Bulletin 4860 Replaces Bulletin 4854 September 2014 ISSN: 1833 7366 Barley variety sowing guide for Western Australia 2015 By Blakely Paynter, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA), Northam, Andrea Hills, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Esperance, Sanjiv Gupta, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Sarah Collins, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth, Harmohinder Dhammu, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Northam, Raj Malik, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Katanning, and Georgia Trainor, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Northam. Contents Page Introduction 3 Market feedback 4 Grain yield comparisons 12 Disease resistance 20 Agronomic attributes 29 Page 1 of 131
Transcript
Bulletin 4860
Replaces Bulletin 4854
September 2014
ISSN: 1833 7366
Barley variety sowing guide for Western Australia 2015
By
Blakely Paynter, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA), Northam,
Andrea Hills, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Esperance,
Sanjiv Gupta, Murdoch University, Murdoch,
Sarah Collins, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth,
Harmohinder Dhammu, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Northam,
Raj Malik, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Katanning, and
Georgia Trainor, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Northam.
AcknowledgementsThe information contained in this Bulletin is based on the work conducted by many research scientists, technical officers and plant breeders.
The authors would like to thank the following groups of people from the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia:
Barley agronomy: Sue Cartledge and Rod BoweyPage 1 of 111
Biometrics: Andrew van Burgel
Herbicide tolerance: Vince Lambert
Plant pathology: Jason Bradley and Sean Kelly
Research support units: Esperance, Geraldton, Katanning, Merredin, Northam and Wongan Hills.
Thank you to National Variety Trials (NVT), the NVT trial co-operators and breeding organisations for their cooperation in providing data.
Thank you to the Grain Industry of Western Australia (GIWA) Barley Council for allowing us to use excerpts from their industry report detailing malting barley variety receival recommendations for the 2015/16 harvest.
This publication presents data and information developed from research supported by the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Grains Research and Development Corporation.
Disclaimer
The state of Western Australia (WA), the Minister for Agriculture, the Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food and their respective officers, employees and agents:
a) do not endorse or recommend any individual specified product or any manufacturer of a specified product. Brand, trade and proprietary names have been used solely for the purpose of assisting users of this publication to identify products. Alternative manufacturers’s products may perform as well or better than those specifically referred to.
b) do not endorse the use of herbicides above the registered rate, off-label use of herbicides or off-label tank mixes. Crop tolerance and yield responses to herbicides are strongly influenced by seasonal conditions. Always adhere to label recommendations.
c) accept no liability whatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise from use or release of this information or any part of it.
IntroductionThis sowing variety guide is designed as a reference to help determine which barley variety to grow in your region. It provides market feedback, relative grain yield comparisons, disease ratings, agronomic information and herbicide tolerance ratings for all malting and food barley varieties segregated in WA and selected feed varieties (Tables 1–11; Figures 1–10).
The decision whether to grow barley with a malt, food or feed classification depends on six main factors:
(1) the premium paid for different varieties when segregated
(2) the relative grain yield of malting, food and feed grade barley varieties
(3) differences in inputs costs due to their agronomy and disease characteristics
(4) the likelihood that grain of a malting variety will meet malt barley receival specifications
(5) the likelihood that grain of a food variety will meet food barley receival specifications
(6) the location of receival segregations for malt and food barley varieties.
Identifying which option will lead to the greatest returns for a grower is complex. In some instances, the price premium paid for malting will offset the yield difference between malting and food or feed varieties. In other situations; the substantially higher yield of food or feed varieties, or the low likelihood of a malting variety being segregated as malting, or the higher costs of growing a malting barley may justify the choice of a food or feed variety.
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Market feedbackMalting barley varieties
Malt barley varieties traditionally account for 80–90% of the area sown to barley (Figure 1). General information on market demand by industry sector, variety and port zone for each of the malting barley varieties that will potentially be segregated in WA at the 2015/16 harvest is presented in Tables 1 and 2. This information is presented on behalf of the GIWA Barley Council. It represents the expected demand from domestic and international customers of Western Australian barley.
Before planting any variety with a malting or food classification, market demand, pricing signals and the location of segregations should be considered in partnership with the agronomic management required and the risk associated with delivering malt/food grade barley. It is important that growers accurately tell CBH which malt or food variety/varieties they are growing (and how much area) when returning their grower estimate forms, as they assist CBH with the planning of segregations. Combined with the capacity to transport grain long distances or even store grain on-farm, the information presented in this bulletin can then be used to assist in determining which variety to plant. A full copy of the GIWA Western Australian Malting Barley Variety Receival Recommendations for the 2015/16 harvest can be found at giwa.org.au/barley-council.
In addition to the established malting varieties Baudin, Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh, segregation opportunities at the 2015/16 harvest will be considered for the newest malting varieties Bass, Commander, Granger and Scope CL. Receival segregations will not be offered in all port zones for all malting varieties, unless there is sufficient supply to warrant segregation. Pricing will be in-line with market demand.
Each malting barley variety grown in WA has unique and different malting attributes. As a consequence, brewers purchase varieties subject to their availability, their price, the style of beer they produce and the level of adjunct (supplementary form of carbohydrate for fermentation) used in their brewing recipe.
Traders and exporters of Western Australian barley and malt are keen to rationalise the number of varieties grown and segregated within WA. This sentiment is strongly echoed by growers as well. There are strong benefits for growing and segregating fewer malting varieties, namely the ease of logistics and stronger demand from the trade who are currently unwilling to risk buying small, unsaleable parcels. We currently have eight malting varieties and one food variety being segregated in WA. We could have up to four additional malting varieties being segregated in WA by 2016. There is, therefore, still some re-focusing required to maximise the opportunities for growers and maximise the opportunities for the trade. Long term the industry is keen to rationalise the number of varieties segregated to two major malting varieties per port zone, with limited segregations on offer for some minor or niche malting varieties.
Growers should be aware that receival segregations will not be offered in all port zones for all malting varieties, even if there is an agronomic fit for a malting variety in the area. For some malting varieties only limited services will be offered in the CBH network. Growers who have a preference for a particular malting variety that is not received in their area will need to look at transporting the grain to sites where that variety is accepted if they are aiming to receive a premium for that grain. In any port zone, however, if there is sufficient volume grown, segregation opportunities will be considered. It is important to be aware that GIWA has no control or influence on the actual segregations available in any port zone.
Bass is an acceptable variety for export as grain and is being assessed for export as malt. Bass is undergoing its third year of international market development in 2014. Grain has been sent to China and other countries for evaluation. Grain has also been converted into malt in Australia. The approval by SABMiller (second largest brewer in the world with about 10% market share) and some key brewing customers in China is positive news. Access of Bass, however, to some south-east Asian beer markets may be limited as a consequence of its higher dimethyl sulphide (DMS) levels. To manage DMS levels Australian maltsters are indicating that the optimum malting schedule for Bass will differ from other established malting varieties currently in the market. Feedback, however, on the malt quality profile of Bass malt suggests that Bass could match Baudin as a premium quality variety for many (but maybe not all) of the markets currently serviced by Baudin. Target production zones are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.
Baudin is a preferred variety for export as grain, as malt and as a shochu barley. Baudin is regarded as the premium malting variety for the Chinese, south-east Asian and Japanese brewing markets. It is the ‘market leader’ for markets which have a high adjunct use in the brewing process. Both malt one and malt two grade Baudin are tradeable internationally. It is therefore the most sought after variety from customers purchasing Western Australian malting barley grain and malt. It is also a preferred variety in Japan for the manufacture of the distilled, white spirit shochu. Industry acknowledges that Baudin has a number of agronomic weaknesses, but as premium quality alternatives to Baudin are not yet established in the international market, Baudin still has a strong part to play in creating value for the barley industry in WA. This means that Baudin may trade at a premium over other malting varieties in the market place. Target production zones are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.
Buloke is an acceptable variety for export as grain and as malt. Buloke is still an important variety to the domestic malting industry and when exported as grain. Buloke complements Baudin in international brewing markets, although Baudin has a better overall malt quality profile. Buloke is a malting variety suited to markets where high levels of starch adjuncts are used, with international markets now familiar with its malt quality profile. Buloke may be phased out as a segregated variety in favour of Scope CL over coming seasons as the popularity of Scope CL increases. The Western Australian barley industry will not fully transition from Buloke to Scope CL until it is approved by all international grain and malt customers. Growers need to ensure that Buloke grain does not contaminate Scope CL malt barley stacks and Scope CL barley does not contaminate Buloke malt barley stacks. Target production zones are Kwinana and Albany port zones.
Commander is an acceptable variety for export as grain and as malt. Commander is slowly building its production base in WA, particularly in the Kwinana port zone. Segregation opportunities will increase as production increases, although the current volume is not yet sufficient to support wide scale segregations. There is strong end user demand. Commander is being priced at a premium over feed, similar to established malting varieties. Commander is a market alternative to Gairdner and Vlamingh. As the production of Commander in WA increases over coming seasons, grain exports to established markets in China and Japan will be considered. Commander is already recognised internationally when supplied from South Australia and Victoria. The export of Commander malt and grain from WA will therefore complement the export of Commander malt and grain from eastern Australia. Target production zone is Kwinana port zone.
Gairdner is an acceptable variety for export as grain and as malt. International customers are familiar with the malt quality profile of Gairdner barley. Gairdner has a different malt quality profile to Baudin and is described as a medium fermentability malting variety. Gairdner has established international customers due to its consistent brewing performance with or without starch adjuncts. The popularity of Gairdner with growers is decreasing in both WA and eastern Australia as varieties with improved agronomic performance become available. As the national supply of Gairdner decreases international markets will increasingly need to evaluate the newer medium
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fermentability malting varieties entering the market place. Target production zones are Albany and Esperance port zones.
Granger is being assessed as a variety for export as grain. Granger is a new malting variety to the market being targeted at the medium and high rainfall areas of WA. There is an opportunity for Granger to undergo initial market development this year. International market feedback is unlikely before seeding, but some feedback is expected to be available in the middle of 2015. Even though Granger is being assessed for export as grain, there is no current demand for its export as malt from WA. 2015, like 2014, should be seen as a seed bulk-up year. It is suggested that growers grow Granger with intentions to deliver it into feed barley segregations until there are clearer segregation, pricing and market demand signals. Target production zones are Albany and Esperance port zones.
Scope CL is an acceptable variety for export as grain and is being assessed for export as malt. Scope CL is being viewed by growers as an agronomic replacement for Buloke but with the added advantage of in-crop brome and barley grass control. As a consequence, there has been a rapid adoption of Scope CL and a subsequent dis-adoption of Buloke. Growers need to be aware that even though Scope CL is derived from Buloke, it is still in the early stages of its international market development. Current market demand does not match current supply. The Western Australian barley industry will not transition from Buloke to Scope CL until Scope CL is approved by our international customers. Growers should be aware of two key issues that could affect the future acceptance of Scope CL in international markets. One is the off-label use of imidazolinone herbicides and the second is varietal purity. In February 2014, Japan increased its surveillance protocols for all barley shipments from Australia for the next five years (source: GRDC GroundCover May-June 2014). This followed the detection in market surveillance samples of residues of imazapyr and imazapic above both the Japanese import tolerances and the Australian standards. Growers should follow the label when applying herbicides to Scope CL barley and should not apply any off-label imidazolinone herbicides. The only imidazolinone herbicide registered for use with Scope CL barley is Intervix® (imazapyr/imazamox). Barley Australia has advised that co-binning of malt grade Scope CL and Buloke is not allowed. This is to ensure the market can be confident in terms of end use reliability and performance. CBH have similarly advised that they will not be co-binning malt grade Scope CL and malt grade Buloke in WA. It is important that growers do not ruin the integrity of Scope CL malt stacks by contaminating them with Buloke barley and vice-versa. Correct variety declaration is a legal requirement under the Plant Breeders Rights Act and misdeclaration is a breach of the Bulk Handlers Act. Genetic tests can distinguish between Scope CL and Buloke. To minimise the risk, CBH with the support of SeedNet (the licensing agent for both Buloke and Scope CL) are sampling deliveries of Buloke and Scope CL to monitor for contamination. Target production zones are Geraldton, Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.
Vlamingh is an acceptable variety when exported as malt. Vlamingh is an established malting variety with a small demand from the domestic market to export as malt. There is limited demand for Vlamingh for export as grain. Once sufficient volumes of Commander or another equivalent grade malt barley become available there will unlikely be any domestic market demand for Vlamingh barley in WA. Target production zone is Kwinana port zone.
Food barley varieties
Hindmarsh is not a malting variety but is segregated as a food grade variety (BFOD1). Since the last GIWA Malting Barley Variety Receival Recommendations in August 2013, the area sown to the food variety Hindmarsh has increased significantly from 15% in 2012 to 30% in 2013 and could grow to a predicted 40–50% of the barley area in 2014 and maintain that production in 2015.
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Hindmarsh has established itself as a marketable variety into the Chinese market as a mid-range malting barley. Hindmarsh can also be used in Japan to manufacture the distilled white spirit shochu. In recent years the Hindmarsh grain used in Japan has been sourced from eastern Australia. WA is now a new source for Hindmarsh grain exports for the Japanese shochu market. Barley shochu is a distilled beverage (typically 25% alcohol by volume) produced from the fermentation of pearled barley grain and is not made from malted barley.
