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lAN G UAG E T RAINING FO R TH E R EA L W O RlD
P R E M IE R E IS S U E
P RO M O T I O N
AR: $9,90/ $14,90
MX:$29/W6 : 2,90 / 4,50
A p la c e o f r o m a n c e
BID
S a d d a mH u s s e i n
An in te rnat iona i group of sc ien tis ts says the Ear th
is warming. most l ike due to hum an ac tiv it ies . We take
a look at the possible cause s o f th is phenomenon .
ISBN:978-987.23670-3-9
F R E E
(O-ROMwith addit ional Iactivit ies and
audio art ic les!
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Actual En lish ,'\"1 di
COVER
3 I Wonderful WorldExciting llCWS from aH aver rhe
worlu.
Contents10 I Global Warming
An inrernarion;ll group ofscicmisrs says the Eanh is warming, most Iikely due
lO human acrivirics. Wc rake a look ar rhe pos~ihle causes of chis phcnomenon,
(he dcha re over its dfccrs anu ho\'~"we'lI have to adapt ro rhe changing climate.
8 1 GAOGETS'Iechnology fan? irr he answcr is }'es,
you should check our monrhly
sdection of cool
gillnos.
20 I BIO: Saddam Husseinfu lraq's Presiden< and afterwards,
during rhe tcial in which he was
condemned ro death.
Plus...02 I CO-ROM contents
26 I Super-microscopes with
a nano uiew
32 I Oakar Rally Car
34 I Mouie Reuiew
36 I Muhammad AIi
38 I English Tips &Tricks
48 I Triuia: James Bond
24 I U2: Into the arms of AmericaFormcd in 1976, rhe group was firsr called Feedback, rhen The Hype.
The band mcmbcrs s c r r lc . . J 011 rhe moniker U2 in 1978, afree rhe U.S.
high-alri tudc U2 spy plome shor down aver rhe Soviet Union in 1960.
16 I City guide: An American In ParisIr's inhabirams assure rha( is the most beautiful and civilized ciry in (he world.
Whe(her your agree or not, welcome to (he place of romance, delightful
cooking and astonishing architecture, where )'OU can brea(h arto
2~I Creatiuity CubedGive an art director a $300 budge( and chance.5 are ir won't be enough ro
really pimp a pod, bU( ir's a start.
42I StorytelHng: Sign of fourOur literature sec(ion for (hose of you wha enjoy a good story now and then. In(his issue we bring you an excerp( of Arthur Conan Doyle's mmous book, "Sign
of four".
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ActualEn lish I;S"'O'
CD-ROM Contents
The en also hdps re-.lders improvc rhcir
prnnunci .ltio:l, bccJuse ir contains dI(;" anidesin audio fimnat.
o() , ----- IZ!J
-"'- . . . _--_. . .----~_._ _ .-- - _ . . . _ _ . _ . _ - . ._ . . .. . - . .
------_ ._ . . . . .-:." :.::""-. . - , - -~ -_ . . .- . . ._ -- . ._ . _ - _ . _ ~- - _ . ._ ._ _ . . . ._ -----
YIoon6erf ,,1 World
< . . - - _ . _ . . .-
Interfase
D
FuUuocabulary
& TranslationsOn Ihe main screen 01 Ihe (o-ROM you'H
lind a link lo Ihe vocabulary 01 aH Ihe
articles of this issue plus their translations
to spanish and portuguese.
Wc :lIso includcd a sclccrion uf dicrionarics and
uanslarors for your \Vindows pe. YOl! can
inltaH,hel11 dircctly ffOI11 rhe eD-ROM,
0 1- l~ < ". " ~
Gr.U'llmar and VocabuIJn .
Wh , ", . dff ,,~ bo1wnon ro..o_ ,_.
,1 : :5535.Q087 . f -ma ;1 t e i ia sm@ml 'X~{ l IlTI .
~e ~ in t (' f ior ~ tn cos to : 01 .8CO.OO55.SOO I ArgMltin.a: soI ici leb> a su tamll~ , p'CdOS al (011) 411() 'B7D0 de 10 a 13 y li t> 14 a 18 , o e soba a lectores@fedusers .coml RMlo de l i I ti noamr i ca:~iba a lOOO'[email protected] (D.ROM>. lO!i ( [.RO~ .nduodos en ~ pubt ,caocm i l I ilYof \dt1 UI le \tnco cor . tro l de ca l lC lad.Aiqunas 1t0 l~ upe< tmen lan problemas en su a l ine .x ir l Y ! lO p l ! lTT1il l ! fl l a
eooeaa l e c tura de los (Os . SI e sl~ e< ;su caw. por 1Alre s , I n te r ior: OISA,P1t - lui~ sa~ lWIa 'BU; . (u : lad l i e Bue l lOs Al re s . l Me 'Ka : C lTEM 5.A. de C .V. Av.df I Cr i s lO No. '01 Col . ~k:o l l .1 lf ' lf panTla ,h laoode
M~. i co ,1 Pe fu: D~ , riburdora B ohwnana Iw Republ ic . Jde Panam~, 363:-3631, San t~KI ro . limJ 1 UrUljoJay'E!)tft S.RL. C~a 1-416, "4ontfYiOfO. J CMe."D inrib..oora Va Directa S.A, Riqlle lme N" 840,San ti ago. l e l : 688 .7383.[ BoIMa ' Age r l{ ia Mooe l 'n .J Ltda , G~a l Ma {.(,131.C .C 461 . Cochabamba le l : 005914.421.1414 1V~llI: Ot l l r, butdl Ja Con lHl f fi l ,J1Bloque de Ar~ Edl f l (! o BlOQue li e
Armas Pisa 9, A~,San Martn, ("lICe COOfinal M l.l P a z , Ca racas ,! f ' J raglMY:Se l@mol l l ' \SAC,Ccrone lGraoa 115. ~t l_l1odas la s maro: . menciOOad.n son J) l 'opi edad f k . M 1l '>pfC t ;VOSduefi lJS..
Impreso en Kaklr f 'res~ I Copyng tl l C I MMVIIOa lJga S .A . , C iudad de Eueno\ Ai l l!S ,A1ge r~ roa, I E .mai l: ac tual .m9I i~OnoduHrs . (om.1 Heeno ti ~ lO que marca la I l 'y . l E~ ta publkaclOn 110puede \ l " I 'reproducida, r l en todo l ' lIen p.lrte , ni registrada en o tran
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Actual En lish
Wond rfz1W orld
Baldnes s solution?RESEARCHERS FIND A WAYTO REGROW HAIR
HUMfu'lS ANO OTHER MAMMALS ARE
generally moughl 10 be incapable of
[rue regeneraran, growing a new
organ or limb when il has bccn 1051
emilely.
BUl University of Pennsylvania der-
malOlogisls announced lhey r.ad
indeed performed lhis feal' of bio-
logical renewal, regrowing complex
"mini-organs" lhal are of pressing2
imerCSl lo millions of older men:
lhe folliclos' lhal produce hair.
The researchers said mal by care-
fully curting OUl parches of skin in
mice, lhey awakened a genelic pach-
.way lhal normally remains dormanl
after embryonic" dcvelopmenl.
Thc shallow wounds stimulaled
new hair glOwth even lhough me
foUiclos had been removed; lhe pro-
cess worked especiaUy weU whcn
researchers artiRcially boosled levelsof a special signaling prolein, said
senior aU!hor George Cotsarclis.
They have nO! yel experimenled on
people, bU! alrC'.ldy lhe whecls of
commerce are churning5: A start'Jp
company has licensed a palent
based on lhe re.scarch.
Why has lhis phenomenon nOl
bcen widely rccognized before now?
VOCABULARY
In a review accompanying lhe
report, lhe Univcrsity of SoulhernCalifornias Cheng-Ming Chuong
offers a possible reason: Generaling
new follicles may rcquire fairly large
wounds, which in people are nor-
mally sUlUfed or bandaged, perhaps
impeding hair regrowth.
Though mey rcgrew hair, lhe Penn
researchers al Rrsl didn'l kno\V
where il carne from. ThlOugh gene-
lic allalysis, lhey lhen delermilled
lhal lhe llew foUicles did nol origi-nale from adull slem ceUs' in
nearby existing foUicles. Inslead,
lhey may have developed from
adull slem ceUs lhal normally pro-
duce ordinary skin.
