Creativity and Design

Day 3: How?

http://savic.cc/tag/feasibility/ http://www.wixomdesigns.com/architecture.php

1st century BC: firmitas, utilitas, venustas(technology, market, people)

31

Most people…

• Believe that failure is wrong

• Assume that success is failure-free

• Associate failure with embarrassment

• Fail twice: don’t learn once they fail

• Fear failure (kiasu, ‘scared to lose’)

• Dismiss, forget or hide their failures

ricardo_sosa@sutd.edu.sg

“Babe” Ruth hit 714 home runs in his career (1914-1935)

He also struck out 1,330 times in his career

http://www.flickr.com/photos/cliffbaise/4479440032

“Alfred Nobel was full of ideas; he said ‘If I have a

thousand ideas a year, and only one turns out to be

good, I am satisfied’. I, too, am full of ideas, and I

would be satisfied with one good idea per year”

Dr. Linus Paulinghttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laure

ates/1962/pauling-acceptance_en.html

Reflect

What is your attitude towards failure?

How have you been educated to face failure?

What could be positive about failing?

“Your attitude towards failure determines your altitude after failure”- John C. Maxwell

undergradsuccess.comfunnie.st/458449/epic-sports-fails/3

“Fail Early, Fail Fast and Fail Often”32

Learn from others’ mistakes

Identify the numerous failures behind successful people / businesses

Look for ‘trial and error’ processes (nature, science, society, etc.)

Fail gracefully and honestly, don’t hide your failures

http://www.digitaltrends.com/features/apples-worst-products-and-biggest-failures/

http://www.fastcompany.com/3038446/innovation-agents/failure-has-never-been-more-successful

“He failed business ventures, bankruptcy, and 302 rejections before finally receiving financing for Disney World”

https://medium.com/the-everyday-epiphany/failures-who-changed-the-world-ea7839783de3

“Every single one of these best-selling authors was initially rejected. Literary agents and publishers informed them in an endless stream of rejection letters that nobody would be

interested in reading their book”http://www.literaryrejections.com/best-sellers-initially-rejected/

“The Mysterious Affair at Styles waited five years before publication having been rejected by six publishers”

http://www.agathachristie.com/about-christie/

biography.com

Agatha ChristieJ.K. RowlingLouis L’AmourDr SeussJack Canfield & Mark Victor HansenC.S. LewisJames JoycePaulo CoelhoJ.D. SalingerBeatrix PotterMargaret MitchellIrving StoneStephenie MeyerH.G. Wells

Dr. Ricardo Sosa: sosa.ricardo@gmail.com

Try doing something new, anything you haven’t tried so far

Focus on your emotions toward error

Overcome, learn, persist and replicate

When and how is failure possible and important?

Can you use failure as a valuable and feasible working ethos?

What is the role of timing to turn failure into success?

Dr. Ricardo Sosa: sosa.ricardo@gmail.comhttp://thinkd.org/category/bad/

Not all failure is obvious

http://worldwide.hyundai.com/WW/Innovation/Design/DesignProcess/index.html

http://worldwide.hyundai.com/WW/Innovation/Design/DesignProcess/index.html

http://worldwide.hyundai.com/WW/Innovation/Design/DesignProcess/index.html

http://www.electrolux.com.sg/Innovation/Inside/Meet-the-designers/KIM-LIM/

http://www.kia.com/worldwide/experience-kia/design/

http://www.jamesdysonfoundation.com/design/process.asp

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/darby-roach/behind-the-scenes-at-nike_b_818132.html

http://www.zurb.com/word/design-processhttp://dm9barcelona.wordpress.com/2012/03/15/understanding-zaras-success/

http://www.design.philips.com/sites/philipsdesign/about/design/aboutus/approach/index.page

http://www.maelabs.ucsd.edu/mae3/handouts/design-process-Ullman.pdfvon Hippel 1993/ modified by: http://www.tuhh.de/tim/downloads/arbeitspapiere/Arbeitspapier_4.pdf

http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/43555/InTech-Sustainable_product_innovation_the_importance_of_the_front_end_stage_in_the_innovation_process.pdf

http://v2.centralstory.com/about/squiggle/

H Plattner, C Meinel & LJ Leifer (Eds.), Design Thinking: Understand–Improve–Apply. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.