The local maltsters in Perth would prefer that Hindmarsh did not replace plantings of Baudin, Buloke, Commander, Gairdner and Vlamingh in the Kwinana port zone and the northern parts of the Albany port zone. The local maltsters (who buy nearly one third of our malting barley crop annually) have no demand for Hindmarsh as it was not accredited as a malting variety by Barley Australia and is not accepted by their brewing customers. Hindmarsh underwent significant levels of commercial malting evaluation in Australia and during those tests its malt quality was regularly compromised by unacceptably high wort beta-glucan (β-glucan) and wort viscosity levels. Those factors can result in difficulties in the separation of the wort from the mash during the brewing process and create problems with beer filtration.
The price paid for segregated Hindmarsh will be subject to market demand, the feed barley price, the price of accredited malting varieties and the availability of accredited malting varieties. In years of tight supply, a premium over feed may be offered, but in years of abundant supply of good quality malting barley, there may be no difference in price between Hindmarsh and feed barley. Growers should expect that Hindmarsh will be priced relative to feed varieties and not relative to malting varieties. Segregation (BFOD1) opportunities likely in all four port zones.
Barley varieties awaiting accreditation
The accreditation of malting and food barley varieties grown in Australia is overseen by Barley Australia (barleyaustralia.com.au). Barley Australia is a not-for-profit independent organisation representing members of Australia’s malting and brewing industry. For each new variety of barley bred in Australia, there are a rigorous series of evaluations and minimum standards the variety must pass in order to gain accreditation as a nationally recognised malting barley variety. Breeding companies submit varieties to Barley Australia with a case supporting their request for evaluation and accreditation for malting status. The actual accreditation process is managed by the Malting and Brewing Industry Barley Technical Committee (MBIBTC). The MBIBTC is a national industry body, comprised of a panel of malting and brewing experts, who assess each variety to establish if it will meet international and/or domestic market performance requirements. This involves commercially malting the barley and evaluating the processed malt, using approved analysis methodology from the international bodies the Institute of Brewing and Distilling and the European Brewing Convention.
When the MBIBTC is satisfied with the malting performance and malt quality under commercial conditions the barley variety is passed on to Pilot Brewing Australia for brewing evaluation. The results of the brewing trials are returned to the MBIBTC for review. A variety must pass stage one of the malting and brewing trials before it can pass to stage two of testing. At the end of stage two the MBIBTC make a recommendation to Barley Australia. Barley Australia then reviews the MBIBTC reports and indicates the national status of the variety evaluated: malt, food or feed.
There are currently a large number of varieties undergoing stage one or stage two of the Barley Australia malting and brewing accreditation process. Commercial accreditation is typically a 2–3 year process, but can be as long as five years. Details of this process and the advanced varieties under evaluation can be found on the Barley Australia website: barleyaustralia.com.au.
• Compass (tested as WI4593, breeder – University of Adelaide),
• Flinders (tested as WABAR2537, breeder – InterGrain),
• La Trobe (tested as IGB1101, breeder – InterGrain), and
• Skipper (tested as WI4446, breeder – University of Adelaide)
are likely to be the most relevant to WA. Of the two other varieties listed, Barley Australia is waiting for further advice about SY Rattler, whilst Litmus grain has been detected as having a blue aleurone. Flinders, La Trobe and Skipper have all completed stage one and are undergoing stage two in 2014 with a decision on their status due by April 2015. Compass is currently in stage one testing in 2014 with malting accreditation scheduled for 2016. Compass will be available as a high yielding feed variety in 2015 with seed multiplication crops in WA in 2014.
Malt accreditation by Barley Australia of Flinders, La Trobe or Skipper in autumn 2015 is likely to result in accumulation opportunities for some growers for international market development from WA in 2015. If Flinders and/or La Trobe are accredited there will be seed available for sale in WA next year. There is currently no seed production of Skipper in WA. If accreditation does occur, 2015 should primarily be seen as a seed bulk-up year. As with any newly accredited variety, growers should sow them with the intention of delivering them as feed barley until there are clearer segregation, pricing and market demand signals.
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Table 1 Expected market usage at the 2015/16 harvest and comments about each malting barley variety when grown in WA (source: GIWA Barley Council)
Variety
(indicative market size)
Export as grain
(> 500 000 t)
Export as malt
(300 000 t)
Export as shochu
(160 000 t)Market comments
Bass Yes Yes No
Bass is still undergoing international market development for export as grain and as malt
Bass has now been fully approved by SABMiller (currently second largest brewer in world)
there is also positive feedback from some key grain customers in China overall market acceptance from malt customers is still low Bass is not suitable for the manufacture of shochu in Japan target production zones in 2015 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.
Baudin Yes Yes Yes
Baudin is the ‘market leader’ and is still regarded as the premium quality malting barley
very strong international market demand for export as both grain and malt accepted for shochu production in Japan until there is a suitable replacement expect Baudin to be priced at a premium to other
malting varieties target production zones in 2015 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port zones.
Buloke Yes Yes No
Buloke is still an important variety as Scope CL is not yet approved by our international customers
Buloke has established demand from international grain and malt markets not suitable for shochu do not mix Buloke grain with Scope CL grain or vice versa at seeding or at harvest declining acreage may limit segregation opportunities in 2015 target production zones in 2015 are Kwinana and Albany port zones.
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Variety
(indicative market size)
Export as grain
(> 500 000 t)
Export as malt
(300 000 t)
Export as shochu
(160 000 t)Market comments
Commander Yes Yes No
there is demand for Commander from the domestic market to export as malt as a replacement/substitute for Gairdner and Vlamingh
segregation opportunities will increase as production increases market price similar to established malting varieties target production zone in 2015 is Kwinana port zone.
Gairdner Yes Yes No
there is still steady international market demand for Gairdner grain, although national volumes of Gairdner are declining
Gairdner is likely to be phased out in a year or two vigilance is required to ensure varietal purity remains at an internationally acceptable
standard (ie. >95%) target production zones in 2015 are Albany and Esperance port zones.
Granger Yes No No
Granger is in the very early stages of international market development 2015 will be the first opportunity for international customers to assess the malting
performance of this variety being assessed for export as grain not being assessed for export as malt or for shochu target production zones in 2015 are Albany and Esperance port zones.
Scope CL Yes Yes No
Scope CL is a new malting variety and while it has been accepted by most grain markets it has not yet been accepted by malt markets
not suitable for shochu the only imi-herbicide registered for use with Scope CL is Intervix® do not use other imi-herbicides on Scope CL as residues detected in the grain may
jeopardise future international market access do not mix Scope CL grain with Buloke grain or vice versa at seeding or at harvest target production zones in 2015 are Geraldton, Kwinana, Albany and Esperance port
zones.
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Variety
(indicative market size)
Export as grain
(> 500 000 t)
Export as malt
(300 000 t)
Export as shochu
(160 000 t)Market comments
Vlamingh Yes Yes No
Vlamingh is still being used by the domestic market for export as malt as volumes of alternative varieties like Commander are not yet adequate to meet demand
limited demand for Vlamingh for export as grain target production zone in 2015 is Kwinana port zone.
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Table 2 Target production zones (likely segregation zones) in 2015 (source: GIWA Barley Council)
GradePort Zone
(% total barley area)
Geraldton
~5%
Kwinana
~40%
Albany
~30%
Esperance
~25%
Malt Bass No Yes Yes Yes
Malt Baudin No Yes Yes Yes
Malt Buloke No Yes Yes No
Malt Commander No Limited No No
Malt Gairdner No No Yes Yes
Malt Granger No No Limited Limited
Malt Scope CL Yes Yes Yes Limited
Malt Vlamingh No Limited No No
Food Hindmarsh Yes Yes Yes Yes
Figure 1 Popularity of barley varieties (per cent of barley area) grown in WA over the last nine seasons. ‘New’ malt includes the varieties Bass, Commander, Granger and Scope CL. ‘Old’ malt includes the varieties Hamelin and Stirling (source: figure based on grower estimates as provided to CBH for 2006–13 and DAFWA predicted area for 2014)
Grain yield comparisonsNational Variety Trials (NVT) grain yield information is presented in Table 3. NVT provides Estimated Genetic Values (EGVs) of grain yield for commercial varieties. Estimates of the genetic value (yield) of individual varieties (on a state or region basis) are obtained from a statistical analysis of long term (five years) multi-environment trial (MET) data. These values represent the best available predictions for the specified Agzone (Figure 2) and are provided to facilitate reliable variety selection decisions. Agzones have been developed through statistical performance to group together environmental regions that give similar crop performance in WA.
In coming years the method in which NVT grain yield data will be presented will change, but as the new method has not yet been released this sowing guide contains the traditional method we have presented grain yield performance in the past, which is based on Agzones.
In addition, many varieties have been compared in a larger dataset by combining grain yield data collected from DAFWA-GRDC barley agronomy research (DAW00148, DAW00190 and DAW00224) with CVT and NVT data. Varieties are compared in a balanced analysis (all varieties present in all site x management trials or trial-years) through linear functional relationship modelling and presented relative to a control variety at different levels of potential yield (Figures 3–7).
The NVT MET analysis suggests the benchmark varieties for grain yield in WA are Compass, Hindmarsh, La Trobe, Lockyer and Oxford, depending on Agzone (Table 3). Compass, Hindmarsh (= La Trobe), Lockyer and Oxford differ from each other in their agronomy, genetics and phenology (Tables 4–10) clearly demonstrating there are many ways in which grain yield can be achieved. The relative yield of Compass, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Oxford, however, differs as the site yield potential changes (Figures 3 and 4). As Compass (and Flinders) have only recently been included in NVT in WA, the analyses comparing varieties at different yield potential does not yet include Compass and Flinders.
In the less than three tonne per hectare (t/ha) environments (which is a large part of the state) Hindmarsh is the stand out variety. In those environments it is expected that the main competitors to Hindmarsh will be Compass (similar grain yield and being assessed for a malting and brewing end use), Fathom (due to its longer coleoptile), La Trobe (similar grain yield and being assessed for a malting and brewing end use), Litmus (due to its acid soil tolerance) and Scope CL (due to its resistance to the Clearfield® herbicide Intervix®). Malting varieties require a more favourable premium in the less than 3t/ha environments to be competitive with Hindmarsh. Mundah is still popular with growers but outclassed by Hindmarsh in most situations.
In the more than 3t/ha environments, Hindmarsh is not the automatic choice, there are many varieties with a similar or higher yield potential (Figures 5–7). Competitors include the malting varieties Bass, Buloke, Commander, Granger and Scope CL; and the feed varieties Lockyer and Oxford. Many of those varieties have improved disease resistance relative to Hindmarsh and many are better suited to late April and early May sowing than Hindmarsh (Tables 5–9). Other new varieties to consider include Compass, Flinders and La Trobe.
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Table 3 Grain yield of barley varieties expressed as a percentage of Hindmarsh (NVT 2009–13). Data presented where there are five or more observations (source: NVT Online nvtonline.com.au)
All sites 100 ± 2% 18% higher 52% same 30% lower 63 sites
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Figure 2 Agzone map of the south-west corner of WA. Agzones have been developed through statistical analysis of long term crop variety trials and group together environmental regions that give similar crop performance. There are six cereal agzones in WA. Agzone 1 includes the medium and high rainfall areas around Geraldton. Agzone 2 includes the high rainfall areas around Moora and the medium rainfall areas from Carnamah to Corrigin to Pingrup. Agzone 3 includes the high rainfall areas from Bolgart to Mt Barker and the medium rainfall areas around Gnowangerup. Agzone 4 includes the low rainfall areas from Mullewa to Merredin and Southern Cross. Agzone 5 includes the medium rainfall areas from Newdegate to Scaddan and the low rainfall areas from Hyden to Salmon Gums. Agzone 6 includes the high rainfall areas from Wellstead to Condingup.
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Figure 3 Relative grain yield (kilograms per hectare (kg/ha)) of the malting variety Buloke (r2 = 0.93) and feed varieties Fathom (r2 = 0.93), Fleet (r2 = 0.92), Lockyer (r2 = 0.90), Mundah (r2 = 0.87) and Roe (r2 = 0.95) at different grain yields (kg/ha) achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh (source: data from 2011 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2010–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 67 trial-years of data).
Figure 4 Relative grain yield (kg/ha) of the malting variety Buloke (r2 = 0.96) and feed varieties Fleet (r2 = 0.95), Lockyer (r2 = 0.95), Oxford (r2 = 0.89) and Roe (r2 = 0.95) at different grain yields (kg/ha) achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh (source: data from 2009–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2008–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 117 trial-years of data)
Figure 5 Relative grain yield (kg/ha) of the malting varieties Buloke (r2 = 0.90), Gairdner (r2 = 0.90) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.93) at different grain yields (kg/ha) achieved by the malting variety Baudin (source: data from 2004, 2006–13 DAFWA barley agronomy, 2004–08 CVT and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 425 trial-years of data).
Baudin yield (kg/ha) Buloke Gairdner Vlamingh
500 +65 -111 +2
1000 +110 -140 +19
1500 +149 -133 +43
2000 +183 -101 +70
2500 +213 -50 +100
3000 +241 +18 +133
3500 +267 +99 +167
4000 +290 +193 +204
4500 +313 +297 +241
5000 +333 +411 +280
5500 +353 +534 +321
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Figure 6 Relative grain yield (kg/ha) of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.93), Baudin (r2 = 0.91), Buloke (r2 = 0.89), Commander (r2 = 0.93), Granger (r2 = 0.92) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.92) at different grain yields (kg/ha) achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh (source: data from 2010–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 211 trial-years of data).