Slill, mere is much lo do befare lhe
discovery can be sludied in people.
Mice hea] somewhal diffelently
f m m h u r n a n s . 110m A m i.
1 feat: somcthing difficulr nccding a lor of skill. s fr ( :ngrh, bravery. ctc. lO achicve ir1 2 pressing: urgcnt or necding ro be dcalt with immcdi:uely
1 3 fo l l ic l e s : (he very small holes i n ( h e s b n , c s pc c ia l l y olle r har a h ;a i rgrows from 14 embryonlc: r e la r ing r o an cmb:yo, i r js ro sayo a n a n i m a l
(har is dcveloping eithcr in its mothcr's womb oc in an cgg. oc a plam (hal is devdoping in a S('cd15 churn(ing): (Qmo."c violcnt1y 16 stem
cells: unspecialilcd hum,n (Jr animal cells tha[ can produce mature spedaliz.ed body cdls and ;[ [he same fine replicale lhcmsdvcs.
J
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4 W o nd er 1 W o rld ACTUAL ENGLIS-i
B izar r e b an d a g es
UllfON S'I'IlWS
A O H E S IV EB A N O A G E S1 5 D IE -C U T
S T E R IL E S T R IP S
Bacon bandage For the meat lover, bacon strip
adhesive bandages.
A woman died aftera dr ink ing conte s tJENNIFERLEASlRA NG E, A 28-YEAR -OLDMO lHER OF lHREE,
died a l t er dr inking wel l over 3 a hal l gal lon4 01 water dur ing a
can tes t i n Sac ramen to , Ca l if c rn ia . She had t o d r ink as much
wat er a s she cou ld wi t hou t go ing t o t he ba t hroom. l he p r ize
was a N intendo Wi i gaming ccnsole . S t range tcok second p lace.
l he Coun ty C oroner's O l li ce s a id t ha t she d ied 01 apparen t
water in toxication , but the l inal cause i s not expected lar seve-
ral months . Par t ic ipants were each g iven S-f1uid-ounces bollles
01 wa t er . l hey had two minLtes t o d r ink a bOl ll e, wa i ted 10
minutes, then drank another bol ll e . Al ter the contest , S t range
cal led a ca-worker cry ing and said that she needed to go home
beca u se sh e had a headache and nausea. W hen her m oth er
went to check on her , she lound her dead .1 ehristina Jewell.
NOT EVERYTHING IN
THE BAND-AID MARKET
WAS ALREADY CREATED ...
W HE N SE LL lN G JS TIIE G OA L, E VE RY RO lJY
knows rhar companies do as much as they c ..1 .t1
ro gct more anu new clienrs. Carrnan charac-
t er s's bandages a re [be mos [ wd! known , bu t
(here are some news. Hot lips kisscs from four
gi rly I ips[ iek colors, an ext ra l arge skul l -and-
erossbones / l ag ' or a smal l skul l . Bu[ , by fur ,
[be favori [e :umed ro be [he bacon bandage.b-e n vegera ri ans, ge[ a la ugh OU[ o f [hcse
"bacon s r rips" . The bcs[ part i s i ls d ie-cut> so
[he edges take on [he cur ly-er i spy ook of [he
real dea! . I f you wam ro g ive i [ a [ ry , you can
ge[ rhem through www.fredl lare.com.IKim 0,,;.
/
/
yq(:J\Il~LARY___ _ ~ .. _
1 skull-and-crossbones flag: A black flag ",rh a skeleton's hcad and rwo boncs crmsed behind. The symboJ. was also featured on the Jolly
Roger, rhe uaditional flag of European and American pirates 12 die-cut: something whkh has bcen cut using "Oiecuning" a process of sharp
steel rules tO CUtspecial shapes for labels, boxes, and containers. trom printed sheeu 13well over: more [han the amount seated, over [he limil
14 gallon: a unir for measuring volume: An imperial gallon. used in Britain, is equal tO 4546 cubic centimetets. A U S gallon is equal lO3785
cubic centimeters 1 S ounce: a unir of weight equal lOone sixteenth of a pound or 16 drams or 28.349 grams
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W h y s o m eth in g m ak es y o u itch?HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT IT? HO\'\ ' IS THE OEVELOPlvlENT
ANO TRANSMISSION OF ITCHING IN THE HUMAN BOOY? WELL, HERE YOU
HAVE THE ANSWER!
C au s e o f i t c hD ev el o pm e nt a nd t r an s m is s i on o f i t ch i n g i n t h e h um a n b o d y:
1 Network 01itch nerve 2 Itching causes othercel ls in the skin; some than histamine: Skin
o f t he c el ls r eac t t o d is eas es , di ab et es ,
al ler get ic s ub st an ce c an cer , c er tai n
histamine medicine, foad items
~' . . .~O O 00 3 Nerves t ransfer
I V Ol ~ ! ~ : : lz ~ ~ ~ : ~ tI { I to the brain
Itch nerve cells Itch nerve celis not
sensitive to histamine sen5 i t i ve to histamine
Cerebral cortex
4 Itching signal reaches cerebralcortex. where it is perceived;
limbic system defines signal as
unpleasant
Sour(~:Un ..e r s it y o f H e id e l be r g . G e rm a n y ; G e rm a n " A E ' rz t eb l at t " G r ap h i c : J u l ta 5 c h ei b e ,I s ab e l S o n c ' r ;J a ar d
smilelNSTEAO OF EXPENSIVE WHITENING TREATMENTS',
THERE IS A NEW METHOD BASEO ON
A TRICK OF THE EYE.
o 2 0 0 6 K R T
6631-40
IDAZZ~IN("
SmieBrightening
Lip Treatment
COFFE, DARK-COLORED SODA S A~D TEA CAN MAKE TEETH LOOKING ATAD'
more yellow than they used to. Sal ly Hansen's new Smile Br ightenin: L ip Treatment
uses pigments in th is specia l ly designed l ip color that hel8 g ive the i llus ion 01
br ighter, whi ter teeth by counteract ing the yel low pigments 01 your tooth enamel '.
The glo55, which also cOnlains v i tamins A, C and E to sol ten and condi t ion your
l ips, comes in f ive colors. You can f ind the Sm ile Brightening Lip Treatment at
ww w. s a l ly hans en . com . I/ //I ()Ji.
, w hit ening t reat ment(s): aprocc_~to make ~omcthing Oikctcc[h. dflthcs) whim 12 tad:
3slight 3moum a ot J Hulebil 13 enamel: l l J . rd w hiu: suhsuncc awcring the c:own of atooth
Srm e i .11 Color
l"Ulnf>nts
COllntlHilc1
Y "'l!ow
T h
1.ook VVh i te r
Guar(lr'ltved!
Hydrates &
C(Jnd,l;c,,~
llips
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6 W o n d e r u f W o r fd A CTUA L E NGLI SH
Sowing the sweetest crop
FarmersOnly.(om is a dating Web site lor farmers and for
people who want to date larmers to dating farmers.
ALM'T 50.000 USERS HAYE Pm'TED PROFILES SINCE nlE SITE
FarmersOnly.eom was launehed more than ayear ago, including
Erin McCarthy, a 39-year-old alpaca farmer from eharlotte, N.e.
"Al lhe end of me day. animals are cool but you need people in
your life, she said." Browse mrough FarmersOnly.eom and you'lI
come aeross names like "Desperado," "Bulldaddy" and
"Premiumspuds." Potemial dates pose next ro horses and traelOrs,
FINDlNG LOVE IS HARD
ENOUGH. BUT IF YOU'RE A
FARMER, IT'S EVEN HARDER:
TRY FINDING SOMEONE WHO
UNDERSTANDS THAT SICK
ANIMALS AND EARLY
MORNINGS ARE A PRIORITY.
hold up baby calves1and big flsh, eradle huge
watermelons and lO-gallon hats.
Instead of posting employmem, they tell youwhat mey grow or breed2: dogs, horses, catde,
goats, ehickens or crops.
"1 try to make it fun, bU[ it really is a serious
problem," said Jetry Miller. the Web sites
founder. They often don't have lime 10 meet
new people, or mey live in sueh small towns
thal the dating pooll is limiled.