http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/Documents/Images/Our%20work/Challenges/Health/AandE/Toolkit/DoubleDiamond_580.jpg

Design: iteration of divergence and convergence33

http://www.mech.utah.edu/senior_design/07/uploads/Main/Lect12-ConceptSelection.pdf

Funnel

1. Temporary choices: Overall process is convergent (hence funnel), but relies heavily on divergent decision-making

2. Successive approximations: Problem-solution coevolve together

3. Ideas are not light bulbs: Eureka! is less having the idea, and more understanding it

4. Clear vision: but remain flexible (pivoting)

5. No right/wrong responses, but more/less appropriate

6. Abductive reasoning: ban the phrase “prove it!”

7. F4: Fail early, fail cheap, fail often, fail different

“it goes from being a methodology to a mind-set”

A shift in the way to think about work is required34

http://www.flickr.com/photos/cuellar/4410049009/sizes/o/in/photostream/

Form

objective, stable, strong, motion, action, conventional, impersonal, rules, natural, settlement, revolution

Frame: to arrange or adjust for a purpose: ”The question was framed to draw only one answer”

http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/golden-ratio.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=085KSyQVb-U

https://vimeo.com/88132964

http://www.flickr.com/photos/pedrolmc/7164090959/sizes/c/in/photostream/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/tonythemisfit/3216348493/sizes/z/in/photostream/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/noyzmedia/2903967082/sizes/z/in/photostream/http://www.flickr.com/photos/g4r37h/3753545070/sizes/z/in/photostream/

http://www.sd.polyu.edu.hk/iasdr/proceeding/papers/A%20study%20on%20classifying%20the%20form%20of%20mobile%20phones%20with%20eidetic%20reduction%20method.pdf

http://world-viewer.com/data_images/volkswagen-bug/volkswagen-bug-06.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RbmKklO4n7o/TayJOee4d1I/AAAAAAAAdtI/od3XLTlDPrs/s1600/2012-volkswagen-beetle-live-4.jpg

http://www.thesupercars.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/Volkswagen-Beetle1.jpghttp://www.carsbase.com/photo/Volkswagen-New_Beetle_mp53_pic_1296.jpg

http://people.gnome.org/~federico/news-photos/2006-06-6755-casa-mila.jpghttp://www.natures-desktop.com/images/wallpapers/800x600/man-made/brick-red-chimneys.jpg

http://www.flickr.com/photos/jingleslenobel/6806186496/http://www.flickr.com/photos/tr1stan27/4408550933/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/wildhiss/4114375011/http://www.flickr.com/photos/thorhakonsen/3343636461/

http://www.hoax-slayer.com/images/dew-water-poison-hoax-1.jpg

http://nbu.bg/cogs/events/2002/materials/Peter/Recognition%20by%20Components.pdf

http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/news/4307736

http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/gadgets/news/4307736

Dr. Ricardo Sosa: sosa.ricardo@gmail.com

Dr. Ricardo Sosa: sosa.ricardo@gmail.comhttp://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/09/smartwatch-wars-the-apple-watch-versus-android-wear-in-screenshots/

http://www.thedesignquest.com/post.php?id=2803

Miloš 'Mickey' Vujičić http://www.designscene.net/2013/03/mickey-egg-chair-by-milos-mickey-vujicic.html

http://redmodernfurniture.com/2007/03/18/mickey-mouse-glove-chair/

http://www.coroflot.com/miguelalmena/Childrens-Furniture

http://bid.profilesinhistory.com/Mickey-Mouse-leather-chair-from-Disney-World-Toon-Town_i11538165

http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20105/lot/1229/http://blog.ba-stores.com/2010/12/20/walt-disney-furniture-for-children-room/

http://www.k24childplay.com.sg/product_info.php?cPath=5&products_id=48

http://www.coroflot.com/miguelalmena/Childrens-Furniturehttp://www.comparethebazaar.com/Compare-Prices/Mother-Amps;-Baby/Nursery-Care/Baby-Furniture_174