Figure 7 Relative grain yield (kg/ha) of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.96), Baudin (r2 = 0.93), Scope (r2 = 0.96) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.94) and the food variety Hindmarsh (r2 = 0.95) at different grain yields (kg/ha) achieved by the malting variety Buloke (source: data from 2009–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 178 trial-years of data).
Disease resistanceDisease, virus and nematode resistance data is presented in Tables 5, 6 and 7.
Seedling and adult resistance
Leaf disease ratings in this guide now include seedling and adult plant resistance ratings for the foliar leaf diseases net type net blotch (NTNB), spot type net blotch (STNB), powdery mildew and barley leaf rust (Tables 5 and 6). Seedling ratings are applicable at early growth stages (2–3 leaf stage) and are important for making decisions on seed fungicide treatments and/or to know the likely response of a variety if there is early disease pressure. Seedling ratings are also important when assigning varieties to paddocks. Varieties susceptible to stubble borne diseases like scald, NTNB and STNB are at a high risk of early infection if sown onto one or two year old barley stubble. Adult plant ratings are applicable at later plant growth stages (after flag leaf emergence), but in some varieties and for some diseases the adult ratings may be applicable as early as stem elongation. Variation in the seedling and adult rating of a variety is most likely due to the presence or absence of adult plant resistance genes.
Disease surveillance
Growers and consultants observing barley varieties rated as MRMS, MR or R to scald, NTNB, STNB, powdery mildew or barley leaf rust carrying significantly greater levels of disease than expected should collect infected material for pathotype identification.
Samples of powdery mildew infected leaf material should be forwarded to the Centre for Crop and Disease Management at Curtin University. Unlike other leaf diseases, powdery mildew infected leaves need to be placed into agar to maintain a live culture for pathotyping. To arrange sample collection contact either Richard Oliver via e-mail on [email protected] and phone +61 (0)8 9266 7872 or Simon Ellwood via email on [email protected] and phone +61 (0)8 9266 9138.
Infected scald, NTNB, STNB and barley leaf rust leaf material must be sent in paper envelopes marked with location, variety, disease and date collected. Fold the leaf in half so the infected area is on the inside. Please do not wrap leaf material in plastic or send in plastic lined envelopes.
Scald, NTNB and STNB infected leaf material should be sent to the Department of Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 4, Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983 and marked attention Sanjiv Gupta or Jason Bradley. For more information contact Sanjiv Gupta ([email protected]) and phone +61 (0)8 9368 3622 or Jason Bradley ([email protected]) and phone +61 (0)8 9368 3982.
Barley leaf rust samples should be sent directly to the ACRCP Annual Cereal Rust Survey, Plant Breeding Institute, Private Bag 4011, Narellan NSW 2567. For more information contact Professor Robert Park ([email protected]) and +61 (0)2 9351 8806.
Scald
Scald is potentially very damaging in barley as an infection can kill leaves prematurely and reduce seed weight. A severe early infection can reduce head number and grain number. Yield losses of up to 45% are possible with associated quality defects. Fortunately many of the varieties we have been growing in recent years have had some resistance against scald and levels of infection have been low. Some of the new varieties (ie. Granger and Litmus) are susceptible to scald and as the area sown to varieties with a susceptible rating increases the prevalence of scald will increase,
especially as we drive seeding dates earlier. Growers need to be using appropriate rotation and disease management strategies to limit scald.
The only variety whose adult plant resistance score has decreased since the last sowing guide is Gairdner (MRMS to MS).
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Net type net blotch
In addition to seedling and adult plant ratings, the resistance of barley to two distinct isolates of NTNB prevalent in WA is presented, Beecher virulent (95NB100) and Beecher avirulent (97NB1). Varieties can differ in their response to NTNB depending on which isolate is present in the paddock. The reaction of Bass, Fleet and Flinders as seedlings will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present. The reaction of Bass, Compass, Granger, La Trobe, Lockyer and Yagan as adults will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present. The Beecher avirulent (non-attacking) isolate is prevalent throughout the state, whereas the Beecher virulent (attacking) isolate is more common north of the Great Eastern Highway.
Bass (MRMS to MS), Fathom (MRMS to MSS) and Granger (MR to MRMS) varieties’s adult plant resistance score to Beecher avirulent NTNB has decreased since the last sowing guide.
Spot type net blotch
Most barley varieties are susceptible to STNB as an adult. Fathom (MRMS) has the best adult resistance to STNB of the current varieties. Some of the varieties susceptible as an adult have some tolerance as a seedling. This reduces the likelihood of early infection carrying through to the adult stage when they are susceptible. Varieties susceptible at the adult stage but with some resistance at the seedling stage (seedling resistance in brackets) include Bass (MRMS), Baudin (MRMS), Compass (MRMS), Buloke (MRMS), Flinders (MRMS), Scope CL (MS), Vlamingh (MRMS) and Yagan (MRMS).
Adult plant resistance score of varieties to STNB has not changed since last sowing guide.
Powdery mildew
Mutation of the CYP51 gene in powdery mildew has resulted in the compromised efficacy of many DMI fungicides in controlling powdery mildew at label rates. Higher value DMI fungicides and new actives, such as strobilurins and spiroxamine, are now being used. Reducing the area of production of varieties rated as S or VS to powdery mildew (ie. Baudin, Gairdner and Vlamingh) is a key step in reducing our reliance on fungicides. Despite the availability of several more resistant options this reduction is taking time as many of the susceptible varieties have a high market demand and in some cases the premiums offered offset some of the cost of controlling powdery mildew. New malting options becoming available will assist with the removal of susceptible varieties, but they are not yet approved by our international customers of malt and grain.
It is also important to be aware there is laboratory based evidence indicating that some of the genes that provide resistance to powdery mildew in some of our barley varieties may be compromised. Popularly grown or new varieties in WA with intermediate resistance or above (MRMS, MR and R) to powdery mildew can be categorised into eight broad groups based on the postulated or known effective genes that control their resistance to powdery mildew.
Only those varieties carrying the mlo gene like Granger have durable resistance to powdery mildew. The rest are more vulnerable to mutations of the powdery mildew fungus, but the diversity in resistance genes and the presence of multiple genes in some varieties means that not all varieties will be rendered susceptible at the same time if mutations occur or the known mutations become more widespread.
The eight broad groups separated on known or postulated effective genes (in brackets) include the following varieties:
Group 1 (MlGa) – Fathom, FleetPage 26 of 111
Group 2 (MlLa) – Hindmarsh, La Trobe, Lockyer
Group 3 (MlGa, MlLa) – Commander
Group 4 (Mla7, MlLa, U) – Buloke, Scope CL
Group 5 (Mla7, MlLa, Mlk1) – Dash
Group 6 (Ml(Ch), Mlra) – Yagan
Group 7 (Ml(St)) – Oxford
Group 8 (mlo) – Granger.
Field screening of varieties with different genes, however, has not yet found any significant regional variation in the field resistance of varieties to powdery mildew. Adult plant resistance score of varieties to powdery mildew has not changed since the last sowing guide.
Barley leaf rust
A new pathotype of barley leaf rust (5457 P-) was detected in September 2013 across multiple locations across the south coast (South Stirlings to Esperance). This new pathotype is a single-step mutational derivative of our existing pathotype, 5453 P-, with added virulence for Rph3. Bass and Compass carry the Rph3 gene as their main source of resistance to barley leaf rust and they are expected to show a susceptible reaction at both the seedling and adult plant stage when pathotype 5457 P- is present.
Granger and Oxford carry an adult plant resistance gene Rph20 in addition to the Rph3 gene. When pathotype 5457 P- is present, they are expected to be more susceptible to leaf rust as a seedling until their adult resistance gene becomes effective. The reaction of Granger and Oxford is expected to be like Dash at the seedling stage (MS). Dash only carries the adult plant resistance gene Rph20 for leaf rust. The adult plant resistance gene in Fleet conferring it an intermediate reaction is unknown.
Barley and cereal yellow dwarf
Both barley yellow dwarf (BYD) and cereal yellow dwarf (CYD) occur in WA. As the screening for varietal resistance occurs in the field the resistance score reflects the rating to both being present, although BYD is more frequent than CYD at a ratio of approximately 2:1. BYD can reduce grain yield by up to 80% with seedling infection and up to 20% with later infection. Barley plants primarily become infected from infected oat (Rhopalosiphum padi) and/or corn leaf (Rhopalosiphum maidis) aphids. Varietal resistance reduces the impact of the virus on plant growth but does not reduce the impact of aphid feeding on plant growth. Varietal resistance to BYD and CYD therefore does not reduce the need to spray for aphids to prevent yield loss from feeding damage once they reach threshold levels in the crop (50% of tillers with 15 or more aphids).
Root lesion nematode
Root lesion nematode (RLN, Pratylenchus spp) occurs in more than 65% of Western Australian cropping paddocks. P. neglectus is the most frequent RLN, occurring in at least 76% of infested paddocks surveyed in 2013. P. teres, unique to WA, is the next most common at around 26% of infected paddocks surveyed in 2013. Cereal yield losses due to RLN are in the order of 10– 30%, but can be higher, particularly where P. teres occurs. The actual yield loss due to RLN in different barley varieties is not yet quantified, but the impact of different varieties on nematode populations
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is (Table 7). Table 7 includes both P. neglectus and P. teres resistance scores. This information can be used to design rotations that will lower nematode populations as resistant varieties retard nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.
Cereal cyst nematode
Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is present in cropping regions around Geraldton and in the Avon Valley around Northam, but it can occur in any area. Unlike RLN, barley varieties are tolerant to CCN, so yield loss is limited even when infection does occur. The planting of CCN resistant varieties retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.
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Table 5 Seedling (2 to 3 leaf stage) leaf disease resistance profiles when grown in WA (source: Sanjiv Gupta)
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Grade Variety Scald (Medina pathotype)
Net type net blotch (Beecher virulent pathotype)
Net type net blotch (Beecher avirulent pathotype)
Spot type net blotch (South Perth pathotype)
Powdery mildew (South Perth pathotype)
Barley leaf rust (5453 P- pathotype)
Malt Bass - MR S MRMS MS R/S
Malt Baudin - S S MRMS VS SVS
Malt Buloke - MRMS MRMS MRMS MR S
Malt Commander - S S S MRMS S
Malt Gairdner - MRMS MRMS S VS S
Malt Granger - S MSp S R R#
Malt Scope CL - MR MRMS MS R S
Malt Vlamingh - MR MR MRMS S S
Food Hindmarsh - MRMS MRMS S MRMS S
Feed Dash - MRMS MRMS S R MSp
Feed Fathom - S S MR MRMS S
Feed Fleet - MSp MRMS MR MRMS S
Feed Litmus - S Sp S MSS S
Feed Lockyer - MR MR S MRMS S
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Grade Variety Scald (Medina pathotype)
Net type net blotch (Beecher virulent pathotype)
Net type net blotch (Beecher avirulent pathotype)
Spot type net blotch (South Perth pathotype)
Powdery mildew (South Perth pathotype)
Barley leaf rust (5453 P- pathotype)
Feed Mundah - S MS S S S
Feed Oxford - R MR S R R#
Feed Roe - S MS S MS S
Feed Yagan - MRMS MRMS MRMS R S
Awaiting classification Compass - MSp S MRMS MS MRMSp/S
Awaiting classification Flinders - MRMS S MRMS R S
Awaiting classification La Trobe - MRMS MRMS S MRMS MS
Pathotype: source of disease used to in evaluating the disease reaction of the different barley varieties. The source used for evaluating varietal resistance represents the most common pathotype present in WA. On farm reactions of varieties may therefore differ if the pathotype/s present differ to the pathotype used in testing.
Growth stage: the seedling resistance score (new) reflects resistance at the 2–3 leaf stage (data not relevant after four leaf stage). The adult resistance score (used in previous sowing guides) reflects resistance after flag leaf emergence. Varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage are at a greater risk of early infection. Appropriate cultural (i.e. rotation) and/or chemical (i.e. fungicide) disease management strategies should be considered to minimise the risk when planting those varieties.
Net type net blotch: there are two major isolates (95NB100 and 97NB1) of NTNB present in WA. The Beecher avirulent (95NB100) isolate is the dominant isolate, but north of the Great Eastern Highway the Beecher virulent (95NB100) and avirulent (97NB1) isolate are present in similar proportions. The reaction of Bass, Fleet and Flinders as seedlings will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present.
Powdery mildew: varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage (Baudin, Gairdner, Mundah and Vlamingh) should be treated with a seed dressing active against powdery mildew to prevent early infection during the tillering stage.
Barley leaf rust: a new pathotype (5457 P-) was detected in September 2013 virulent on the Rph3 gene. Varieties marked with a / (Bass and Compass) carry the Rph3 gene and will show a susceptible reaction at both the seedling and adult plant stage when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Varieties marked with a # (Granger and Oxford) carry an adult plant resistance gene Rph20 in addition to the Rph3 gene. When pathotype 5457 P- is present, they are expected to be more susceptible to leaf rust as a seedling until their adult resistance gene become effective.