Those working in lhe f.lfming need to flnd
someone who accepts the lifesryle, and some-
times it's even hard for one f.umer to undets-tand another one. "There's a lar someone has
(Qput up with4." Miller said. [ DI11/icn OJto
Say l i d o l l ike a PrincessIF YOUR NUPTlAL DREAMS INCLUDE A FAIRY-TALEs
WEDDlNG, WAIT DlSNEY CO. MIGHT HAVE THE
I'ERFECT SOLUTION.
THE COMPANY 15 USING 11'5 STABLE6
of imaginary prineesses as inspira-
tion for a new line of wedding
gowns. Disney and bridal de;igner
Kirstie Kelly have developed a line
of ethereal gowns mal pay homage
107 Cinderella, Jasmine, Snow
White, Afiel and Sleeping Bemry.
"They will be high-f.lshion and very
modern," said Paulette Cleghorn, from
New Yotk publie-relations flrm represen-
ling Kelly. "We ate modernizing the ptin-
eess eoneepr. There is a differenee betwe-
en a girl who is inspired by Snow White
and one who wants to dress like Snow
White." I 011VlOpl," Boyd
~\
\. . . . - . ,"
VOCABULARY _ . . _
1 calf (plural: calves): a young Cl)W. or thc=young of various olhef large marnmals, including dephanu and whales 1 2 breed: to kecp (anim;ll~
or planrs) for che purpose of prooucing young animals or planu 13 dating pool: the number of rrt'plc available for dadng 14 to put up
with: tolerare lOendure or tolerate without complaint 15 fairy tale: a sro!")'for ehildrcn about fairies or orhct irnaginary bcings and c:vcnts, often
containing a moral message 16 stable: a gro"P of pcoplc who perform a similar activit)' and who are traincd by the same persan or employcd by (he
~ame organil3.tion 17 pay homage to: show re~pecr and often praise for a pcrsonJcnrity
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Co u n t o n th iss h e e p f o r
good sleepWEl.L, IlERE ARE 1'WO WAYS 1'0 ENSURE 1'IlA1'
ehildren and theit parents don't lose a second
of shut-eye'. The Sleep Sheep produces fout
soothing2 sounds -a mother's heartbeat.
spring showers, oeean surf ami whale songs-
to help a baby sleep through the night. The
sruffed sheep atraehes ro the outside of the
erib3 with a Velero strap. The removable
sound box ineludes adjustable volullle, an
omomatic tillleout feature and push-butron
sound sclcction.
Sleep aid also comes in the form of Lavender
1.1b, which uses oromatherapy ro hclp induce
sleep. nside the Labrador relrie,er is 100
percenr organic lavender4. Thc aroma lasts
up ro five yeors. Ir is reeommendeo for ages 2
ano oloer. Produets are availoble at
www.babyccmer.com.1 K m -alrrM ilkr.
The Sleep Sheep produces four
soothing sounds to help a baby sleep
through the night.
VOCA~ULARY . .
2SMR~4U
7
1 shut-eye: i l l fi l fm al slecp 12 soothing: making Y O Il feel ealm 13 crib: US a s l l 1 ;11 lbcll fc l f ababy 14 lavender: ap l a l l l which hasgr('y~
grccn nccdle.like lcaves and small. pale purplc n(lwcrs with a lilrong smell. or ils dritxJ t1nwcrs ami s{cms which have a Il!c;ls;ml smdl15 play(ing)
it safe: al so. play So l fe . ro aV{'l id cxucrnc r i ,ks
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8
Gadgets
Graphic SplashEdition Vio
Son ) ' o f fe rs G raph ic Sp lash Ed i t i on Va io
no tebook com pu te r s , w rapped ' i n l im i ted .
ed i ti on pa t t e rns l ike P i nk S 'N i r I 2 . Eng ravedpe rsona l iza t ion a l so i s o f f e 'ed , i n e a n d AR
se r ie s Va io l ap tops . (Ab ou t $919,99)
www.sonystyle.com
iPhoneApp l e ' s i Phone i s t h ree dev i ces3 i n one : t he
wo r l d 's m os t advance d i Pod ' , an i n c red i b ly
advan :ed ce l l phone and a f u l l . b l own
In te rne t a ccess dev i ce . (Abou t $599 )
www.apple.com
VOCABULARY
1 wrapped: cnclosed securdy in a covcringof
pa~r oc [he Iike 2 swirl: [he sbape ofsomcrhing
rorating rapidly. Iikc a spiral I 3 device(s}: an
object :u machi nc which has beco i nvcntcd to fu lf il
a parti:ular purpo~ I 4 I Po d: A bra nd of mediaplayc:r manufacfUrc:d by A p pl c: C o m p ur cr [ ha r
s ea re s m e di a o n d eh er a s m al l h a rd drive or f lash
memory.I 5 point-and-shoot: describes a
c.amer thar rc:quircs no adjunment by rhe usee
befare: toong a phOl:0gt2ph. becausc: me focw and
apasure are adjusrl, auromatically oc are n X M I 6
built.in lenses: lcoses [harare pcrmanently
attach=d and cannor be easily removed I 7
panoramic shot(s): an informal photograph
usu.all)' made with a smalJ hand-held camera from
an a1ri:ude or distance
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11/52
LEVELS: INTERMEDIATE I UPPER INTERMEDIATE 9
TECHNOLOGY FAN? [F THE ANSWER [S VES,
YOU SHOULD CHECK OUR MONTHLY SELECTION
OF COOL GIZMOS. I B y Aamer Madhani
Kodak EasyShare V570Kodak EasySha r eV5l0 d ig it a l 5 meg ap ixe l camera i s a po in t -a rd - shoo tS w i th two bu i l t - i n
l enses '. a l low ing l a r zoom a rd w ide -ang le sho ts . I t can take panaram ic sho ts7 wh ich a re
g rea t l o r vaca t ion scenes . B ig rea r sc reen to v iew pho tos and sE ! up sh o ts . (Abou t $299 .95 )
www.kodak.com
Zen Nano PlusThe C rea t ive Zen N ano P lus i s a good iPod4 al ternat ive. Th is 1-
g iga by te p iaye r i s easy to use and i s powered by AAA ba t te ri es .
( Abou t $55 . 99 )
www.creative.com
I
I
I
j
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12/52
Boaters investigate a house
isolated by floodwaters
from the Snohomish River
in Snohomish. Washirigton .
I By Robert S . Boyd
An international group of scientists says the Earth is warming,most Iikely due to human activities. We take a look at the possible
causes of this phenomenon, the debate over its effects and how
we'll have to adapt to the changing climate.
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1.1. DI' A SUDDEN Al.MOST EVERYONE,
secms TO agree rhar global warming is
a serious problem. After deeades of
argumenr, uenial oc indifferencc,
pressure is m::mnting fo c action ro
slow clown (he accelerating cisc in
Eanh's rcmperature.
A new consenslIs repon by lhe warld's scientisrs wacns
thar human aetivitics - notably the hurning of fossil
fuels made from oil and coal - will almost eertainly
cause rnOfe incense heat waVe5, storms, f loods Jnd
droughrs1, melt iceeaps' and glaeiers, and ehange agri-
culture. Rising sea levels may drowll coasrlines and
low-Iying islands and ciries.
The Bush administration embraeedl rhe Feb. 2 report
on global warming by rhe Inrergovernmental Panel on
Climatc Change (IPCC). USA Congress is
hurrying legislation ro deal ",ith rhe threat.
Changes are eoming in the kinds of ears peo-
pie drive. rhe utiliries that gencrate e1eerrici-
ty. rhe cosr of fuel and where homes are
built.
The goal of all this aeriviry is to reduce the
aeeumulation of earbon dioxidc (C02) and omer"grccnhollse gascs"4 [har trap [he sun's heat and warm
the Earth. The amounr of C02 in the atmosphere has
risen hy 35 pereenr sinee I s ao , and could douhle by
the end of this eenrury.
Scientists 5a y humans already have produced so ffiuch
C02 rhat the world will eontinue ro warm and the
seas ro cise fo c ccnturies, perh::.psrhousands of years.
Sinee further warrning is inevitable. people will have
to adapt ro it, even if ir mcans majar changes in [heie
Iifestyle.A dwiudliug5 baud of c1imare skeprics. dis-pures the peril7. They argue rhat the evidenee fot
warming is shaky" and the proposed remedies won't
work and would damage the economy. They are a dis-
rinct minoriry now.