The shape of things is a complicated business that goes beyond superficial appearances and arbitrary choices

35

Thomas Edison

J. Utzon

Frank Gehry

http://www.brookbanham.com/sketches

A. G. Bell

Key idea is: speed sketching is NOT about aesthetic quality, but seeing/thinking/communicating in more and flexible ways to represent ideas

Sketching is quite useful to organise your ideas

And you will use it individually and in teams to generate ideas

Idea sketching is a basic ‘literacy tool’ for ideas (and has nothing to do with artistic drawing)

36

Lines

Basic 2D Shapes

• To draw freehand sketches

• Train you to use pencils, pens and markers to draw sketches

3. Basic 3D shapes[15”]

Extrusion

Orthogonal

Idea sketching helps you perceive the world37

http://images.bit-tech.net/content_images/2010/08/fun-with-remote-control-vehicles/ar.drone.jpg

http://www.lowcostbathrooms.com/images/products/zoom/1276601703-25790600.jpg

Top and front views

http://www.clker.com/cliparts/d/8/3/1/1310140523740641197apple-macbook-pro-mc374lla-13.3-inch-laptop-front-top-view-1.jpghttp://www.hightech-edge.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/macbook-pro.jpg

http://www.lenovo.com/images/gallery/main/lenovo-laptop-ideapad-z400-touch-dark-chocolate-front-back-view-1.jpg

http://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/07/Marfa-10by10-Candid-Rogers-Architect-3.jpg

Idea sketching helps you remember and analyse the world

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Draw top and front view of:

http://www.bryanchina.com/BPB-250H%20Squares%20Square%20Bowl%20Porcelain.jpg

Draw 3 views of:

http://www.piborg.com/images/TriBorg/TriBorg-PiCy-Full.png

Draw 3 views of:

http://freshome.com/2013/06/10/table-with-a-twist-the-kaari-table-by-juhani-horelli/

Idea sketching helps you imagine new worlds39

Build something with:

Form Activity

Draw a box (simple shape)

One of these shapes is

called “buba”, the other

“kiki”

Use 2 geometries of 3 sides as initial

shapes to generate as many unique

compositions resulting in more

than 2 final geometries

1 2

sample composition resulting in more than 2 shapes

1

2

3

Use 2 geometries of 3 sides as initial

shapes to generate as many unique

compositions resulting in more

than 2 final geometries

this composition features:shape #1 = 6 sidesshape #2 = 4 sidesshape #3 = 3 sides

how many unique compositions can you create combining 2 triangles?

3

2

1

g’ (s’1… s’n) s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 s8 s9 s10 s11 s12 s13 s14 s15 s16 s17 s18 s19 s20 s21 s22 s23 s24 s25 y