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Table 6 Adult (after flag leaf emergence) leaf disease resistance profiles when grown in WA (source: Sanjiv Gupta)
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Grade Variety Scald (Medina pathotype)
Net type net blotch (Beecher virulent pathotype)
Net type net blotch (Beecher avirulent pathotype)
Spot type net blotch (South Perth pathotype)
Powdery mildew (South Perth pathotype)
Barley leaf rust (5453 P- pathotype)
Malt Bass MRMS MRMS MSS S MS MR/S
Malt Baudin MSS S S S VS SVS
Malt Buloke MS MRMSp MRMS MS MR S
Malt Commander MSS S S MSS MR S
Malt Gairdner MS MRMS MRMS S S S
Malt Granger S MS MRMS S R RMR
Malt Scope CL MS MRMSp MRMS S R S
Malt Vlamingh MR MRMS MRMS S S S
Food Hindmarsh MRMS MS MS S MRMS S
Feed Dash R MRMS MRMS S R R
Feed Fathom MR S MSS MRMS MRMS S
Feed Fleet MS MRMSp MR MS MRMS MRMS
Feed Litmus SVS S S S MS S
Feed Lockyer MRMS MSp MRMS S MRMS S
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Grade Variety Scald (Medina pathotype)
Net type net blotch (Beecher virulent pathotype)
Net type net blotch (Beecher avirulent pathotype)
Spot type net blotch (South Perth pathotype)
Powdery mildew (South Perth pathotype)
Barley leaf rust (5453 P- pathotype)
Feed Mundah S S MS S MSS S
Feed Oxford MS MRMSp MR S R R
Feed Roe MSS S MSS S MS S
Feed Yagan VS MSSp MRMS S MRMS S
Awaiting classification Compass MS MRMSp MSS S MRp MRp/S
Awaiting classification Flinders MS MSp MS S R MR
Awaiting classification La Trobe MR MS MRMS S MRMS S
Pathotype: source of disease used to in evaluating the disease reaction of the different barley varieties. The source used for evaluating varietal resistance represents the most common pathotype present in WA. On farm reactions of varieties may therefore differ if the pathotype/s present differ to the pathotype used in testing.
Growth stage: the adult resistance score (used in previous sowing guides) reflects resistance after flag leaf emergence. Varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage are at a greater risk of early infection. Appropriate cultural (i.e. rotation) and/or chemical (i.e. fungicide) disease management strategies should be considered to minimise the risk when planting those varieties.
Net type net blotch: there are two major isolates (95NB100 and 97NB1) of NTNB present in Western Australia. The Beecher avirulent (95NB100) isolate is the dominant isolate, but north of the Great Eastern Highway the Beecher virulent (95NB100) and avirulent (97NB1) isolate are present in similar proportions. The reaction of Bass, Compass, Granger, La Trobe, Lockyer and Yagan as adults will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present.
Powdery mildew: varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage (Baudin, Gairdner, Mundah and Vlamingh) should be treated with a seed dressing active against powdery mildew to prevent early infection during the tillering stage.
Barley leaf rust: a new pathotype (5457 P-) was detected in September 2013 virulent on the Rph3 gene. Varieties marked with a / (Bass and Compass) carry the Rph3 gene and will show a susceptible reaction at both the seedling and adult plant stage when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Varieties marked with a # (Granger and Oxford) carry an adult plant resistance gene Rph20 in addition to the Rph3 gene. When pathotype 5457 P- is present, they are expected to be more susceptible to leaf rust as a seedling until their adult resistance gene become effective.
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Table 7 Virus and nematode seedling and adult resistance profiles when grown in WA (source: virus - Sanjiv Gupta and nematodes - Sarah Collins)
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Barley and cereal yellow dwarf: plants become infected from infected oat and corn leaf aphids. Varietal resistance reduces the impact of the virus on plant growth but does not reduce the impact of aphid feeding on plant growth.
Root lesion nematode: barley varieties vary in the impact of root lesion nematode on their growth. A resistant variety retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.
Cereal cyst nematode: all barley varieties are tolerant of cereal cyst nematode but a resistant variety retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.
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Agronomic attributesTables 8–10 and Figures 8–10 cover different agronomic attributes of each variety in this sowing guide.
Table 8 describes agronomic characteristics (i.e. coleoptile length, straw strength and plant height), whilst Figures 8–10 compare the grain plumpness of different varieties. These grain plumpness figures have been developed by combining grain plumpness (% < 2.5 millimetres (mm)) data collected from DAFWA-GRDC barley agronomy research (DAW00148, DAW00190 and DAW00224) with CVT and NVT data. Varieties are then compared in a balanced analysis (all varieties present in all site x management trials or trial-years) through linear functional relationship modelling and presented relative to a control variety at different levels of grain plumpness.
The benchmark variety for grain plumpness is Vlamingh (Figures 8–10). All the newer malting varieties have a grain plumpness which is better than Baudin, Buloke and especially Gairdner. Of them the plumpest variety is Bass, which is equivalent to Vlamingh. Granger is slightly plumper than Commander depending on the level of screenings. Scope CL is slightly plumper than Buloke. None of those three are as plump as Bass or Vlamingh, but they are all very close to Hindmarsh. The food variety Hindmarsh is intermediate between Baudin and Vlamingh depending on the level of screenings. As Compass and Flinders have only recently been included in NVT in WA, the analyses comparing varieties at different levels of grain plumpness do not yet include those varieties.
It can be very difficult to distinguish between varieties once they are sown in the paddock. Table 9 attempts to provide some visual guides as to how one might use plant traits to separate varieties or to identify contaminated seed. Some of the questions you might ask include:
• What did the crop look like at 8–10 weeks after seeding (prostrate or erect)?
• Does it have red auricles at the base of the leaf blade where it wraps around the stem?
• Does the head have red awns?
• How long are the awns?
• Is the head near maturity fanned (tapered) or straight (parallel) in shape?
• When you look at the furrow at the germ end of the grain through a magnifying glass what length is the rachilla (white, rod-shaped organ) and how long are the hairs on the rachilla hairs?
For more advice on what differences to look for consult DAFWA Bulletin 4765 Maintaining variety purity in the Western Australian malting barley industry by Jeff Russell and Blakely Paynter. If visual cues are not enough then the grain will need to be tested at an accredited laboratory for varietal purity. The most common method used to determine varietal purity is based on mass spectrometry analysis of protein profiles in grains, but newer methods such as DNA microsatellites and DArT technology are also available and being used.
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AGWEST Plant Laboratories (agric.wa.gov.au/PC_90014.html) offers a mass spectrometry test that compares the protein profile of a combined sample or of 30 individual seeds or of 150 individual seeds. Those tests range from $116–635 to conduct. Higher levels of accuracy can be obtained by analysing more seeds, but the price also increases as more seeds are done. They also offer a DNA microsatellite test for $275.
Saturn Biotech (esvc000049.wic048u.server-web.com/index.html) at Murdoch University also offers a mass spectrometry test that compares protein profiling. Tests range from $69 for the pooled test to $350 for the 150 individual seed test.
Grain Growers (graingrowers.com.au) test for varietal purity using DArT technology. The cost of the Grain Growers service is $148.50 per sample for fewer than 20 samples and $132 per sample for more than 20 samples.
Table 10 covers information about who bred the variety, who you go to see to buy seed, how much you will pay when you deliver the grain (end point royalties) and what the pedigree of the variety is.
Table 8 Agronomic characteristics of a range of barley varieties when grown in WA (source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik)
- = no data available
Grade Variety Coleoptile length Maturity with late May sowing
Boron leaf symptoms Straw strength Head retention Plant height at
maturity Grain plumpness
Malt Bass Medium Medium Medium Very good Good Short Good
Malt Baudin Medium Late Medium Very good Very good Short Fair
Malt Buloke Short Medium Low Fair Poor Tall Fair
Malt Commander Medium Late Medium Fair Fair Medium Moderately good
Malt Gairdner Medium Late Medium Good Fair Medium Very poor
Malt Granger Medium Medium - Good Good Medium Moderately good
Malt Scope CL Short Medium - Fair Poor Tall Fair
Malt Vlamingh Medium Medium High Good Good Tall Good
Food Hindmarsh Short Early Medium Fair Moderately good Medium Moderately good
Feed Dash Short Late Medium Good Very good Short Very poor
Feed Fathom Long Medium Medium Fair Moderately good Tall Good
Feed Fleet Long Medium Low Fair Fair Medium Good
Feed Litmus Short Early Medium Fair Fair Tall Moderately good
Feed Lockyer Medium Late Medium Moderately good Very good Short Poor
Feed Mundah Medium Very early Medium Fair Fair Medium Very good
Feed Oxford Medium Late - Very good Very good Short Very poor
Feed Roe Medium Early Medium Moderately good Moderately good Medium Very good
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Grade Variety Coleoptile length Maturity with late May sowing
Boron leaf symptoms Straw strength Head retention Plant height at
maturity Grain plumpness
Feed Yagan Medium Very early Medium Fair Moderately good Medium Very good
Awaiting classification Compass Medium Medium - Fair - Medium Good
Awaiting classification Flinders Short Late Medium Very good Moderately good Short Moderately good
Awaiting classification La Trobe Short Early Medium Moderately good Moderately good Medium Moderately good
Coleoptile length: short (40–60mm), medium (60–80mm) and long (80–100mm).
Maturity: very early (-15 to -4 days), early (-3 to +3 days), medium (+4 to +10 days) and late (+11 to +17 days) maturity (days to awn emergence) relative to Stirling when sown in late May. Maturity ranking with a late May sowing differs to the maturity ranking when sown in April or after mid-June.
Straw length: very short (<45 centimetres (cm)), short (45– 55cm), medium (55– 65cm) and tall (65–75cm) relative to Stirling and Buloke at sites where their straw (ground to base of ear) was between 65–75cm long.
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Table 9 Visual characteristics of a range of barley varieties when grown in WA (source: DAFWA Bulletin 4765, breeding companies and IP Australia Plant Breeders Rights database pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm)
- = no data available
Grade Variety Early growth habit Redness of flag leaf auricle
Redness of awns during grain fill Awn length Ear shape Rachilla length Rachilla hair
length
Malt Bass Prostrate Present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Long
Malt Baudin Prostrate Strongly present Present Medium Parallel Short Long
Malt Buloke Semi-erect Weakly present Absent Medium Tapering Medium Long
Malt Commander Erect Absent Absent Very long Tapering Medium Short
Malt Gairdner Prostrate Present Present Long Parallel Long Short
Malt Granger Prostrate Present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Long
Malt Scope CL Semi-erect Weakly present Absent Medium Tapering Medium Long
Malt Vlamingh Erect Absent Absent Medium Tapering Medium Short
Food Hindmarsh Erect Present Present Medium Parallel Medium Short
Feed Dash Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Tapering - Long
Feed Fathom Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Long
Feed Fleet Erect Absent Absent Very long Parallel Long Long
Feed Litmus Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Long
Feed Lockyer Prostrate Weakly present Present Long Parallel Medium Long
Feed Mundah Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium Short
Feed Oxford Prostrate Present Present Long Parallel Medium Long
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Grade Variety Early growth habit Redness of flag leaf auricle
Redness of awns during grain fill Awn length Ear shape Rachilla length Rachilla hair
length
Feed Roe Erect Weakly present Weakly present Medium Parallel Medium Short
Feed Yagan Erect Present Present - Tapering - Short
Awaiting classification Compass Erect Present Weakly present Long Tapering Short-medium Long
Awaiting classification Flinders Prostrate Present Present Medium Tapering Medium Long
Awaiting classification La Trobe Erect Strongly present Strongly present Medium Parallel Medium Short
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Table 10 Breeding, seed trading and end point royalty status for barley varieties when grown in WA (source: breeding companies and Variety Central varietycentral.com.au)
Grade Variety Variety owner or licensee
Year released
Farmer to farmer trading
Seed licensee
End point royalty – malt ($ per tonne (t) excluding GST)
End point royalty - food or feed ($/t excluding GST)
Growers registered with the SeedNet Authorised Grower Distribution Scheme can participate in farmer to farmer trading of Buloke, Commander and Hindmarsh.
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Figure 8 Relative screenings (%<2.5mm) of the malting varieties Buloke (r2 = 0.85), Gairdner (r2 = 0.85) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.83) at different screenings (%<2.5mm) achieved by the malting variety Baudin (source: data from 2004, 2006–13 DAFWA barley agronomy, 2004–08 CVT and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 415 trial-years of data)
Figure 9 Relative screenings (%<2.5mm) of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.76), Baudin (r2 = 0.81), Buloke (r2 = 0.82), Commander (r2 = 0.75), Granger (r2 = 0.75) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.73) at different screenings (%<2.5mm) achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh (source: data from 2010–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 211 trial-years of data)
Figure 10 Relative screenings (%<2.5mm) of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.83), Baudin (r2 = 0.80), Scope (r2 = 0.93) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.78) and the food variety Hindmarsh (r2 = 0.80) at different screenings (%<2.5mm) achieved by the malting variety Buloke (source: data from 2009–13 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009–13 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 178 trial-years of data)
Herbicide toleranceHerbicide tolerance trials conducted over the last fifteen years in WA indicate that some barley varieties are more susceptible to damage from certain herbicides than others (Table 11). The variation in tolerance may be due to differences in morphological or physiological characters and/or internal ear development stages among the varieties. The level of tolerance amongst varieties varies with the rate of herbicide, the environmental conditions when the herbicide is applied, and the stage of the crop growth.