Some cxpens even fcar (har rhe world's climate may be
nearing a "ripping poim"9, when runaway warming
begins ro feed on itself,leadillg o a global e.1tastrophe.
A B O UT G L O BA L W A R M IN G
What callses it? Aeeording ro me IpCC, people ate
responsible for "mosr" of ir. Burning fossil' /Uels in
ca,s and faetories and clearing forests inerease rhe
arnount of carbon diox:ide
(C02) in the atmosphere. C02 is a "greenhouse gas"
rhar rraps the sun's heat and warms the Earth. C02
levels rose from 2S0 parts per million moleeules in the
atmosphere before IS00 to 379 parts per million last
year. At the presenr rare rhey will reaeh abour 550
parts per mili ion by 2100. The amount of methane.
another greenhollse gas. has more than doubled.
Clouds. volcanie erupjons and aerosols rend ro eool
the Earth. and the sun's hcat varies slighrly over time.
BU( ,hese "nawra'" causes are
overwhelmed'. by rhe human
facrors, the IPCC
insists.
Ho w fast is the World
warming?
The IPCC says the
rate of necease dur-
ing rhe industrialera, sinee abollt 1s a o ,
is almost eertainly rh, fastesr in more than 10.000
years. from rhe end of rhe las! lee Age. Over rhe lasr
100 years. measuremenrs show rhat average global
remperarures rose by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit. and the
inerease is aeeeleraring. The lasr half-eenrury has been
the warmesr in 500 years, probably in 1.300 years.
Eleven of the past 12 )'ears are rhe warmest tecorded
sinee IS50. Upper levels of !he oeean have also heat-
ed up. eausing the warer ro expando Along wirh thetunoffl' from melring ice. this raised average sea Je,--
e1s by almost 7 inches since 1900.
What is the evidena f r global warl1ling?
Scicntisrs measure rising temperarures on (he ground,
in the air and in the ocean. Sarellite. ground and
oeean observations have improved substanrially in !he
J I
V O C A B U L A R V.-~
- . --~- . - --
1 dro ughts: a temporarr ~honagc uf r a i n f a l 1 1 2 icecap(s): a m;l~SoficC' an d snow th at pcrmanenrly CO'licrs a brge arca oflanJ I 3 embrae(ed):
10 acccpl (i(!C;lS, bdkfs, or upinionsl with grcat Iuerest or emhusi;um 1 4 greenhouse gases: components of rhe armospherc rh;1t conrribute (O
rhe Greenhouse e1lecr I 5 dwindl(ing): becoming smaller in sll.c or amount, or f("\\'cr in numher I 6 skeptic(s): a persoll "",hodoubrs rhe rrurh
or valut" nf an idea or hdiefl7 peril: grcu dange-r, or something [har is ver)' dan&erous 18 shaky: /lO[ seC.lrco( sulid, casil)' refmablc 19 tipping
point: [he roint ar which; slo .....rcvcrsihe changt. becorncs irreversible. often ....ith dramaric constquences 110 overwhelm(ed): ro make (some-
thing or somcor,c) pow('r1e-ssb y miflg fura or b y inrroducing ton IllUdl or toO many of somerhing 11 1 runoff: rainfJ.ll nOI absorhed b y soil
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12
r~:':.:" ::'{\l~'~',,~:,:)(...';,t'/; '~ ~ :"~ '= ""r~ ,'b 4 " -i.l.~Cover Sto ~ > ~t)~t~R~'N~i.,~. l" ;!:'" ' "
Greenhouse gases rCarbon dioxlde', methane and
. mtraus oKide
ways [Q capture and srore cxcess
carbono Individuals as well as COI11-
panies can help by buying fuel-
em,ienr ears, applianees and
Iighrs.
D IF F E RI N G V IE W 5
ror deeades; global warming has
been me subjeer of furious argu-
ments. Now rhe debare has shifred.
The overwhelming17 majoriry of
the Earth's scientisrs and policy-makers'., including George W.
Bush, agree rhar (he world is really
getting warmer and rhar humans
are rhe ehief eulprits.9. The
rernaining conrrovcrsies are mostly
ayer how severe [he impact of
higher remperarures and rising seas
will be, and what can or should be
done abour ir.
As spring arrives in the Arctic,
new research suggests average
temperatures are rising and ice
caps are quickly melting. A
receding glacler in Southern
Greenland is one of many that
has retreated (melted)
dramatieally.
Sun's rays
VOCAIiUL~RY .. _._ __' ... ~, _, ....
12 thawing: mdting 113 spew(ed): to cjca er send out in large qumtities 114 sobering: rCrlding to mah saber ar more senous 115
shrink: to become smaller, ar (O makesomething smaJler116 momentum: the forc~ (har k~~ps ,in object moving or keeps an :vem d~.c1oping
after it has started 117 overwhelming: very gre4r or very largc118 pollcymaker(s): aperson rciponsible for making policy, esp. in govern-
ment I 19 culprit(s): someone who ras done something wrong or is guilry
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Heat absorbed by greenhouse gases r.a ises the planet 's temperatureThe natural greenhouse effect 15vital to Ife on Earth, but industrial emissions ha .e boosted the atrnosphere'slnsulatlng pow~r.
13
d Rf1N,ch. ~l~"","" 1PI""I on (~mll" ChaOg
Absorbed heatin Earth's surface
2 Remalnlng ra~sareabsorbed by !ando seaandair
3 Sorne absorbed heat 15radlated back toward space 4 But natural aod m anomadefr~nhoU5egases, luch as carbon
dioxideand methane. trapthls ~eat in the atmmphere
5 Trappedheat re-radiatesback toward the
Earth
Sorne holdouts20 remain. Sen arar
Ja me s In ho fe (R O kla .), s ay s th e
IP CC re po n is "th e e orru ptio n o f
se ienee for poli tieal gain." Willlam
O 'K eefe, CEO of the G eorge
Marshal l ns ti tu te , a conse rv a tive
W a sh in gt on t hi nk t an k 21, says pre-
d ie rions of a "c1 imate eatas trop he
in rhis century are unjustified."
"Any one who say s that the p lanet i s
warming at ao ncrcasing cate is
s imp ly dead wrong22
," says PauiekM i ch ae ls , p ro fe ss or o f e nv ir on -
mental science at [he University of
Virginia and author of"Me!tdown:
The I'redietable D istonion of
G lo ba l W arm in g b y S eie ntis ts ,
Polit ic ians, and rhe Media ."
Fred Singer, an a t ll losphetie physi-
cisr at George Masan Universiry in
F airfa x, V a., in sis ts th at g lo ba l
warming is nor (he resule ofhumanaet iv ity bu t o f na tura l causes , s lleh
as variadons in [he sun's radiarion.
There are al50 disagreemenrs
among mainsrream scentists 011
the r ate of sea lev e ! t ise and on the
cooneerioo berween warming and
the f req uency of hurr ieanes. Sorne
T h e S i g n sH e a lth e ffe c tsDeadlyheat, waves and the spread0 1 mosquito.borne
diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.
O ce a n w a rm i n gConsequenees:more powerfulhurrieanes,coralree!
bl ea eh ing23, early ice thaw 24, sea-Ievelriseand increased
eoastal fiooding.
E co s y s te m d is ru p tio n25Consequences: plant and animal ranges mo'. 'e to higher
latitudes and elevations, 1055of species to extinetion as
pl an ts an d an im als !ha t ea nn ot ad ap t di e of l2 6,
A rc tic w a rm in gConsequen tes: melting ice raises sea levels,and thaw.
ing permalrost27releases methane, a pow erfulgreen-
house gas.
Ic e c a p a n d g 1 a c ie r m e ltin gConsequ entes: risingsea levels,and a sharp drop in
summer water flows in mountain watersheds28.
YOCABULARY _ _. _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _.. . _ _ _ .