3 [3,3,3] x 1

3 [3,3,4] x 1

3 [3,3,4] x 1

3 [4,5,6] x 1

4 [3,3,3,4] x 1

4 [3,3,4,4] x 1

5 [3,3,3,3,5] x 1

3 [3,3,4] x x 0.5

3 [3,3,6] x x 0.5

3 [3,4,5] x x 0.5

4 [3,3,3,4] x x 0.5

4 [3,3,4,4] x x 0.5

5 [3,3,3,3,4] x x x 0.3

3 [3,4,5] x x x x 0.25

4 [3,3,3,4] x x x x 0.25

4 [3,3,3,4] x x x x 0.25

4 [3,3,4,5] x x x x 0.25

3 [3,3,3] x x x x x 0.2

3 [3,3,5] x x x x x 0.2

4 [3,3,3,3] x x x x x 0.2

4 [3,3,4,5] x x x x x 0.2

5 [3,3,3,3,4] x x x x x 0.2

3 [3,3,5] x x x x x x 0.16

5 [3,3,4,4,5] x x x x x x 0.16

4 [3,3,4,4] x x x x x x x 0.14

5 [3,3,3,4,4] x x x x x x x 0.14

3 [3,3,4] x x x x x x x x x 0.11

6 [3,3,3,3,3,5] x x x x x x x x x 0.11

3 [3,4,4] x x x x x x x x x x x 0.09

3 [3,4,7] x x x x x x x x x x x x 0.08

3 [3,3,3] x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0.07

5 [3,3,3,5,5] x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0.07

4 [3,3,3,3] x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0.07

5 [3,3,3,3,4] x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0.07

5 [3,3,4,4,4] x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0.05

7 [3,3,3,3,3,3,6] x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0.04

3 [4,5,5] x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0.04

FLUENCY 10 10 5 10 6 9 10 6 7 11 8 7 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 16 9 14 15 11 16

ORIGINALITY 1.2 1.1 0.6 1.4 0.9 2.2 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.4 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.5 3.3 0.9 2 2.5 1.8 2.7 3.7 1.7 2.1

Divergent reasoning is core to creativity, it’s also damn difficult!

40

shape combinations (exploration, 1M steps) instances solutions by humans

{ 5,0,0,0,6 [3, 3, 4, 4, 4] } 253598 76%

{ 3,1,0,0,5 [3, 4, 6] } 160226 96%

{ 5,1,0,0,5 [3, 3, 3, 5, 5] } 94688 52%

{ 3,2,0,0,4 [3, 4, 7] } 49013 48%

{ 5,1,0,0,5 [3, 3, 4, 4, 5] } 28237 24%

{ 3,2,0,0,4 [4, 5, 5] } 23081 92%

{ 7,0,0,0,6 [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 6] } 12171 84%

{ 5,2,0,0,4 [3, 3, 4, 4, 6] } 4675 0%

{ 3,3,0,0,3 [4, 5, 6] } 1958 4%

{ 4,0,1,0,5 [3, 3, 4, 4] } 945 28%

{ 5,0,1,0,5 [3, 3, 3, 4, 4] } 775 28%

{ 4,1,1,0,4 [3, 3, 4, 5] } 395 20%

{ 3,1,1,0,4 [3, 4, 5] } 345 16%

{ 6,0,1,0,5 [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5] } 214 36%

{ 3,1,1,0,4 [3, 3, 6] } 174 8%

{ 3,1,0,1,4 [3, 3, 5] } 171 24%

{ 5,1,1,0,4 [3, 3, 3, 4, 5] } 163 0%

{ 4,0,0,1,5 [3, 3, 3, 4] } 150 16%

{ 5,0,0,1,5 [3, 3, 3, 3, 4] } 121 12%

{ 4,1,1,0,4 [3, 4, 4, 4] } 75 0%

{ 4,1,0,1,4 [3, 3, 4, 4] } 68 4%

{ 3,2,1,0,3 [3, 4, 6] } 61 0%

{ 3,2,1,0,3 [4, 4, 5] } 23 0%

{ 4,2,1,0,3 [3, 4, 4, 5] } 11 0%

{ 3,2,0,1,3 [4, 4, 4] } 6 0%

{ 3,0,2,0,4 [3, 4, 4] } 5 44%

{ 4,0,2,0,4 [3, 3, 4, 4] } 3 8%

{ 5,0,2,0,4 [3, 3, 3, 3, 5] } 3 4%

{ 4,0,1,1,4 [3, 3, 3, 3] } 2 20%

{ 4,0,2,0,4 [3, 3, 3, 4] } 2 4%

{ 3,1,1,1,3 [3, 3, 4] } 1 0%

{ 4,1,2,0,3 [3, 3, 4, 5] } 1 0%

{ 5,0,2,0,4 [3, 3, 3, 3, 4] } 1 20%

Low-score or invalid solutions can lead to valuable and uncommon solutions

Task: “to find 3 or more final geometries and shapes of 5 sides” a) solution {2,1,3,2,0 (3,6)} and b) solution {4,1,3,2,0

