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Achieving Maximum FlowsAchieving Maximum FlowsAchieving Maximum FlowsAchieving Maximum Flows
The Water Triangle...The Water Triangle...
The The FIREFIRE Tetrahedron TetrahedronThe The FIREFIRE Tetrahedron Tetrahedron
The WATER TriangleThe WATER Triangle
Represents limits to the pumping setupRepresents limits to the pumping setupRepresents limits to the pumping setupRepresents limits to the pumping setup
Water Triangle Assumptions...Water Triangle Assumptions...
Maximum flows are desired for the current situation
The situation is dynamic and therefore must be flexible
Automatic nozzles are utilized for greatest flexibility
When non-automatic nozzles are used, the required pressures for these lines are calculated first
To get maximum flow, we will always go to one of the water system limits
Maximum flows are desired for the current situation
The situation is dynamic and therefore must be flexible
Automatic nozzles are utilized for greatest flexibility
When non-automatic nozzles are used, the required pressures for these lines are calculated first
To get maximum flow, we will always go to one of the water system limits
Pumping Apparatus...Pumping Apparatus...
Semi-Tractor TrailerSemi-Tractor Trailer
55 MPH, 2600 RPM
55 MPH, 2600 RPM
200 PSI, 2200 RPM200 PSI, 2200 RPM
Fire PumperFire Pumper
Modern pumping apparatus...
Capable of pumping higher pressures & higher flows.
Modern pumping apparatus...
Capable of pumping higher pressures & higher flows.
Use this investment to its
fullest advantage.
Use this investment to its
fullest advantage.
Water TriangleSUPPLY
Water TriangleSUPPLY
Most often occurring limitation in major operations
Greatest effect on total available flow delivery
Takes the greatest effort!to improve
Limit indicated by the Compound, Vacuum, or Suction gauge
Most often occurring limitation in major operations
Greatest effect on total available flow delivery
Takes the greatest effort!to improve
Limit indicated by the Compound, Vacuum, or Suction gauge
Water TrianglePRESSURE
Water TrianglePRESSURE
Most often reached in lower flow situations
Often due to small hose linesEasiest to improve with current
technologyFlexible limitation based on equipmentEstablished by department S.O.P.’sGreatest control based on
circumstances
Limit indicated by Master Pressure gauge
Most often reached in lower flow situations
Often due to small hose linesEasiest to improve with current
technologyFlexible limitation based on equipmentEstablished by department S.O.P.’sGreatest control based on
circumstances
Limit indicated by Master Pressure gauge
Water TrianglePOWER
Water TrianglePOWER
With modern pumps & engines, rarely a concern
Usually occurs last only in MAJOR flow operations
Can occur in poorly maintained apparatus
Limit indicated by throttle all the way out Pump and/or engine at maximum output
With modern pumps & engines, rarely a concern
Usually occurs last only in MAJOR flow operations
Can occur in poorly maintained apparatus
Limit indicated by throttle all the way out Pump and/or engine at maximum output
Water TriangleSUPPLY
Water TriangleSUPPLY
How can it be improved?
Additional hydrants usedDrop additional supply linesLarger supply lines (LDH)More portable tanks, or
additional tanker capacity (rural)
Any combination of the above
How can it be improved?
Additional hydrants usedDrop additional supply linesLarger supply lines (LDH)More portable tanks, or
additional tanker capacity (rural)
Any combination of the above
Water TrianglePRESSURE
Water TrianglePRESSURE
How can it be improved?
Simple increase of throttleUse of larger delivery (attack
lines) for lower friction lossesVolume to Pressure on two-stage
pump
How can it be improved?
Simple increase of throttleUse of larger delivery (attack
lines) for lower friction lossesVolume to Pressure on two-stage
pump
Water TrianglePOWER
Water TrianglePOWER
How can it be improved?
Additional pumper to share the load
Reducing number of output lines to another pumper
Long term:
Changes to apparatus design having larger engines and pumps
How can it be improved?
Additional pumper to share the load
Reducing number of output lines to another pumper
Long term:
Changes to apparatus design having larger engines and pumps
Sample ApplicationSample Application
100 0 ft. 5 in .
300 ft. 4 in .
2 0 0 0 G PMHyd ra n t
300 ft. 3 "
1 3 /4" SB
2.5 " 300 Ft.
3" 2 00 ft. to Wye 250 ft. o f 1 -3 /4"
1 0 0 ft. o f 1 1 /2 "
Po rta b le m o n ito r
15/16 " SB
95 G PM Fo g
250 G PM Fo g
Sample w/ Automatic Nozzles &Water Triangle
Sample w/ Automatic Nozzles &Water Triangle Pumper 1- (at Hydrant) Pumps to 10 psi
on compound gauge or to end of throttle
Pumper 2- (Attack & Relay) Pumps to 10 psi on compound gauge, maintaining (with gates) maximum SOP pressure on handlines, and uses gates to direct remainder to aerial and monitor
Aerial 1- (Elevated & Handline) Pumps to Supply limit from Pumper 1, maintaining (with gate) maximum SOP pressure to 2.5” line
Pumper 1- (at Hydrant) Pumps to 10 psi on compound gauge or to end of throttle
Pumper 2- (Attack & Relay) Pumps to 10 psi on compound gauge, maintaining (with gates) maximum SOP pressure on handlines, and uses gates to direct remainder to aerial and monitor
Aerial 1- (Elevated & Handline) Pumps to Supply limit from Pumper 1, maintaining (with gate) maximum SOP pressure to 2.5” line
100 0 ft. 5 in .
300 ft. 4 in .
2 0 0 0 G PMHyd ra n t
300 ft. 3 "
1 3 /4" SB
2.5 " 300 Ft.
3" 2 00 ft. to Wye 250 ft. o f 1 -3 /4"
1 0 0 ft. o f 1 1 /2 "
Po rta b le m o n ito r
15/16 " SB
95 G PM Fo g
250 G PM Fo g
Sample w/ Automatic Nozzles & Water Triangle
Sample w/ Automatic Nozzles & Water Triangle What is the flow on each line
and nozzle?
Situation is dynamic and always changing as lines are opened and closed
It’s delivering the maximum water flow for THE SYSTEM as it currently exists
If more is needed, then it requires action to improve
SUPPLY, PRESSURE, or POWER!
What is the flow on each line and nozzle?
Situation is dynamic and always changing as lines are opened and closed
It’s delivering the maximum water flow for THE SYSTEM as it currently exists
If more is needed, then it requires action to improve
SUPPLY, PRESSURE, or POWER!
100 0 ft. 5 in .
300 ft. 4 in .
2 0 0 0 G PMHyd ra n t
300 ft. 3 "
1 3 /4" SB
2.5 " 300 Ft.
3" 2 00 ft. to Wye 250 ft. o f 1 -3 /4"
1 0 0 ft. o f 1 1 /2 "
Po rta b le m o n ito r
15/16 " SB
95 G PM Fo g
250 G PM Fo g