20 holdout(s): a negotiatorwho hope~10gaioconcessions by n:fusingrocome ro (ccm .I21 think tank: J group ofpc()plc e..~tablishcdhy govcrnmcllt oc organilaliun in urder ro ad,'ise fhem on pJ.rticulr subjccls and lO suggcst ideas I22 dead wrong: complctely wrong Of mistaken I
23 bleaching: rhe whirencss rhar [('sult; from rcmoving mecolor from somclhing I24 thaw: lO(causem) changc from a solid. fmuo sute [O J.quid or 50ft one. becallsc of;in increa~e in rempcraturc I25 disruption: rhe ae! uf prcvcnting somerhiog, tspccially a syncm. proccss Ofevem, frorocominuing as usual Of as expectcd I26 die off: become exrinct I27 permafrost: an arca of boJ wh;ch is permanendy froz.cn, whose sUffacemelts in Ihe sumiller and frecres again in t~e J.utumn 128 watershed(s): an area of high ground fmm whkh water flows clown to a river
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14
1 QU IZ:The following is a list of actions which
could contribute to increasing global warming or
reducing i t. According to the text , which you think
would help solve the problem (5), which would
useless (U) or make i t even worse (W)?a > Planting trees around your house to cut eooling eosts
in summer.
b > Supporting the produetion 01 renewable energy sueh
as wind and solar energy
e > Using air conditioning 12 hours a day during the
summer, as most offlCebuildings do.
d >Replaeing S eommonly used light bulbs with low energy
spiral (CFL)bulbs.
e > Purchasing ten pereent 01 your electriCltyIrom a green
power source such as wind, solar or geothermal.
f > Keeping your ear off the road to and from work one day
per week by teleworking, earpooling, riding a bike,
or using publie transportation.
9 > Deeorating YOJrha use for Christmas with 100 lights,
h > Motivating our eleeted offieialsto give Global Warming
top priority.
i> Installing low-Ilow shower heads to use less hot water.
2 FOCUSON GRAMMAR:The following paragraph hasbeen extracted from the article you have read. Without
golng back to the text, fill in the blanks with the
missing prepositions
1 g,lobal warming
What causes il? Aeeording to the PCC,people are responsible
2 "most" 01 i l. Surning foss;1 luels 3
___ __ ears and lactories and clearing lo rests inerease the
amount 0 1 earbon dioxide (GJ2) in the atmosphere. C02 is a
"greenhouse gas" that traps the sun's heat and warms the
Earth. COl levelsnose4 280 parts per millionmol-
eeules in the atmosphere 5 1800 to 379 parts per
million last year. At the present rate they wllI reaeh 6
_____ 550 parts per million by 2100. The amount 0 1
methane, another greenhouse gas, has more than doubled.
Clouds, voleanie eruptions and aerosols lend to cool the Earth,
a nd th e sun 's he at varie s slig htly 7 tim e. S ut th ese
"natural" causes are overw helm ed 8 the hum an
lactors, the IPCCinsisls.
,{q(8 'J
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us'ershop. red users. COI11* Free and exclusive CD-ROMwith each issue* Eam miles and exchange them with magazines and books* Get our products at home. no shipping charges* Multiple means of payment
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16
ITS INHABITANTS A~SURFTHAr ISTHE ivlOST BEAUTIFUL
AND CIVIUZED CITY IN TI lE WORLD. WI-IETHER YOUR
ACREE OR NOT, WELCOME TO THE PLACE OF ROMANCE,
DELICHTFUL' COOKINC AND ASTONIS~IlNC2
ARCHITFc:TURE, WHl,RE YOU CAN BRLATH ART.
F THE UNIVERSE HAn A CONTEST FOR BEST
city, and Eanh was alowed just one emry3,
this should be it. Pars may be expensive, but
all the things that make life wonh living are
cheap or free: the walking, rhe wine, the museums,
the croissants, the speedy Metta", rhe spring ait that
smells of sweet hyacimhsS, the an in the subway sta-
tions. Even the expensive things -hotels and resrau-
tams- ate wonh it. Especially the food, which is so
good my 10w-key6 lS-year-old daughter exclaimed,
"My mouth is dancing with joy."
Thete is a luster' ro [ife here, as if you ate in a paim-
ing Ot a film. Strolling" the Luxembourg Gatdens, the
scatrered" ctDwd seems ro be placed in green metal
chairs as if posing fot an anisr. A couple kisses on a
bench. A !itrle girl with striped tights mns past a srat-
ue of a Greek godo Two du,ks wadd1e'o on bright
gteen gtass thtDugh crocuses". A woman in a btight
red sweatet reads Le Monde. The sky is China blue".
[ look around for the ditector. Who planned this,
Who is that talented?
VOCABULARY . __ _ _
I B y E l l en Creager
In spring, Parisians POUt13from rheir oflJces and walk
arm-in-atm on the sr:eers, fllling cafes, turning their
faces roward the sun. When it rains, they hurry about
with sty!ish belted black taincoats.
Walk. Each district is more lovely than the last. Some
famous ateas (the funky Marais, the Latin Quaner)
are well-known. We srayed near the Louvre on the
Righr Bank.
1 could tell you all th, places ro go in Paris, but you've
already heard of mosr of them: Yes, go ro the Louvte.
Yes, the Mona Lisa is wonh ir. Yes, go ro the Eiffel
Tower, all the way to the ropo Yes, take a boat ride on
the Seine. Walk in the gardens. Eat in a sidewalk cafe.
Go imo Norre Dame cathedra!. Yes, Sacre Coeur has
a good view, and, if you're curious, see the Moulin
Rouge's dancing girls.
But you know that already.
What do you teally need to know? In this city, flower
bouquers ate soId in vending machines14. Excellent
wine is cheaper [han water. Croissanrs are somerhing
God would ear. One- and 2-euro coins look a lot
, delightful: gn=atly pleasing orenrertaining J 2 astonishing: so surprisingly impn:ssive asro srun or o'..erwhclm 13 entry: {heact of taking pan
in compe[ition 14 the Metro: an urtderground dcetric railway system in sorne cities, especially in France 15 hyacinth(s): a ple-.u.am-smdling plan!
wi(h a 10( of small flo~'C'rs16 low-key: withou( airs or pretensions; modeS(; re.'iCrvedand with no intensio:l lO auract a 10[ of ancntion 17 luster: the
quality of b ein g auraetive or speciall8 stroll(ing): to waJk in a slow rc1axed manner, I."spedally for pc~ureI9 scatter.e~:dimibUll."d hcre and
mere without order 110 waddle: (uSlally of a persao or anima.l with shor( legs and a fa[ body). lOwalk .nh shon Sleps, swmglllg me body frotll one
side (O [he: other 111 crocus(es): a !maU ydlow, whiu~ or purple spring f10wcr \12 China blue: a r..alegreyish blue 113 pour: lO l l o V o ' ~Ulckl)'
and in large amounts \14 vending machine(s): a machine )'OU pur money ioto lO buy small items such as packagl"s of f o o J , c a n J y , and dflnks.
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_________ r'_ _
18
alike. In the Metro, ifan arro\\' is
poinring down, that means "go
here," not "go downsmir.s," But iran arrow is poinring in aH}' other
dreedan, go rhar \Vay.
In Pars, women can rde (he
Metro alone at night. The hes pic-
tures of the Eiffe! Towet should be
taken from the Palais de ehaillot
W here log O EIFFEL TOUR
lh is i s tlle mas! em blem a! ic (onslructior o f he
(!y. Bu il t in 1889 b y F ren ch a r chi ted , Gu s tave
E lffel .it boa s t s 17 one 01 t h e b e s ! v i s i t s i n Pa r s . T he
two f irs t sedions can be d(( l 'ssed walking up s tairs
and the la s t one b y elevalcr,
NOTRE OAME
O ne 01 the o ld l. "S1 Goth ic cathedra ls in France.
Surrounded bV lhe S iene, in the ~alt sland 01 Cit ,
it in sp i red \ 'ie to r Hu g o 1 0 . v ri te !he n ov~ Nou e
D am e de ?ais .
SACRE COEUR
1I is lo cd ted in the Mon tmame n e ig hb or~ ood , o ld
home lo art is ts and writers . . Thele is a basl ica on a
hiU mal you can reach after cl imbing a (cnsidera-
b le number of steps and tra",e ling on a C3b!e ra i!
way 18. I t is he seeond lTost important : i ty a fter
Notre Dame.