(3,3,4,5)}

Bad ideas can be very valuable for creative ideation (richness is arguably more important)

41

Observation

We see but we don’t observe, we talk but don’t listen, we measure but don’t understand

42

significance

interpretation

intent

express

sense

message

value

purpose

meaning

Richard Seymour: How beauty feels

http://www.ted.com/talks/richard_seymour_how_beauty_feels.html

Chris Bangle: “Great cars are Art”

http://www.ted.com/talks/chris_bangle_says_great_cars_are_art.html

“Cars are not a suit of clothes; cars are an avatar. Cars are an expansion of yourself: they take your thoughts, your ideas, your emotions, and they multiply it -- your anger, whatever. It's an avatar.”

http://www.straitstimes.com/sites/straitstimes.com/files/coe%20chart%20large.html

http://significantobjects.com/about/

Original price: 99 cents. Final price: $157.50

http://www.slideshare.net/stephen.cox/design-anthropologists-mindset-ux-australia-2012

Design translates values into experiences43

Design Anthropology

Rapid ethnography project• Religious items (faith, belonging, protection)

• Vespa (achievement, independence)

• House, flat, car (achievement, personality, security)

• Soccer shoes (function), fountain pen from college (memories)

• Glasses (function), hair gel (identity), oven (it’s complicated), Pokemon toy (hard to obtain)

• Painting (confidence, self-esteem), ring last present given from his father (loneliness, reconciliation)

• Portraits, rings, presents, blankets, suitcase, custom-made: book, pillows, journals, signed items (promises, attachment, relationships, memories from times, self and others)

• Traditional musical instruments (authority, pride, belonging, giving)

• Beyond objects: smells, ways of acquiring, spaces

• Context, stories, past and memories, achievement, plans, items lost, from 8 to 90 years old (family members, colleagues, helpers), conscious effort of reflection, articulation and empathy, maker culture and ‘scars’, honest/accurate responses, future: investment or preparing something for children, giving and receiving, children more functional but even from young age (2): “mommy/daddy bought it”, things that lose vs. gain value over time.

• Accomplishment: achieving goals• Beauty: appreciation of qualities that give pleasure to the senses or spirit• Community: sense of unity with others around us and a general connection• Creation: sense of having produced something new and original• Duty: willing application of oneself to a responsibility• Enlightenment: clear understanding through logic or inspiration• Freedom: sense of living without unwanted constraints• Harmony: balanced and pleasing relationship of parts to a whole• Justice: assurance of equitable and unbiased treatment• Oneness: sense of unity with everything around us• Redemption: atonement or deliverance from past failure or decline• Security: freedom from worry about loss• Truth: commitment to honesty and integrity• Validation: recognition of oneself as a valued individual worthy of respect• Wonder: awe in the presence of a creation beyond one’s understanding

http://www.makingmeaning.org/meanings.html

Jan Chipchase: Design anthropology

http://www.ted.com/talks/jan_chipchase_on_our_mobile_phones.html

a)

b)

http://www.2011mediocrity.com

http://auto-blogger.org/automatic-transmission-vs-manual-transmission

http://www.miniusa.com/sections/manual/Hunch-Stick-vs-Automatic.jpg

http://www.miniusa.com/sections/manual/Hunch-Stick-vs-Automatic.jpg

http://www.miniusa.com/sections/manual/Hunch-Stick-vs-Automatic.jpg

http://www.miniusa.com/sections/manual/Hunch-Stick-vs-Automatic.jpg

http://www.miniusa.com/sections/manual/Hunch-Stick-vs-Automatic.jpg

Semantic Differential

1. Create a scale using polar adjectives (opposite-meaning terms)2. Use as a guide three dimensions: strength, value, and activity3. Ask subjects to rate an object or concept, assigning a mark on one of the five

