An example of a Reference List

Ifantidou, E. and Mitsikopoulou B. (2007) Academic metadiscourse and relevance theory. In Γλωσσικός Περίπλους. Μελέτες αφιερωμένες στη Δήμητρα Θεοφανοπούλου-Κοντού. Αθήνα: Ινστιτούτο του Βιβλίου – Α. Καρδαμίτσα, 108-120.

Mitsikopoulou, B. (2006) Academic and digital literacies in a self-access center. Conference Proceedings of the European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing. Athens: Hellenic American Union. Conference CD.

Mitsikopoulou, B. and Tzanne, A. (2001) Developing academic literacies through self- study material. In Learning for the Future. Proceedings of the Learning Conference, Cope, B. and Kalatzis, M. (eds.) Australia: Common Ground Publishing.

Mitsikopoulou, B. and Tzanne, A. (2006) ICT and the development of academic literacies in a university language programme. In New Developments in Applied Linguistics, Kavadia, A., Tzoannopoulou, M. and Tsaggalidi, A. (eds.) Thessaloniki: Greek Association of Applied Linguistics, 647-659.

IN-TEXT DOCUMENTATION

In-Text Citations: Author/Authors

APA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author-date system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers.

Citing an Author or Authors

A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

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