LOUVR E MUSEUM
l oca ted in the loU \ ' re Pa aee , tt llS is o re o f the
most impor tan! museums 311over the WO I d . ~ thas
a coUect ion of '8bout 300,000 a l t p ieces. o which
35 ,000 are exh ib i ted. Among he most sign if ican!
wo rk .s in exhib it ion , we ~ n d - l. l G loccn d a" by
L eon a rd o d a V in c i an d the .Ven u s d e ~ .MJ~
. .:
across the river (Trocadero MellO
stop.) Nobody eats dinner till 9
p,m., so if you want qllickcf serv-
ice eat at 8, and dot get over-
whelmed's by aH the choices of
places ro eat; ,hey're aH pretty
good. Watch out fot a 19.6 per-
cent sales tax on virtually cvery-
thing.
HOTEL OES I NVALlOES
There test he temains 01 Napolen Bonaparte. is
b u i ld in g d a tes b ack [O the XV I I cen tury an d i ts
construet ion was ordered b y lou ls XIV of France to
house19 the homeless war veterans..
LES CHAMPS ELYSES
l es Champ s E ly~ fs ~ 1880 meters long and Ihe
largest avenue h Par is. 11conoeets he Con.(de
Sq u a re w i th the A r c o f T r iu mp h, a 4 9 me le r-h ig h
and a 45 rneter.w ide monument, bu i l t a t the order
of Naooleon Bonaparte to Cele:) l "a le h is viaor~ in
the Batt le of Au~INhtz (1805) ,
THE P ALAC E OF VER SALLES
This old royal residence \'vas bult under me reign of
L u is X IV T he Y lo rJ :s ""e re ca rr ied ou t in hree
s la g F ro m 16 61 t o 1 66 8, w h en j was a hu n t
p a lac !, f rom 1 6 6 8 to 1 6 7 8 , when the royal cou r t
moved in there and t ina l1y, from 1 6 J 8 lO 1680,
when he chape was erected.
BASTlLLE OAY
Tnis c!!lebration :akes place every July 14m lo com-
memorale the s:ar t o f the F r t>rx::hRevolu tion with
he st>ize20 01 Bastil le. Visitors may enjoy militar)'
parades, fire'h'or:,s and the Firemen's BaH
The Palaee 01 Versalles was buill
under lhe reign of Luis XIV.The
works were carried out in three
slages. From 1661 lo 1668,
when it was a hunt palace, 'rom
1668lo 1678, when lhe royal
eourt moved in lhere and finally,
Irom 1678 lo 1680, when lhe
chapel was erected.
Even ,hough Paris is a formal city,
ie is pcrfecd}' Hne tu wear neat blllc
je .ll1s. It is nor fine ro ear or drink
anywhere in public except a cafe Of
rCHauranr unlcss YOil wam icy
starcs16
Thcrc's more, bur I f orgcl ir.
Anyway, these are all jUst de,aHs.
Paris is a fabulous city, and if rou
ger a chance to go there. }'OU
should do it. You will fee! at hume
and happy.
T r:lV (~lIm "s T ip s\'(hen ro go: Paris can be visited
any rime of rhe ye
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. . . s u b s c r i b e t o
E X P A N D IT. ; ; '; ; ; ~ ~ ~ , , : : : , 7 : : : ; " : : : '- : : : " '~ - - - - - - - -frD '" " " " " "
_,4 _._..... tUUIPO I 5i;(;lI"IO~1>l!ifOIl~"l e
"~:;ll,A,AAJl.lllllo\"r.JO PI
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20
1 By Aamer Madhani
As Iraq's President and afterwards, during the trialin which he was condemned to death.
Saddam Husseinis regime murdered at least 300,000
01 his eountrymen, aeeording toestimates by human-rights groups.
But Saddam also lelt a legaey in his
eountry as a sort 01 Mesopotamian
revolutionary: a nationalist leader
who stood up t03 the American
superpower.
He was born April 28, 1937, to a poor
lamily in the village 01al-Awja, near the city
01 Tikrit. His lather died belore he was born,
and he was sent to "ve with his maternal
uncle.
In 1957, he joined the Baath Party4.Two
years alter, he was bund eomplieit5 in a
lailed assassination attempt against
President Abdul Karim Qasim, and was
'oreed to f1ee6to Egypt. He returned to Iraq
in 1963 alter the eountry's lirst Baathist
regime took power In a COUp7.Fiveyears
later, a relative 01 Saddam's became
president 01 the Revolutionary Command
Council and he too k eharge 01 the nation's
seeurity apparatus'. On July 16, 1979,
Saddam loreed AI-Bakr to retire and was
sworn' in as Iraq's presiden!.
From his ascension to the presidency,
western governments -including the
United States- recognized Saddam as a
ruthless strongman, but someone they
could do business with.
From his aseension to the presideney, western
governments -including the United States- recognizedSaddam as a ruthless'O strongman, but someone they
could do business with. During :he 1980s, the U.S.
government tolerated Saddam because they had a
eommon enemy in the Shiite" theoeraey,2 that ruled
Iran. In September 1930, Saddarn launehed an
in'lasion, setting off13 an eight-year war in whieh the
U.S. supported his country by providing satellite
intelligenee and relusing to sell the Iranian military
spare parts 'or its mostly Ameriean-made weaponry
In August 1990, Saddam's troops invaded another oil-
rieh neighbor, Kuwait. That was when the U.s.
government stopped supporting him. From 1991 to
the end 01 Saddam's 'egime in April 2003, Iraq lived
under paralyzing Unit=d Nations sanetions that turned
the oil-rieh country into a Middle Eastbaekwater. But
it wasn't until the September 11th, 2001 attaeks that
tre U.S. tru1yloeused on ousting Saddam. Alter the
Taliban was ousted, 8ush cited evidenee that Iraq had
attempted to buy weapons-grade uranium in Alriea,
underseoring the need to take swilt aetion against
Saddam. The allegation later proved to be unlounded.
Without U.N. baeking and with a relatively small band
01 allies, the u.s. began the air assault on Baghdad
on Mareh 20, 2003. For more than eight months,
Saddam remained on the lam. On December 13th,
2003, U.S. Army soldiers eaught him erouehed" in a
hole dug in the Iloor 01 a mud hut'5 where he hid
with a pistol and several hundred thousand dollars in
cash. He was executed on Deeember 30th 2006 lor
the homicide 01 148 Shiites in 1982.AE
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lE V l U PP E R N R M IA I VAN D 21
OVER HIS 24 YEARS AS PRESIOENT OF IRAQ, HE EARNEO THE MONIKER'
BUTCHER OF BAGOAO BY RULlNG WITH BRUTE FORCE,TORTURE
ANO CU NNING z. ALTHOU GH THE U.S. SUPP OR TEO HIM MA NY TIME S.
VOCABULARY
1moniker: (humorous) anamenrnickname 12 cunning: describes
people wha are:' dever at planning somcrhhg $0 Ch:H rhey gl:'t whac they
wam, cspt"Ciallybytricking orhcr people 1 3 stood up to: ro n: :s iH ar
refl.:sero be cowed by somebody ar ro re/i.m: ro b.lck down; tcmain salid
14 8aath Party: The Arab Sodalist Baa:h Party was foundcd in 1947
a.~a radical, sC'cular Ara.b nationalisr poli:icaJ parry I5 complicit:
nvolved in somcrhing iIIegal at wrong I6 flee: ro escape byrunning;1way. especia]])' beca use of dangcr nr rear I 7 coup: sudden Ilegal.
ofren valcor, taking of govcrnment powcr, cspccially by (pan of) :lO
:trmy I8 apparatus: :lOorganizadon or s)'Stcrn, cs~cially a politkal
om:19 sworn (partidple 01 5wear) In: (O induct into office by
administration of an oath 110 ruthless: wilhout ml : : rcy or pi!)' 111
Shiite: a membcr of dIe scccmd largest rdigiolls lllovement within
Islam. which is hascd 00 (he be:ief that AIi. a lm:mbcr of Moharnmcd'
famil)', aod the (cachen who Clme aftee hi:TI, were the true rcligiOlI1
eade" 112 theocracy: government of a u.ue by immediate divine
guidance or by o:Tldals who are rcgarded as divinely guided 1 13
set{ting) off: set io mOlion or cause ro hegin 114 crouch(ed):
with your knecs 1IeOlm tha( )'ou are close 10 (he ground a lcaning toward
,dighdy 1 1S mud hut: lemporary military sheher made of soft wel
eanh
- . :O N T H E C D A U D I O A R T l C lE & M O R E E X E R C I S E S
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sc
Computer assembles.sean into 3-D image01 sample's surfaee
Needle seans aeross sample
Light detector senses tiny motions 01 needle2
3
Example: Image 01 microscopic diamond grains
grown on a carbon surlace
lcr
Needle support
Ultra-sharp needleSample
, ACTUAL ENGLlSH
Laser l ight bounees'off
a probe needle5
~
touehing sample4
Laser Light detector ,.
s P1
21
Sample
Needle
tapssample
Needle
hovers7
oversample
Needle
touches
sample
Light detector
~-
Needle ~. . . . . . . . ~~ Scaning path. , . - - - _ . . . . - "
.. -- . --... ~ . - " . . . .- _ - .- - _ . . . . - - - - . . ~~ _. . - - _ . . . . . _ . . . . _. .-
'\ . . . . . .- . . _ -. .