Seasonal variability makes it essential to test herbicide and variety interaction over several seasons and locations. The risk of crop damage from an herbicide should be balanced against the potential yield loss from both the weed competition and the number of weed seeds returning to the soil seed bank. Small yield reductions due to herbicide damage in sensitive varieties may not be easily detected at the paddock level, but over larger areas can be of great economic importance.
Since 2009, advanced breeding lines and commercial varieties have been tested for herbicide tolerance in small plot (1.6 metres (m) x 1.5m) screening trials at Katanning. In those screenings trials the following herbicides (which provide consistent damage to barley or are commonly used by Western Australian barley growers) are tested at higher than label rates:
Any variety by herbicide combination that causes a significant yield reduction in the screening trial is then further tested in larger plot (10m x 1m) advanced trials. In the advanced trials, the varieties are assessed against label and higher than the label rates for at least two years to validate the results and to minimise seasonal influences on the herbicide tolerance responses. In 2013, the herbicide tolerance of barley varieties to the new herbicides Legacy® MA (diflufenican + MCPA) and Triathlon® (diflufenican + bromoxynil + MCPA) were tested for the first time in the advanced trial at Katanning.
Most barley varieties have shown some sensitivity to at least one herbicide in the herbicide tolerance trials, but no barley variety tested has yet to demonstrate consistent yield loss due to herbicide application. Of the varieties tested, Gairdner has shown sensitivity to a greater range of
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herbicides than any other variety. Baudin, Buloke, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Vlamingh have also shown sensitivity to two or more herbicides at label rates.
Several of the herbicides tested have caused a yield loss in two or more varieties. Growers should be cautious when using those products with new varieties. Sensitivity at label rates has been noted in at least two varieties for these products:
• Ally® (metsulfuron) at Z13-Z15,
• Axial® (pinoxadin) at Z12-Z14,
• Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) at Z13-Z15,
• Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) at Z12-Z15, and
• Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) at Z13-Z14.
A narrow safety margin was also noted when Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) was applied at above labels rates, but not at label rates, to three barley varieties. In general, when using pre-emergent herbicides like trifluralin, Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) and Diuron + Dual® Gold (diuron + s-metolachlor) ensure the sown seed is placed below the herbicide treated soil band; as the crop safety is mainly due to seed placement selectively. If sowing with knife points, and using higher label rates, ensure that treated soil does not get thrown, blown or washed into the furrows.
Phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) are commonly applied in barley as late post-emergence treatments and to reduce the seed set of wild radish, wild mustard, wild turnip and lupins. Application timing for phenoxy herbicides is more critical than for other herbicides. Barley is most sensitive to phenoxy herbicides at the double ridge stage of ear development (the point at which the ear first starts to form). It is critically important to correctly identify the correct crop development stage to avoid damaging the crop when spraying with phenoxy herbicides.
Application of phenoxy herbicides during the double ridge stage usually results in distorted or twisted heads later in the season when the heads emerge from the boot. This is normally accompanied by some missing grains in the head and these ear head abnormalities could lead to grain yield losses. Double ridge usually occurs when there is between 3–4 leaves on the mainstem in varieties like La Trobe, Scope CL and Stirling and between 4–5 leaves on the mainstem in varieties like Bass, Baudin, Compass, Flinders, Gairdner and Granger.
The best time to apply a phenoxy herbicide is to wait until at least one leaf after the double ridge stage and before booting. Application of phenoxy herbicides between flag leaf emergence and the soft dough stage on any barley variety can cause serious yield losses due to effects on pollen development.
It is important to remember that herbicides are only one of the tools in which we can manage weeds. Herbicides are only a useful tool when part of an integrated weed management plan (IWM). An IWM plan should include an element from each of the following five tactics:
• Tactic 1 – deplete weed seed in the target area soil seed bank
• Tactic 2 – kill weeds (seedlings) in the target area
• Tactic 3 – stop weed seed set
• Tactic 4 – prevent viable weed seeds from being added to the soil seed bank
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• Tactic 5 – prevent introduction of viable weed seed from external sources.
When using herbicides to control weeds it is important to rotate between different mode-of-action groups to reduce weed numbers, stop replenishment of the seed bank and minimise the risk of developing herbicide resistant weeds.
Page 48 of 111
Table 11a Tolerance of some of barley varieties (1999–13) to herbicides incorporated by seeding (IBS) or post seeding pre-emergent (PSPE) in WA (source: Harmohinder Dhammu)
- = No herbicide tolerance data
OK = No significant yield reduction at label recommended rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials conducted.
N = Narrow safety margin. Significant yield reduction at higher than label recommended rate, but not at recommended label rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.
YL = Percentage yield reduction at recommended label rate in 1 trial. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.
Herbicide used and rate applied/ha
Tim
ing
Bas
s
Bau
din
Bul
oke
Com
man
der
Fath
om
Flee
t
Gai
rdne
r
Gra
nger
Hin
dmar
sh
La T
robe
Lock
yer
Mun
dah
Oxf
ord
Roe
Vlam
ingh
Avadex® BW 2L (tri-allate) IBS – OK (4) – – – – OK (2) – – – – OK (1) – – OK (2)
Boxer® Gold 2.5L (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) IBS N (1/3)
N (1/3)
N (1/2) OK (1) – – – – OK (2) – OK (3) – OK (1) OK (3) OK (2)
Boxer® Gold 2.5L + Lexone® 150g (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) + (metribuzin) IBS – OK (1) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (1) – – OK (1) –
Dual® Gold 0.5L (s-metolachlor) IBS – OK (1) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (1) – – OK (1) –
Diuron 1L+ Dual® Gold 0.5L (diuron + s-metolachlor) IBS – OK (1) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (1) – – OK (1) –
Logran® 35g (triasulfuron) IBS – OK (1) – – – – OK (2) – – – – OK (1) – – –
Stomp® 330 1.8L (pendimethalin) IBS – OK (5) OK (1) – – – OK (2) – OK (1) – OK (3) OK (1) – OK (3) OK (4)
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Herbicide used and rate applied/ha
Tim
ing
Bas
s
Bau
din
Bul
oke
Com
man
der
Fath
om
Flee
t
Gai
rdne
r
Gra
nger
Hin
dmar
sh
La T
robe
Lock
yer
Mun
dah
Oxf
ord
Roe
Vlam
ingh
Treflan® 1L (trifluralin) IBS – OK (4) – – – – OK (2) – – – – OK (1) – – OK (2)
Triflur® X 3L (trifluralin) IBS OK (1) OK (2) OK (2) OK (1) OK (2) – – – OK (2) – OK (2) – OK (1) OK (2) OK (1)
Triflur® X 1L + Lexone® 150g (trifluralin + metribuzin) IBS – OK (4) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (3) – – OK (3) OK (4)
Yield® 250 EC 2L (oryzalin + trifluralin) IBS – OK (1) – – – – OK (2) – – – – OK (1) – – –
Diuron 1L + Dual® Gold 0.25L (diuron + s-metolachlor) PSPE – OK (3) – – – – OK (2) – – – – OK (1) – – OK (2)
Table 11b Tolerance of some of barley varieties (1999–13) to herbicides applied between 2–5 leaf stage in WA (source: Harmohinder Dhammu)
- = No herbicide tolerance data.
OK = No significant yield reduction at label recommended rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials conducted.
N = Narrow safety margin. Significant yield reduction at higher than label recommended rate, but not at recommended label rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.
YL = Percentage yield reduction at recommended label rate in 1 trial. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.
Herbicide used and rate applied/ha
Tim
ing
Bas
s
Bau
din
Bul
oke
Com
man
der
Fath
om
Flee
t
Gai
rdne
r
Gra
nger
Hin
dmar
sh
La T
robe
Lock
yer
Mun
dah
Oxf
ord
Roe
Vlam
ingh
Axial® 300mL (pinoxadin) Z12-Z14 – OK (1) YL 17 (1/1) – OK (2) – – – OK (1) – OK (3) – – OK (3) YL 20
(1/2)
Velocity® 0.67L (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) Z12-Z15 OK (1) OK (4) YL 16 (1/4)
YL 14 (1/2) – – OK (2) – N
(1/4) – – – OK (1) – OK (2)
Achieve® 380g (tralkoxydim) Z13-Z15 – OK (5) OK (2) OK (1) – – OK (1) – OK (3) OK (1) YL 21 (1/1) OK (1) OK (2) OK (1) OK (3)
Achieve® 380g + Tigrex® 0.8L (tralkoxydim) + (diflufenican + MCPA) Z13-Z14 OK (1) – – OK (1) OK (2) – OK (1) – – – – OK (1) – – –
Affinity® 50g + MCPA 0.5L (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA) Z13-Z15 OK (1) OK (6) OK (2) OK (1) – – YL 14
(1/1) – OK (2) – OK (3) – OK (1) OK (3) OK (4)
Affinity Force® 100mL + MCPA 0.5L (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA) Z13-Z14 – OK (1) OK (1) – – – OK (1) – OK (1) OK (1) – – – – OK (1)
Ally® 5g (metsulfuron) Z13-Z14 – OK (4) – – – – YL 13 (1/2) – – – OK (2) OK (1) – OK (2) YL 20
(1/4)
Ally® 7g (metsulfuron) Z13-Z15 OK (1) OK (2) OK (2) OK (1) N – – – OK (3) OK (1) OK (1) – OK (1) OK (1) –Page 51 of 111
Herbicide used and rate applied/ha
Tim
ing
Bas
s
Bau
din
Bul
oke
Com
man
der
Fath
om
Flee
t
Gai
rdne
r
Gra
nger
Hin
dmar
sh
La T
robe
Lock
yer
Mun
dah
Oxf
ord
Roe
Vlam
ingh
(1/2)
Barrel® / Broadside® 1L (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba) Z13-Z14 – OK (4) – – OK (1) N
(1/2)YL 12 (1/2) OK (1) – – – OK (1) OK (1) – OK (2)
Buctril® MA 1L (bromoxynil + MCPA) Z13-Z14 – OK (3) – – – – – – – – – – – – OK (2)
Buctril® MA 1.4L (bromoxynil + MCPA) Z13-Z14 – OK (2) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (3) – – OK (3) OK (2)
Cheetah® Gold 1L (diclofop + sethoxydim + fenoxaprop) Z13-Z14 – OK (1) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (3) – – OK (3) OK (2)
Precept®300 1L (pyrasulfotole + MCPA ester) Z14-Z15 – OK (1) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (2) – – OK (2) OK (1)
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Table 11c Tolerance of some of barley varieties (1999–13) to herbicides applied from five leaf stage in WA (source: Harmohinder Dhammu)
- = No herbicide tolerance data.
OK = No significant yield reduction at label recommended rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials conducted.
N = Narrow safety margin. Significant yield reduction at higher than label recommended rate, but not at recommended label rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.
YL = Percentage yield reduction at recommended label rate in 1 trial. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.
Herbicide used and rate applied/ha
Tim
ing
Bas
s
Bau
din
Bul
oke
Com
man
der
Fath
om
Flee
t
Gai
rdne
r
Gra
nger
Hin
dmar
sh
La T
robe
Lock
yer
Mun
dah
Oxf
ord
Roe
Vlam
ingh
Paragon® 0.5L (picolinafen + MCPA) Z15-Z16 – OK (1) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (2) – – OK (2) OK (1)
MCPA (amine) 500 1.25L (MCPA) Z15-Z16 – OK (2) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – – – – – OK (2)
MCPA (amine) 500 2L (MCPA) Z15-Z16 – OK (1) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (3) – – OK (3) OK (2)
2,4-D Amine 500 1L (2,4-D) Z15-Z16 – OK (2) – – – – OK (2) – – – – OK (1) – – OK (2)
2,4-D Amine 625 1.3L (2,4-D) Z15-Z16 OK (1) OK (2) OK (2) OK (1) – – – – OK (2) – YL 14
Kamba® 500 0.4L (dicamba) Z21+ – OK (1) OK (1) – – – – – OK (1) – OK (2) – – OK (2) OK (1)
2,4-D Amine 700 1.5L (2,4-D) Z31 – OK (2) OK (2) OK (1) – – OK (1) – OK (2) – – – – – N (1/1)
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Table 11d For each variety, location of herbicide tolerance testing sites and years evaluated (source: Harmohinder Dhammu)
A = Avondale (loamy duplex, pH 5.0), B = Katanning (sandy duplex or gravelly duplex or sandy loam, pH 4.5-5.3) and C = Newdegate (sandy duplex, pH 4.1).
Herbicide used and rate applied/ha
Bas
s
Bau
din
Bul
oke
Com
man
der
Fath
om
Flee
t
Gai
rdne
r
Gra
nger
Hin
dmar
sh
La T
robe
Lock
yer
Mun
dah
Oxf
ord
Roe
Vlam
ingh
Year of testing
2009
, 201
1, 2
013
2001
, 200
2, 2
003,
200
8, 2
009,
20
10, 2
011,
201
2
2008
, 200
9, 2
010,
201
1, 2
012
2009
, 201
2, 2
013
2012
, 201
3
2012
, 201
3
1999
, 200
0, 2
010,
201
1
2013
2008
, 200
9, 2
010,
201
1, 2
012,
20
13
2013
2006
, 200
7, 2
008
1999
2009
, 201
2
2006
, 200
7, 2
008
2003
, 200
6, 2
007,
201
0, 2
011
Sites B AB B B B B BC B B B B C B B AB
Note: Higher than the label herbicide rates to work out crop safety margins (N) were used in some trials and/or for some products only.