(or seven) spaces along each dimension4. Positive and negative attributes should be varied from left to right

http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/scaling/semdiff.htm

Shang H Hsu, Ming C Chuang, Chien C Chang, A semantic differential study of designers’ and users’ product form perception, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Volume 25, Issue 4, May 2000, Pages 375-391

Kansei Engineering

http://www.dissertations.se/dissertation/519af530a6/

Kansei Engineering

http://www.fkm.utm.my/~arahim/car%20interior.pdf

Kansei Engineering

http://www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/conferences/CD_doNotOpen/ADC/final_paper/491.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTZo-T0SZRI

http://www.mazda.com/mazdaspirit/functionality/craftsmanship/craftsmanship4.html

Target users found this product irrelevant(meaning is weak, unclear or hard to justify)

Target users find this product vital(meaning is strong, clear or easy to justify)

http://socialinformaticsblog.com/2012/11/13/the-ethics-of-design-in-increasingly-complex-situations-the-case-of-a-broken-voting-machine/

“A failing of functionality indicts

the designer on charges of poor craftsmanship,

while a failure of procedure points to

general ineptitude”

Working right vs. Doing the right thing

www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XiWuxYHivU

http://www.ijdesign.org/ojs/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/170/146

Perceptual Maps

http://www.core77.com/reactor/04.06_xbox.asp

http://vimeo.com/6827740

http://www.ionoi.it/index.php?pages=article&cod=play-the-clownhttp://objectthinking.com/2010/05/16/thinkingobjects-an-introduction/

http://www.slideshare.net/piyush1702/sparking-innovation-through-empathic-design

http://www.slideshare.net/piyush1702/sparking-innovation-through-empathic-design

http://www.deanamcdonagh.com/drd.pdf

Empathy is a full-body experience44

Decomposing a product into functions

Function: “a statement of a clear, reproducible relationship between the available input and the

desired output –independent of any specific form”

Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson

Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson

Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson

Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson

Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson

169

Functional Representation

1. System boundaries should be carefully chosen and used consistently (starting with BB)

2. All functions should be verb-noun-[modifier] (e.g. import electricity)

3. All functions should be independent of objects (nouns) in the device. (turn gears change energy)

4. All functions should be device functions, not user functions. (If unavoidable, double-box user functions).

5. Prolific functions should be mapped with a ground symbol. (E.g. “dissipate heat” shown only once).

6. Combine redundant functions.

Completeness

1. Refine into as low-level functions as possible, without unnecessary detail.

2. Do functions adequately show fulfillment of given customer needs?

3. Do functions adequately show given flows traveling from entrance to exit?

4. Are the functions of each component in the product shown?

Cross-checks

1. Conservation of energy and mass, equilibrium of forces

2. Verify each flow has correct state and type (e.g. rotational energy)

3. Functions should be in sequence if dependent, and parallel if independent

Chapter 5 Otto and Wood “Product Design”, Pearson

Functional and activity analysis can become valuable synthesis tools too

45

Dr. Ricardo Sosa: sosa.ricardo@gmail.com

“Chindogu”

http://lab.rekimoto.org/projects/happinesscounter/SNL

Good ‘chindogus’ are more than just funny, they can help think or see things differently

46

http://wordlock.com/

Precedents

http://litmotors.com/

Product Features:•Letter Lock™ - Popular combination lock with easy to dial and remember 3-letter combinations

•Easy to remember phrase included with each padlock for additional convenience

•Extra wheels on-pack allows for greater personalization

http://www.masterlock.com/

The Secret and Beauty of Ancient Chinese Padlocks Hong-Sen Yan, Hsing-Hui Huang

http://140.116.71.92/lock/english/char.htm

http://www.datagenetics.com/blog/march32012/index.html

1876 CLARKE http://restraintsblog.blogspot.sg/2010/12/1876-clarke-10-letter-combination.html

Nothing is strictly new, but new form+function+meaning is always possible

47