Scanning options
~ 1 nano: une billionrh lIO.')). S)'llIbol n 1 2 nanometer: a rnclric un:1 uflt'ngth equ.J fOone bi~li()nth of:llll::rrr
(0,000 noo r)() I o f J meud 1 3 bounce(s): 10 1ll0Vl' up or 3way alll'r hill.llg a ~urbl-C1 4 sample:.1 ~m;lll JnlllCll1 of.\ suh~[allcc Iha! :1dOt lOl
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w ith a n .an o ' uiewAtomic force microscopes can see objects
as smal l as a nanometer 2, w hich is one-bil lionth of a meter or one-25 mi ll ionth
of an inch. A hair is about 75,000
nanometers thick.
Two atomic force microscopes;each is about the size of astandard tabletop microscope
01 sciclltisrwllcclS in Ol'tlcr to C'xamine irIS probe needle: a long thin mcta! {(xII that is pUl insidc something to lest 01 rtCord infornl.uion
16 assemble: to bring paru togcmer in a single group 17 hover{s): to ~mainiuspended over a place 01cbject
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26 Music ACTUAL ENGLlSH .
DAVE "THE EDGE" EVANS: guilar,piano and vocal,.
B o m : A u g . B , 1961. Did you know1TheEdgegrew up in
Ireland,the ,on 0 1Wel,h parenls.Althoughhe vi,ited Wale>during
childhoodh oliday" he identifie>stronglywith hi, Iri,h tieso
PAUL "BDND" HEWSON: leadvacol, and guilar. Born:
M a y l O , 1 96 0 . D id yo u kn o w 1 Bonoadopted hi, name lrom the
BonoVoxHearingAidCa.,hop in Dublin.
LARRY MULLEN JR.: drummer.Born : O c t. 31, 1961. D idyo u kn o w 1Whilein high schao!.Mullenpinned a note up at
school a,king il olher ,tudenls were ntere>ted in forminga band.
PaulHew,on,Adam Clayton,and Da" and DikEvansresponded.
Dikleftthe band in 1978.
ADAM CLAYTON:ba". Born : Marc h 13, 1960.
D id yo u kn o w ) Claytonwa, born in Oxlord,England,and raised
inAfriea.Hi,familymovedto Irelandwhen he wa, 4.
VOCABULARY
When grunge brought sombemes'" ro rhe a irwaves in
,he '90s, ,he band launched imo rhe cyher-age carni -
vals of giant onsrage lemons and "Zooropa."
T ha t w illin gn es s r o e xp er im em a nd m or ph ', a nd r o
fai l if need he, i s one 'eason U2 has wound up in rhe
same cague as pop's o:her brand-name pioneers, from
rhe Beat les and Bowie on dnwn. And l ike so manv of
r ho se p re mie r a nists , ,h e b an d's s te alth s kill'o ' h as
bcen absorbing pieces of rh e culture around it. repro-
eessing them amI rati fying them for ,he wider puhl ic:
a maneuver found in U2 's dabblings in , echno, world
music. even gospel.
Bu, for a11the specific t raits U2 has hestowed" on ,he
pop scene -[rom innovations in coneen production
down ro the scrupulous ly s ,udied echo effec ts o f the
Edge's guirar- rhe band's bigger cOllrriblltion is somc-
thing less tangible. I t's ahout the infusion of a eenain
s pir it, o ne e m bo dy in g b oth p a" io n a nd s ma ns , lh at
scts rhe srage foc rhe iaresr chaprer in rock's cvolution.
Talk ro conrcmporary musicians, cven rhose enam-
ored of U2, and you 'l I be hard-pressed for e it at ions o f
band s tha t ha ve ex pl i:it ly mimicke d Bo no an d co m-
pany . Alth ol lgh ,he ea rly '80s prod llc ed a brief crop of
direct descendan,s (grollPS such as the Cal l, the Alarm
anJ Simple lv1inds) U2 never spawncd12
[he Icgions
8 somberness: ofa dhmal al d c : p r t " l S in g charactcrconvc)"lngrJoomy suggestiom 0 1 idC 'O U 19 morph: [Ochange shape 110 stealth skill: fhe
ability of doing somcthing dowly. quicll:", aud covenl)' , in arder to avoid delection I , 1 bestowed: giver,;ls J.11 hOllor or prcsc;llt 112spawn(ed):
[O lay eggs, metaphoricaUy, to bring f orm o to generaH:
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W h a fS I h e s e c r e t o f U Z 'S s u c c e s s ?
An ability lO reshape e s musical direction and eOI1-
necI wirh an ever-growing legicn of loyal f.,ns.
U2 h"" traveled a serpentine crearive p:llh: lIS 1980
debut "Ibum, "Boy," featllred a distinctive blues and
rock slyle. Over rhe nexl decade, rhe band explored
U2 singer Bono adds a dramatic touch during a U2
concert at the MCI Center in Washington. O .e.
of imitatots in the mannet of Led Zeppelin Ot theVdvet Undetgtound.
So maybe the moS! crucial resulr 01 ' U2's break-
rhrough into internarional prornincl1cc was rhe parh
it paved. It can be hard 10 remember the day when the
sounds now so familiar wece rhe exclusive provincc of
whar was dubhed college tock. But before rhe atrival
and explosion of U2, aided hy rhe simulraneous
cfforts of R.EJv1., ir was cvell harder to imagine a
mainsrream embrace of rhe intclligenr, impassioned
music thal was evetyday fare a decade larer.
The Edge has said that Bob O)'lan once remarked ro
him: "Everybody's going 10 remember your songs; ir's
juSI rhat nobody's gonna be able 10 play rhem." For alJ
rhe grand pronounccments aboJt U2's originality and
impacr ayer rhe ycafs, rhar may b e r h e mase honest
lesramenr of them all.
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28 Music' CTUAL ENGLISH LEVELS: ADVANCED I PROFICIENCY
V09'BULARY
U2
o
13 bluesy: comp(l~d llr pC'rt(>nnC'd in or like [hC' ~{~:IC'of [he blues J
14 vibe: J. di~[jncti\'c:t"mnnru] ;[rnmphere; ~cmnl illluitivc1}' 1 15
wane: [O wC'.lkt'O Itl mCIlFth or int1uence 1 16 slump: .l fall in lhe
priec. valuc, sJ1t'S,~,tL.117 zero in: !Oidemiry sHmclhing pm:bdy anJ
COnCCnl[, ;HCa1l e tTom on dl-Jing \Vilh ir 118 muses about: reOccts
Jeeply on (a suhjCi.:t) I 19 laureate: S
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Creat iv i ty Cu b edGive an art director a $300 budget and
chances are it won'r be enough to really pimp
a pod" but it's a start.
W HEN THE BALCOMAgeney's principals, Stuart Balcom and
Broce McLain, decided ,hey needed new decor for ,heir
offices in Fon Worth, Texas, ,hey gave ,he same ,hing to
everyone on ,heir s,aff of 25: a customized2 desk modeled on ,he ad
ageney's signa,ure "B" logo, $300, and free reino W'ha, ,hey gOl in
retum eould fue! an HGTV show3 for half a season -wildly individua-
Iis,ie offiee spaees ,ha, rellee, ,he ereativity and personality of ,he inha-
bitams. Fram ,he eolors 'o plaeemen, of ,he fumiture, art, decora,ive
accessories, even their choice of shelves, nothing is (he same.