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Barley variety descriptionsGrowers are moving away from growing Baudin, Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh (Figure 1) into Hindmarsh and increasingly to Bass and Scope CL. Other options growers are considering include the malting varieties Commander and Granger and the feed varieties Dash, Fathom, Litmus, Lockyer and Oxford. Future options include Compass, Flinders and La Trobe. Each of the established, new and future varieties has agronomic (yield, quality, disease, agronomy) strengths and weaknesses that need to be carefully weighed against demand signals from the market (Tables 1 and 2), pricing of malting varieties, pricing of the food variety Hindmarsh and the location of receival sites.
There is greater market demand for some varieties in some port zones and lesser demand in other port zones. That demand will influence the choice of variety that is sown regionally. No one variety matches all the different farming systems in which barley is grown or the brewing and shochu markets we service. Use the market and agronomic information presented in Tables 1– 11 and Figures 3–10 to assist with decisions on what variety to grow. To make it easier to review the attributes of each barley variety, varietal descriptions in this year’s technical bulletin have changed from text summaries to a tabulated format. Varieties with a malting or food classification are described first, then the feed varieties, followed by those varieties still awaiting a classification from Barley Australia.
In less than 3t/ha environments the best alternatives to Hindmarsh include:
1) Compass. Compass will be new to the market in 2015 and available for sowing as a feed barley. An outcome from Barley Australia’s malting and brewing accreditation trials is expected in 2016. Compass has a similar grain yield to Hindmarsh across all Agzones. Whilst a direct comparison against Hindmarsh at different levels of yield has not been undertaken, it is expected that Compass will be competitive with Hindmarsh in lower yielding environments. Based on limited data the grain quality of Compass looks good, being equal to or better than Hindmarsh. For the stubble borne diseases, Compass and Hindmarsh are similar but different depending on what disease and what growth stage.
2) Fathom. Fathom is very similar to Hindmarsh in the less than 3t/ha environments (Figure 3) and is a better alternative than Mundah and Roe. Fathom should be considered where a longer coleoptile is advantageous (i.e. deep seeding into moisture) (Table 8). Fathom is also later to flower than Hindmarsh and may be better suited to earlier sowing opportunities. Fathom’s advantage of having the best available adult resistance to STNB is offset by it being susceptible to both pathotypes of NTNB (Tables 5 and 6). Growers need to be aware of which net blotch their stubble is carrying, based on whether STNB or NTNB was present in the previous barley crop, to determine if Fathom will be useful in the rotation. Weed competition data from eastern Australia suggests that Fathom is more competitive against oats than Hindmarsh.
3) La Trobe. La Trobe (tested as IGB1101) is from the same cross as Hindmarsh. It is almost identical in its agronomic performance and agronomic traits to Hindmarsh in WA (Tables 3, 5–10). La Trobe is undergoing stage two of the Barley Australia accreditation process in 2014. In 2014 a limited volume of seed was released, focusing on the Kwinana Port Zone. The bulk of the La Trobe grown in 2014 will be used for seed for the 2015 season. Small volumes of La Trobe will be accumulated in the Kwinana port zone at the 2014/15 harvest. If accreditation does occur, 2015 should primarily be seen as a seed bulk-up year. As with any newly accredited malting variety, growers should sow them with the intention of delivering them as feed barley until there are clearer segregation, pricing and market demand signals.
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4) Litmus. Litmus is the best available barley for sowing on soils with an acidic profile. Why? Litmus carries the Alt1 gene which allows its roots to excrete citrate reducing the toxicity of Al in the soil. On acidic soils this results in increased grain yield relative to traditional barley varieties (Table 4) and a similar yield to wheat varieties like Calingiri and Wyalkatchem. Unfortunately Litmus grains can display a blue aleurone, as detected in Henley, which affects its ability to be delivered against current GTA and GIWA barley receival standards. For the 2014/15 harvest CBH will accept Litmus at selected feed barley stacks in all port zones, with no penalty if blue aleurone levels exceed the receival limit of one in 100 grains. After the 2014/15 harvest there is no intention for Litmus to be received by CBH in the Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones. In the Geraldton port zone, however, InterGrain and Syngenta are working with international parties to develop options to continue the production and receival of Litmus in the Geraldton port zone in 2015 onwards. Litmus growers should talk the breeder for the latest update on the future of Litmus as a commercial variety.
5) Scope CL. Whilst Scope CL is slightly lower yielding than Hindmarsh in the less than 3t/ha environments (Figure 7), growers will sow it instead of Hindmarsh where brome and barley grass are a problem, where they have used a Clearfield® herbicide in the previous crop or over summer or if they want to sow early into a non-Clearfield® wheat stubble. Growers should follow the label when applying herbicides to Scope CL barley and should not apply any off-label imidazolinone herbicides. The only imidazolinone herbicide registered for use with Scope CL barley is Intervix® (imazapyr/imazamox). Scope CL is later to flower than Hindmarsh and may be better suited to earlier sowing opportunities. As with Buloke, timely harvesting is required to minimise the risk of head loss at maturity.
In more than 3t/ha environments, the best feed barley alternatives to Hindmarsh include:
1) Compass. Whilst Compass is undergoing accreditation to assess its suitability for malting and brewing (outcome due in 2016), Compass will be available for sowing as a feed barley in 2015. NVT MET analysis suggests that Compass is equal to Hindmarsh for grain yield in WA, but in eastern Australia Compass is generally higher yielding than Hindmarsh. In higher rainfall environments Compass and Hindmarsh have a similar level of resistance to powdery mildew and are both susceptible to barley leaf rust when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Straw strength may be an issue in high yielding environments.
2) Dash. Dash is higher yielding above 4t/ha and has a better overall disease resistance package than Hindmarsh including scald, adult resistance to NTNB, barley leaf rust and barley yellow dwarf (Tables 5–7). Dash flowers two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing.
3) Lockyer. Lockyer is higher yielding than Hindmarsh above 4t/ha (Figures 3 and 4), but not as good as Dash or Oxford in very high yielding situations. Lockyer is however more stable than Dash and Lockyer with delayed sowing. The leaf disease resistance of Lockyer is comparable with Hindmarsh, except Lockyer is better where Beecher avirulent NTNB is present (Tables 5 and 6). Lockyer flowers two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing.
4) Oxford. Oxford is best suited to environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha (Figure 4). Oxford has a very high yield potential when sown early (late April and early May), but its potential drops rapidly as seeding is delayed into late May and even later. Oxford flowers nearly two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing. In high disease risk environments, Oxford is superior to Hindmarsh for straw strength and head retention, NTNB, powdery mildew, barley leaf rust and barley yellow dwarf virus (Tables 5–8).
In more than 3t/ha environments the malting barley alternatives to Hindmarsh include:
1) Bass. Bass is generally lower yielding than Hindmarsh (Table 3, Figures 6 and 7). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Bass is likely to equal or the better profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3.4t/ha. Both varieties have a
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similar disease resistance profile (with Hindmarsh better for powdery mildew), except Bass will have a higher probability of receival as Malt1 than Hindmarsh for receival as BFOD1 due its plumper grain (Figures 9 and 10) and slightly brighter kernels. Bass is now at risk of barley leaf rust.
2) Buloke. Buloke is generally lower yielding than Hindmarsh (Table 3, Figures 6 and 7). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Buloke is likely to equal or better the profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3t/ha. Buloke’s grain has a lower probability of being received as Malt1 (due to more screenings, Figures 9 and 10, and a lower hectolitre (hL) weight) than Hindmarsh being received as BFOD1. It also has poorer straw strength and is at a much higher risk of head loss. Buloke has better resistance to NTNB and STNB than Hindmarsh but is not as good for scald (Tables 5 and 6).
3) Commander. Commander’s main weakness in the above 3t/ha environments is straw strength, even though it can out yield Hindmarsh in the above 5t/ha environments (Figure 6). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Commander is likely to equal or the better profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3t/ha. Commander is close to but not quite as plump as Hindmarsh (Figure 9). Disease resistance is comparable with Hindmarsh, but Commander is poorer for scald and net type net blotch. Like Hindmarsh, barley leaf rust is a risk to manage.
4) Granger. Granger is very competitive with Hindmarsh in high rainfall areas (Figure 7) and has the highest yield potential of the current malting varieties. Its advantage over Hindmarsh includes durable powdery mildew resistance (due to mlo gene), adult plant resistance to barley leaf rust (due to Rph20 gene), improved resistance to Beecher avirulent NTNB and improved barley yellow dwarf resistance, although it is more susceptible to scald (Tables 5–7). Grain plumpness of Granger is an improvement over Baudin and Buloke, but not as good as Bass or Vlamingh (Figure 9). Grain plumpness is similar to Hindmarsh. Granger has a good hectolitre weight, but grain brightness may be an issue in some seasons.
5) Scope CL. Scope CL performs almost identically to Buloke (Tables 5–9 and Figures 7 and 10). Aside from the herbicide advantages of Scope CL relative to Hindmarsh, it has better resistance to NTNB and powdery mildew, but it is poorer for straw strength and head retention than Hindmarsh (Tables 5, 6 and 8). Relative to Buloke, Scope is slightly plumper (Figure 10) and tolerant of the Clearfield® herbicide Intervix®. As with Buloke head loss may be an issue in some seasons.
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BassMalting variety
Comments
Bass is a semi-dwarf malting barley acceptable for export as grain and is being assessed for export as malt
reaches awn peep 10–12 days earlier than Baudin with late April planting and 4–6 days earlier when sown in late May
competitive with Buloke for grain yield, higher yielding than Baudin and as good as Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 5t/ha
better resistance to scald and powdery mildew than Baudin it is susceptible to barley leaf rust when the new pathotype 5457 P- is present, but resistant
if pathotype 5453 P- is present Bass is expected to have a higher probability of malting than Baudin as its grain plumpness
and hectolitre weight is superior (being similar to Vlamingh).
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 106% 99%
Agzone 2 94% 84%
Agzone 3 98% 91%
Agzone 4 91% 85%
Agzone 5 96% 84%
Agzone 6 105% 94%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MRMS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMS
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSS
STNB MRMS S
Powdery mildew MS MS
Leaf rust R/S MR/S
BYD and CYD MR MR
RLN (P. neglectus) MSSp MSSp
RLN (P. teres) MSp MSp
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Disease resistance Seedling Adult
CCN S S
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April -1 to +1 -8 to -6
late May +6 to +8 -2 to 0
early July +8 to +10 0 to +2
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Short
Straw strength Very good
Head retention Good
Herbicide tolerance
Has shown no sensitivity to label rates of a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicide tolerance trials conducted in Western Australia.
Variety information
Pedigree WABAR2023/Alexis
Breeder or licensee InterGrain
Access to seed Free to trade
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $3.50
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BaudinMalting variety
Comments
Baudin is a semi-dwarf malting barley that is preferred for export as grain, as malt and as a shochu barley
Baudin is regarded as the premium Malting variety for the Chinese, south-east Asian and Japanese brewing markets
despite strong market demand, production of Baudin is declining firstly because it is no longer yield competitive with the newer malting and food varieties
secondly because it is very susceptible to powdery mildew and barley leaf rust and susceptible to scald and all forms of net blotch
when growing Baudin an integrated disease management plan needs to be implemented grain plumpness of Baudin is similar to Buloke but inferior to Bass and Vlamingh.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 92% 86%
Agzone 2 92% 83%
Agzone 3 84% 78%
Agzone 4 90% 83%
Agzone 5 94% 83%
Agzone 6 92% 83%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MSS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) S S
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) S S
STNB MRMS S
Powdery mildew VS VS
Leaf rust SVS SVS
BYD and CYD MR MR
RLN (P. neglectus) MS MS
RLN (P. teres) MSSp MSSp
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Disease resistance Seedling Adult
CCN S S
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +10 to +12 +3 to +5
late May +10 to +12 +2 to +4
early July +4 to +5 -3 to -1
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Short
Straw strength Very good
Head retention Very good
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to label rate applications of Paragon® (picolinafen + MCPA) and Tigrex® (diflufenican + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.
Variety information
Pedigree Stirling/Franklin
Breeder or licensee InterGrain
Access to seed Free to trade
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $3.50 – delivered as malt and $1.00 – delivered as feed
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BulokeMalting variety
Comments
• Buloke is a tall malting barley acceptable for export as grain and as malt• Buloke is no longer the highest yielding malting variety • the new malting varieties Commander, Granger and Scope CL are equal to or higher yielding
than Buloke • Buloke’s probability of malting is similar to Baudin (due to similarities in their grain plumpness)
but lower than Bass and Vlamingh • its hectolitre weight is between that of Baudin and Vlamingh, but its grain is 0.5–1.5 Minolta ‘L*’
units darker than Baudin grain • despite having a similar grain width, Buloke grains are 2–6 milligrams (mg) heavier than Baudin
grains • lodging and head loss are two risks before harvest.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) %Baudin % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 109% 93%
Agzone 2 108% 90%
Agzone 3 119% 93%
Agzone 4 111% 93%
Agzone 5 106% 88%
Agzone 6 108% 90%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMSp
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMS
STNB MRMS MS
Powdery mildew MR MR
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD MRMS MRMS
RLN (P. neglectus) MR MR
RLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSpPage 65 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
CCN S S
Page 66 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Baudin
late April +7 to +9 -5 to -3
late May +7 to +9 -4 to -2
early July +7 to +9 +1 to +3
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Short
Plant height Tall
Straw strength Fair
Head retention Poor
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to a label rate application of Axial® (pinoxadin) sprayed at Z12-Z14; Diuron + MCPA amine (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z14-Z15; and Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) sprayed at Z12-15.
Variety information
Pedigree Franklin/VB9104//VB9104
Breeder or licensee DPI (Vic)
Access to seed SeedNet Authorised Growers
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $2.00
Page 67 of 111
CommanderMalting variety
Comments
• Commander is a tall malting barley that is acceptable for export as grain and as malt • there is demand for Commander from the domestic market to export as malt as a
replacement/substitute for Gairdner and Vlamingh • Commander is equal to or higher yielding than Buloke, except in Agzone 4 and superior to
Buloke in environments with a yield potential above 3.5t/ha • straw strength may be an issue in high yielding environments • Commander is expected to have a slightly higher probability of malting than Baudin as its grain
is slightly plumper, but with a slightly lower hectolitre weight • Commander has good resistance to powdery mildew, but is at risk of scald, NTNB, STNB and
barley leaf rust.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 103% 96%
Agzone 2 97% 87%
Agzone 3 95% 89%
Agzone 4 95% 88%
Agzone 5 97% 86%
Agzone 6 104% 93%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MSS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) S S
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) S S
STNB S MSS
Powdery mildew MRMS MR
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD MRMSp MRMSp
RLN (P. neglectus) MS MS
RLN (P. teres) MSp MSp
Page 68 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
CCN R R
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +8 to +10 0 to +2
late May +11 to +13 +3 to +4
early July +5 to +7 -3 to -1
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Fair
Head retention Fair
Herbicide tolerance
Has only been tested against a small number of herbicides in WA. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) sprayed at Z12-15.
Variety information
Pedigree Keel/Sloop//Galaxy
Breeder or licensee University of Adelaide
Access to seed SeedNet Authorised Growers
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $3.80
Page 69 of 111
GairdnerMalting variety
Comments
• Gairdner is a semi-dwarf malting variety acceptable for export as grain and as malt • production of Gairdner is on the decline to varieties with superior grain yield, disease resistance
and grain quality • Gairdner has the lowest probability of meeting malt barley receival specifications due to its
narrow grain shape • it is susceptible to STNB, powdery mildew (very susceptible as a seedling) and barley leaf rust • when growing Gairdner an integrated disease management plan needs to be implemented • like Buloke there is a risk of head loss before harvest.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 87% 81%
Agzone 2 95% 86%
Agzone 3 90% 84%
Agzone 4 90% 84%
Agzone 5 97% 85%
Agzone 6 93% 83%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMS
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew VS S
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD MR MR
RLN (P. neglectus) MS MS
RLN (P. teres) MSp MSp
CCN S S
Page 70 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +7 to +9 0 to +2
late May +12 to +14 +3 to +5
early July +12 to +14 +4 to +6
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Good
Head retention Fair
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to label rate applications of Affinity® + MCPA amine (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA), Ally® (metsulfuron), Barrel® or Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba), Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) and Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14.
Variety information
Pedigree Tas 83-537/Onslow
Breeder or licensee InterGrain
Access to seed Free to trade
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) No EPR payable
Page 71 of 111
GrangerMalting variety
Comments
• Granger is a semi-dwarf malting variety being assessed for export as grain but not as malt• Granger, like Commander, is equal to or superior than Buloke for grain yield, especially in
environments with a yield potential above 3.5t/ha • Granger is superior yielding to Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4.5t/ha • Granger's probability of malting is expected to be superior to Baudin, having better grain
plumpness and hectolitre weight, but not as good as Vlamingh • excellent resistance to powdery mildew (mlo resistance) and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant
resistance, Rph20) • to reduce scald and STNB risk, avoid sowing Granger into paddocks where one or two year old
barley stubble is present.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 - -
Agzone 2 105% 94%
Agzone 3 102% 95%
Agzone 4 - -
Agzone 5 101% 89%
Agzone 6 112% 100%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - S
NTNB (Beecher virulent) S MS
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MSp MRMS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew R R
Leaf rust R# RMR
BYD and CYD MRMS MRMS
RLN (P. neglectus) MS MS
RLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSp
Page 72 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
CCN S S
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +4 to +6 -3 to -1
late May +8 to +10 -1 to +1
early July +10 to +12 +1 to +3
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Good
Head retention Good
Herbicide tolerance
Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in WA.
Variety information
Pedigree Braemar/Adonis
Breeder or licensee Nickersons
Access to seed Heritage Seeds
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $2.95
Page 73 of 111
Scope CLMalting variety
Comments
• Scope CL is a tall malting variety being assessed for export as grain and as malt • Scope CL is derived from Buloke through mutation and its agronomic response (grain yield,
disease, grain quality, phenology, lodging, head loss and agronomic traits) is almost identical to Buloke
• Scope CL is tolerant of the imidazolinone chemistry herbicide Intervix®, allowing Scope CL to be sown in rotations with other Clearfield® crops, where brome and barley grass are a problem or when sowing into non-Clearfield® wheat stubbles
• whilst there are agronomic similarities between Scope CL and Buloke, Barley Australia and CBH have advised that there will be no co-binning of malt grade Scope CL and Buloke.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 100% 94%
Agzone 2 101% 91%
Agzone 3 100% 93%
Agzone 4 101% 93%
Agzone 5 99% 87%
Agzone 6 100% 90%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMSp
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMS
STNB MS S
Powdery mildew R R
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD MRp MRp
RLN (P. neglectus) MSSp MSSp
RLN (P. teres) MSp MSp
CCN S SPage 74 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +4 to +6 -3 to -1
late May +8 to +10 -1 to +1
early July +10 to +12 +1 to +3
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Short
Plant height Tall
Straw strength Fair
Head retention Poor
Herbicide tolerance
Data from herbicide tolerance trials in WA is not yet available.
Variety information
Pedigree Franklin/VB9104//VB9104
Breeder or licensee DPI (Vic)
Access to seed SeedNet
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $3.50
Page 75 of 111
VlaminghMalting variety
Comments
• Vlamingh is a tall malting barley that is acceptable when exported as malt, but with limited demand for export as grain
• Vlamingh will continue to be received as a malting variety until the supply of Commander or equivalent varieties meet market demand
• Vlamingh has a similar grain yield to Buloke in all Agzones, but has a higher probability of malting than both Baudin and Buloke due to its superior grain plumpness and very good hectolitre weight
• it is susceptible to STNB, powdery mildew and barley leaf rust, but has good resistance to scald and NTNB
• has better straw strength than Buloke and Commander and a low risk of head loss.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 102% 95%
Agzone 2 100% 90%
Agzone 3 96% 89%
Agzone 4 94% 87%
Agzone 5 98% 86%
Agzone 6 102% 91%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MR
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMS
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRMS
STNB MRMS S
Powdery mildew S S
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD MS MS
RLN (P. neglectus) MS MS
RLN (P. teres) MSp MSp
Page 76 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
CCN S S
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +7 to +9 -1 to +1
late May +6 to +8 -2 to 0
early July +6 to +8 -1 to +1
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Tall
Straw strength Good
Head retention Good
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to label rate applications of Ally® (metsulfuron) and Axial® (pinoxadin) sprayed at Z13-Z14.
Variety information
Pedigree WABAR570/TR118
Breeder or licensee InterGrain
Access to seed Free to trade
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $3.50 delivered as malt and $1.00 delivered as feed
Page 77 of 111
HindmarshFood variety
Comments
• Hindmarsh is semi-dwarf food variety that is segregated (BFOD1) and exported to mid-range malt markets in China and exported to Japan for shochu production
• alongside Fathom, Lockyer and Oxford, Hindmarsh is one of highest yielding varieties in WA • it is higher yielding than all malting varieties in environments with a yield potential below 3t/ha • Hindmarsh's probability of being received as BFOD1 is expected to be superior to that of Baudin
for malt, having better grain plumpness and hectolitre weight, but not as good as Vlamingh for malting
• grain brightness may be an issue in coastal regions • has good resistance to powdery mildew but is susceptible to STNB and barley leaf rust.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Baudin
Agzone 1 107% 116%
Agzone 2 111% 120%
Agzone 3 107% 128%
Agzone 4 108% 120%
Agzone 5 114% 121%
Agzone 6 111% 121%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MRMS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MS
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew MRMS MRMS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD S S
RLN (P. neglectus) MR MR
RLN (P. teres) MRp MRp
CCN R RPage 78 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April -4 to -2 -12 to -10
late May 0 to +2 -8 to -6
early July +1 to +3 -7 to -5
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Short
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Fair
Head retention Moderately good
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to label rate applications of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) and Legacy® (diflufenican + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14 and Triathlon® (diflufenican + bromoxynil + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z15.
Variety information
Pedigree Dash/VB9409
Breeder or licensee DPI (Vic)
Access to seed SeedNet Authorised Growers
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $1.50
Page 79 of 111
DashFeed variety
Comments
• High yielding, semi-dwarf feed variety highly resistant to scald, powdery mildew and barley leaf rust best suited to Agzones 3 and 6
• has good resistance to NTNB but is susceptible to STNB • Dash is higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha • an erectoidies variety that can produce small grain • Dash can be expected to show a small percentage of red awned and taller off types • it has a short coleoptile and caution is urged with deep seeding • may be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes and cereal cyst nematodes are a
problem.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 - -
Agzone 2 - -
Agzone 3 102% 95%
Agzone 4 - -
Agzone 5 108% 95%
Agzone 6 - -
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - R
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMS
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew R R
Leaf rust MSp R
BYD and CYD MRMSp MRMSp
RLN (P. neglectus) MRMS MRMS
RLN (P. teres) MRp MRp
CCN R R
Page 80 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +9 to +11 +2 to +4
late May +11 to +13 +2 to +4
early July +12 to +14 +6 to +7
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Short
Plant height Short
Straw strength Good
Head retention Very good
Herbicide tolerance
Showed no sensitivity to a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicides tolerance trials during 2009 in WA.
Variety information
Pedigree Chad/Joline//Cask
Breeder or licensee Heritage Seeds
Access to seed SeedNet
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $1.80
Page 81 of 111
FathomFeed variety
Comments
• New (tested as WI4483) longer coleoptile, tall feed barley • similar grain yield to Hindmarsh in NVT trials, but slightly below in a side-by-side analysis of
NVT + DAFWA barley agronomy trials • Fathom has the highest level of resistance to STNB of current varieties but is susceptible to
NTNB • has good resistance to scald and powdery mildew but is susceptible to barley leaf rust • Fathom is mixed for its head colour, having green and waxy green heads • when needing to sow into moisture at depth Fathom is better suited than Hindmarsh as it has a
longer coleoptile than Hindmarsh • weed competition data from eastern Australia suggests it is more competitive against oats than
Hindmarsh.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 - -
Agzone 2 104% 93%
Agzone 3 104% 97%
Agzone 4 107% 99%
Agzone 5 110% 96%
Agzone 6 109% 98%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MR
NTNB (Beecher virulent) S S
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSS
STNB MR MRMS
Powdery mildew MRMS MRMS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD MRp MRp
RLN (P. neglectus) - -
RLN (P. teres) - -
CCN R RPage 82 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +6 to +8 -2 to 0
late May +3 to +5 -5 to -3
early July +3 to +5 -6 to -4
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Long
Plant height Tall
Straw strengthFair
Head retention Moderately good
Herbicide tolerance
Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in WA. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.
Variety information
Pedigree JE013D-020/WI3806-1
Breeder or licensee University of Adelaide
Access to seed SeedNet
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $2.00
Page 83 of 111
FleetFeed variety
Comments
• CCN resistant feed variety with good overall disease resistance and a maturity similar to Buloke and Vlamingh
• grain yield is between Buloke and Hindmarsh and generally below Fathom and Lockyer • the hectolitre weight of Fleet is 2–3 kilograms per hectolitre (kg/hL) lighter than Hindmarsh and
Lockyer and up to 1kg/hL lighter than Mundah • It is susceptible to lodging and head loss with early planting • Fleet has a long coleoptile (so can be planted deep) and is suited to both sandy and clayey soils • may be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes and cereal cyst nematodes are a
problem.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 109% 102%
Agzone 2 102% 92%
Agzone 3 102% 95%
Agzone 4 102% 95%
Agzone 5 106% 93%
Agzone 6 104% 93%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MSp MRMSp
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MR
STNB MR MS
Powdery mildew MRMS MRMS
Leaf rust S MRMS
BYD and CYD MRMS MRMS
RLN (P. neglectus) MRMS MRMS
RLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSp
CCN R R
Page 84 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +3 to +5 -4 to -2
late May +5 to +7 -3 to -1
early July +3 to +5 -5 to -3
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Long
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Fair
Head retention Fair
Herbicide tolerance
Has only been evaluated against Barrel® / Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba) sprayed at Z13-Z14 and showed no sensitivity at label rates. The impact of other herbicides is unknown.
Variety information
Pedigree Mundah/Keel//Barque
Breeder or licensee University of Adelaide
Access to seed SeedNet
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $1.50
Page 85 of 111
LitmusFeed variety
Comments
• New (tested as WABAR2625) medium height feed barley with improved tolerance to low soil pH and high soil Al
• carries Alt1 gene which allows its roots to excrete citrate reducing the toxicity of Al in the soil, resulting in increased grain yield relative to traditional barley varieties on acidic soils
• Litmus provides growers with an option to diversify their wheat phase on acidic soils, but does not ameliorate the soil
• lime is required to ameliorate soil with a low pH • higher yielding than Hindmarsh on soils with a sub-soil pH below 4.8 • the future of Litmus beyond the 2014/15 harvest is uncertain due to the presence of blue
aleurone in its grain • Litmus growers should talk to the breeder, InterGrain, for the latest update.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 - -
Agzone 2 106% 95%
Agzone 3 87% 81%
Agzone 4 - -
Agzone 5 99% 87%
Agzone 6 - -
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - SVS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) S S
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) Sp S
STNB S S
Powdery mildew MSS MS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD Sp Sp
RLN (P. neglectus) - -
RLN (P. teres) - -
Page 86 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
CCN - -
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April -7 to -5 -13 to -11
late May 0 to +2 -9 to -7
early July 0 to +2 -8 to -6
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Short
Plant height Tall
Straw strength Fair
Head retention Fair
Herbicide tolerance
Data from herbicide tolerance trials in WA is not yet available.
Variety information
Pedigree WB229/2*Baudin//WABAR2238
Breeder or licensee InterGrain
Access to seed Syngenta
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $3.80
Page 87 of 111
LockyerFeed variety
Comments
• Longer seasoned, semi-dwarf, high yielding feed variety • Lockyer has a grain yield comparable to Hindmarsh in all Agzones except Agzones 4 and 5. • can be higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha • relative to the long seasoned feed varieties Dash and Oxford, Lockyer is able to maintain its
grain yield as seeding is delayed into June and July • has poor resistance to barley leaf rust relative to Dash and Oxford.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 110% 103%
Agzone 2 107% 97%
Agzone 3 104% 97%
Agzone 4 102% 94%
Agzone 5 109% 96%
Agzone 6 112% 101%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MRMS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MSp
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRMS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew MRMS MRMS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD S S
RLN (P. neglectus) MR MR
RLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSp
CCN - -
Page 88 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +11 to +13 +3 to +5
late May +12 to +14 +3 to +5
early July +7 to +9 -1 to +1
Page 89 of 111
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Moderately goodHead retention Very good
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to label rate applications of Achieve® (tralkoxydim), Eclipse® + MCPA LVE (metosulam + MCPA) and Hoegrass® (diclofop-methyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14; and to 2,4-D Amine 625 sprayed at Z15-Z16.
Variety information
Pedigree Tantangara/VB9104Breeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST) $1.50
Page 90 of 111
MundahFeed variety
Comments
• it is suited to later sowing systems where early season weed control is necessary • Mundah can suffer from severe head loss • suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion
nematodes, but not cereal cyst nematodes, are a problem • lower yielding than most newer feed varieties including Fathom, Hindmarsh, Litmus, Lockyer
and Roe.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 84% 79%
Agzone 2 96% 86%
Agzone 3 89% 83%
Agzone 4 99% 91%
Agzone 5 95% 83%
Agzone 6 86% 77%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - S
NTNB (Beecher virulent) S S
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew S MSS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD S S
RLN (P. neglectus) MR MR
RLN (P. teres) MRp MRp
CCN S S
Page 91 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April -8 to -6 -16 to -14
late May -6 to -4 -15 to -13
early July +1 to +3 -6 to -4
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Fair
Head retention Fair
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to a label rate application of Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14.
Variety information
Pedigree Yagan/O'Connor
Breeder or licensee InterGrain
Access to seed Free to trade
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) No EPR payable
Page 92 of 111
MundahFeed variety
Comments
• it is suited to later sowing systems where early season weed control is necessary • Mundah can suffer from severe head loss • suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion
nematodes, but not cereal cyst nematodes, are a problem • lower yielding than most newer feed varieties including Fathom, Hindmarsh, Litmus, Lockyer
and Roe.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 84% 79%
Agzone 2 96% 86%
Agzone 3 89% 83%
Agzone 4 99% 91%
Agzone 5 95% 83%
Agzone 6 86% 77%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - S
NTNB (Beecher virulent) S S
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew S MSS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD S S
RLN (P. neglectus) MR MR
RLN (P. teres) MRp MRp
CCN S S
Page 93 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April -8 to -6 -16 to -14
late May -6 to -4 -15 to -13
early July +1 to +3 -6 to -4
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Fair
Head retention Fair
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to a label rate application of Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14.
Variety information
Pedigree Yagan/O'Connor
Breeder or licensee InterGrain
Access to seed Free to trade
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) No EPR payable
Page 94 of 111
MundahFeed variety
Comments
• it is suited to later sowing systems where early season weed control is necessary • Mundah can suffer from severe head loss • suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion
nematodes, but not cereal cyst nematodes, are a problem • lower yielding than most newer feed varieties including Fathom, Hindmarsh, Litmus, Lockyer
and Roe.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 84% 79%
Agzone 2 96% 86%
Agzone 3 89% 83%
Agzone 4 99% 91%
Agzone 5 95% 83%
Agzone 6 86% 77%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - S
NTNB (Beecher virulent) S S
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew S MSS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD S S
RLN (P. neglectus) MR MR
RLN (P. teres) MRp MRp
CCN S S
Page 95 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April -8 to -6 -16 to -14
late May -6 to -4 -15 to -13
early July +1 to +3 -6 to -4
Page 96 of 111
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Fair
Head retention Fair
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to a label rate application of Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14.
Variety information
Pedigree Yagan/O'Connor
Breeder or licensee InterGrain
Access to seed Free to trade
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) No EPR payable
Page 97 of 111
OxfordFeed variety
Comments
• long seasoned, semi-dwarf, feed barley suited to Agzones 3 and 6 • Oxford is best suited to late April or early May planting and its yield potential falls rapidly as
seeding is delayed • Oxford is higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha,
particularly when sown early • excellent resistance to NTNB, powdery mildew (non-mlo resistance) and barley leaf rust (due to
adult plant resistance, Rph20) • growers need to be wary of STNB and therefore avoid sowing Oxford into paddocks where one
or two year old barley stubble is present • may be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes are a problem.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 108% 101%
Agzone 2 101% 91%
Agzone 3 102% 95%
Agzone 4 - -
Agzone 5 98% 86%
Agzone 6 116% 104%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) R MRMSp
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MR
STNB S S
Powdery mildew R R
Leaf rust R# R
BYD and CYD MRMS MRMS
RLN (P. neglectus) MRMSp MRMSp
RLN (P. teres) - -
CCN S SPage 98 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +7 to +9 0 to +2
late May +13 to +15 +5 to +7
early July +11 to +13 +3 to +5
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Short
Straw strength Very good
Head retention Very good
Herbicide tolerance
Has shown no sensitivity to a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicide tolerance trials.
Variety information
Pedigree Tavern/Chime
Breeder or licensee Nickersons
Access to seed Heritage Seeds
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $2.50
Page 99 of 111
RoeFeed variety
Comments
• medium height, early spring feed barley • reaches awn peep 4–6 days later than Mundah and at a similar time to Hindmarsh and Stirling
with late May sowing • Roe is higher yielding than Mundah, equivalent to Fleet, but lower yielding than Hindmarsh • suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion
nematodes are a problem.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 102% 95%
Agzone 2 105% 95%
Agzone 3 98% 91%
Agzone 4 103% 95%
Agzone 5 103% 91%
Agzone 6 101% 90%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MSS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) S S
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MSS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew MS MS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD MS MS
RLN (P. neglectus) MR MR
RLN (P. teres) MRp MRp
CCN - -
Page 100 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
Has shown no sensitivity to a range of different herbicides when evaluated in herbicide tolerance trials.
Variety information
Pedigree Doolup//Windich/MorexBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST) $1.50
Page 102 of 111
YaganFeed variety
Comments
• very early maturing variety that may be considered in weed management situations for late sowing or short seasons
• as Yagan has not been sown in NVT trials since 2003 there is no current MET data available results from DAFWA barley agronomy time of sowing trials suggest that Fleet, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Roe are all higher yielding than Yagan
• Hindmarsh and Roe also have improved hectolitre weight and grain brightness relative to Yagan.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 - -
Agzone 2 - -
Agzone 3 - -
Agzone 4 - -
Agzone 5 - -
Agzone 6 - -
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - VS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSSp
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMS
STNB MRMS S
Powdery mildew R MRMS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD S S
RLN (P. neglectus) MS MS
RLN (P. teres) MRp MRp
CCN - -
Page 103 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April -19 to -17 -28 to -26
late May -15 to -13 -21 to -19
early July -7 to -5 -14 to -12
Page 104 of 111
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length MediumPlant height Medium Straw strength FairHead retention Moderately good
Herbicide tolerance
May be sensitive to a label rate application of Eclipse® (metosulam + MCPA) and Glean® (chlorsulfuron) sprayed at Z13-Z14.
Variety information
Pedigree unknown pedigreeBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST) No EPR payable
Page 105 of 111
CompassAwaiting classification
Comments
• new (tested as WI4593) medium spring, tall, CCN resistant barley derived from Commander, but with a higher yield potential
• Compass has been bred by the University of Adelaide • NVT trials suggest that Compass has a similar grain yield to Hindmarsh • Compass has an intermediate resistance to powdery mildew, but is susceptible to barley leaf
rust when pathotype 5457 P- is present • Compass is currently in stage one testing in 2014 with malting accreditation scheduled for 2016 • Compass will be available as a high yielding feed variety in 2015 • the seed licensee, SeedNet, has indicated there will be seed available for sale in WA in 2015.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 - -
Agzone 2 112% 101%
Agzone 3 107% 100%
Agzone 4 - -
Agzone 5 110% 96%
Agzone 6 111% 100%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - VS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSSp
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMS
STNB MRMS S
Powdery mildew R MRMS
Leaf rust S S
BYD and CYD S S
RLN (P. neglectus) MS MS
RLN (P. teres) MRp MRp
CCN - -
Page 106 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April -19 to -17 -28 to -26
late May -15 to -13 -21 to -19
early July -7 to -5 -14 to -12
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Medium
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Fair
Head retention -
Herbicide tolerance
Data from herbicide tolerance trials in WA is not yet available.
Variety information
Pedigree County/Commander//Commander
Breeder or licensee University of Adelaide
Access to seed SeedNet
EPR ($/t, excluding GST) $3.80
Page 107 of 111
FlindersAwaiting classification
Comments
• new (tested as WABAR2537) late spring, semi-dwarf barley derived from Baudin but with significantly improved resistance to powdery mildew and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant resistance, Rph20)
• Flinders has been bred by InterGrain • NVT testing suggests that Flinders is higher yielding than Bass, Baudin and Buloke • Flinders is currently in stage two of Barley Australia's malt accreditation testing with a decision
due by March 2015 • InterGrain and the seed licensee, Syngenta, have indicated that if Flinders is accredited there
will be seed available for sale in WA in 2015.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 107% 100%
Agzone 2 107% 96%
Agzone 3 103% 96%
Agzone 4 99% 92%
Agzone 5 106% 93%
Agzone 6 113% 102%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MS
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSp
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MS
STNB MRMS S
Powdery mildew R R
Leaf rust S MR
BYD and CYD MR MR
RLN (P. neglectus) - -
RLN (P. teres) - -
CCN S S
Page 108 of 111
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April +3 to +5 -3 to -1
late May +10 to +12 +1 to +3
early July +11 to +13 +2 to +4
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length ShortPlant height ShortStraw strength Very goodHead retention Moderately good
Herbicide tolerance
Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in WA. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Achieve® (tralkoxydim) sprayed at Z13-Z15.
Variety information
Pedigree Baudin/CooperBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed SyngentaEPR ($/t, excluding GST) $3.80
Page 109 of 111
La TrobeAwaiting classification
Comments
• new (tested as IGB1101) early spring, semi-dwarf, CCN resistant barley bred in Victoria but licensed to InterGrain
• almost identical to Hindmarsh in the paddock as derived from the same cross • La Trobe has been released as a feed barley pending the results of Barley Australia's stage two
testing in 2014 • the decision is now due by March 2015 • a limited volume of seed was released by the seed licensee Syngenta in 2014, focusing on the
Kwinana port zone • the bulk of the La Trobe grown in 2014 will be used for seed for the 2015 season, although small
volumes will be accumulated in the Kwinana port zone at the 2014/15 harvest for market development purposes if accredited.
Grain yield (2009-2013 NVT) % Buloke % Hindmarsh
Agzone 1 - -
Agzone 2 110% 99%
Agzone 3 108% 101%
Agzone 4 - -
Agzone 5 113% 100%
Agzone 6 113% 102%
Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, # = reaction in presence of alternate strain is not yet quantified, p = provisional rating only, - = no data available.
Page 110 of 111
Disease resistance Seedling Adult
Scald - MR
NTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MS
NTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMS
STNB S S
Powdery mildew MRMS MRMS
Leaf rust MS S
BYD and CYD Sp Sp
RLN (P. neglectus) MS MS
RLN (P. teres) MSp MSp
CCN R R
Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Stirling Relative to Buloke
late April -4 to -2 -12 to -10
late May 0 to +2 -8 to -6
early July +1 to +3 -7 to -5
Agronomic traits
Coleoptile length Short
Plant height Medium
Straw strength Moderately good
Head retention Moderately good
Herbicide tolerance
Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in WA. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.