Balcom, 48, says ,he benefh fram sueh a small inves,mem helps ,he
Fort Worth-based eompany's bortom line: "!fyou ltt people express their
creativity. that he/ps lIS he/p ollr clients. 71)e change inspires everyone. "
Several years ago, the form began allowing employees to eustomize ,he
VOCABULARY
I By Na.ra Schoenberg
eompany business eards, choosing
their own combinadon of ink
colors and card stock, and adding
monikers4 under ,heir names
(Balcom is known as Stuar, "Boss
Hog' Balcom; ,he company's
CFO is "Daddy Warbueks.") This
break fram corpora,e lock-s,ep
was
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Tin a Wid n er c h os e a b l u e an d s i l v er c o l or s c hem e.
there any vetting involved, any permission
slips [ha[ had to be signed?
"No."Balcom says.
Wha[ happens when someone leaves? Does
[he new hite ge[ [Oredeeota[e?
"w.don'f Ime people. "says Balcom. whose
elienrs inelude Harris Me[hodisr hospital,.
A1eon Laboratories. Jusrin Boors, Motorola
and RadioShack.
"If you're no[ losing, are you hiring?"
"w.'re lookingfor 1 1pub/ie refations person,
an art director, an accoun t ma nag er and a
pro ducton artist. ,/
Will [hey ge[ $300 ro decorare [hei[ cubes?
" }s , " he says.
Considering [he sense of ownership and
eommunal pride [ha[ me employees feel in
[he spec[acula[ [esulrs. Baleom should break
his a[m paning himself on [he back6. This
/l lf y ou l et p e o pl e ex p r es s th ei r c r eat iv i ty , t h at
h el ps u s h el p o u r c li en ts . Th e c h an g einspires everyone./I
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Information technology spedalist Heagan
Bailey went for a living-room fee!.
was brilliant management. It ham't moved
him to change his wa)'s, rhough. His omee
is retro-ad-exee] wirh whire walls, funky
toys, sracks of paperwork and, inexplicably,
a monstrous splir-Ieaf philodendron8 rhar
looks like ir feeds on human sacriflce. The
good ncws: Should he ever decide ro bring
his omee good news: Should he ever decide
ro bring up ro the standards of his empJo)'e-
es, the talcm to do rhe makeover is
obviously close ar hand. AE
VOCABULARY
lEV EI5 A DV AN CED / PR O fIC IEN CY
Read ing-Com prehension
Check your comprehensio~ by selecting the
1 According to this article, an art director:
a > Will probably be satisfied with a $300 budget
to redecorate hislher eube
b> Will surely be enthusiastic about it, but will need
to add a few more dollars
c> Will work mirades and redecorate your entire
office 'pace with $300 .
2 When Balcom Agency's principals gave their staff a
300-dollar budget to redesign their office space, what
they got in return was:
a > customized desks modeled Jn the ad agency's
signature "B" logo
b> individualistic office spaces. very original and different
from ene another
c > a projeet to run a HGTV show for half a season
3 A precedent to this innovative idea was several
years ago when:
a > the firm began allowing employees to choose their
own combination of ink cobrs to print their reperts
b > the firm began allowing employees to customize
the eompany business cards
c> the firm began allowing employees use monikers
when chatting on messenger
4 According to the article, If Balcom ever decided to
redecorate his office:a > he would never be able to bring his office up to
the standards oi his employees
b > the talent to do the makeover is at hand, since
his employees demostrated Jutstanding skills
as desi9ners
e> he would have to hire an interior designer, since
there is no one around who could make him change
his ways
qIv 'q lE 'q ('q (LA" ti3MSN"
31
6 PATIING (HIMSELF) ON THE BACK: congratulating
(hiJ:lSclf) I 7 RETJ{O.AD-EXEC: [he: stfle of ;ln Ad
Execllrivc, Inoking at or copying lhe rast I 8
PHILODENDRON: ;1 dimbing phult wirh le-:l\'cs thar ;H1:
lIsually grcen and heart.shapcll
. ~O N T H E C D: A U DI O A RT IC LE & MOR E E X ER C IS E S
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32
Dakar Rally Car
Max. output: 270 hp 15,500 rpm
MPR-13specifications
Improved
rigidity~ Integralmultitubular'
frame structure
Height:6.04 ft.(1.84 m)
Last year's winning team, Mitsubishi, partieipates thisyear with the newly developed MPR-13 Pajero
Evolution in a raee where enduranee' and navigationare as important as driving ski lis.
Modified engine: Moreresponsive; redueed weight;better fuel injeetion system- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6-eylinder, 24 valve- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Displaeement: 3997 ce
1 endurence: me abiliry or power of
someming ro bear prolonged exertion 01
hard.ship 01 in persistence over lime I 2
rigldity: me physical property of being
stiff and resisting bending I 3
multitubular: having many rubes 14
dampers: a friction device sonetimescaJli a ~shock absorlx:r" uS(:d for
controlling and damping spring
oscillarions I 5 wishbone(s): (he
radius rod setup used in many oi the oldc:t
ford C J.rs ro kecp the HIt' !iquare with the
frame I6 competition range: anarea in which somethinglsomebody
compc=res 17 maneuverability: Ihe
qualiry ofbeing Cbyto dirca Oldrive I 8
tire(s): tyre(UK), a thick rubber nng,
onen fllled with airo which is fitted around
the aurer ro g e of the whecl of a .chicle:.
allowing (he:"e:hicle to stick lO che:road
surface and to trave! over the: ground more:
e:asily
VOCABULARY
I f there is anything predictable
about w hat m ust be the
craziest motor sports event in
the wor ld, i t is that several
th ings w i ll happen during the
annual Par is-Dakar Ral li to
underscore i t as the cra,iest
motor spor ts event in the
wor ld. Or maybe the craziest
sporting event in the w or ld,
just abo ve c1 iff diving (th e
cantest in which compe:itors,
observed comedian Norm
McDonald, are either
contenders or stuff on a rock) .
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33
Spare wheels:located in the back
Length:13.75
(4.19 m)
Tires:8Pressure is decided
befo re each race; air can be letout during race, but not added
4
Dampers:
Two shockspear wheel
Suspension:
Independent,
double
wishbones'
Fuel tank capacity: 132 gal. (500
Iiters), competition range6around497 mi. (800 km)
located in a iow, central
position for bettermaneuverability7and stability
@2006MCT
Source: Mitsubishi Motors, Oakar Rally organizersGraphic Ju!ta Scheibe, Morten Lyhne
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weRe
ReturnMATCH
Gaad things carne in twas
VOCABl!LARV . __
Franeis Ford Coppola hasn' r d iree -
red a m ovie sinee 1997's "T he
Rainmaker," a mosrly well- reeeived
John G risham adapration that
e no co th e film m ak er 's w or k-fo r-
h ire' pe riod , S inee then he has bui lt
up his wine business, oversccn rc-
relcaseu versions of "Apocalypsc: Francis Ford Coppola
Now " , Th e 67 -y ea r-ol d en rh us iast
of many things is putring the finishing muches 00 "Youth Wirhotlt
Yomh," h is adaptat ion of rhe la te Romanian philooopher Mi teea Eliaoe 's
Worlo \XIar U-era novella2, T im R ot h a nd B ru no G an z s ta r i n th is s t or y
abom a bedriddenl elderly Romanian academic becoming mysrcriollsly
te juvenateo anO i1eeing the Nazis aeross several boroers,
1 work-for-hire: ancxceprion ro rhe general rule "Uf lhe pcnoil who ;lClUally creares
awork
i~
lhe legaJI)'.recognizl'd authoc of ,har work I2 noveUa: a work of f1etion intcrrncdiatc in lcngrh
and complexit}' berween a shorr srory 3nd a novel 1 3 bedridden: having 10stay in b l.'d bccause
of Hinesor injury 14 on the brin k: vcr}"nearlYi imrninC'm, ch~e IS hiatus: a short pau~ inwhich IICllhing happcns16 interweave(s): In intcnnix orImile inlextme Ilrumstrllnioll, al in
Ihe ca~ ufIhe threads ufa filml7 dodge(s) that bullet: 10 a..-oidsOlllclhing unpleasJIlI
Vera Faminga, an aetress who's been on
the brink4 01 big things lor years, can look
ba ck at the cr azy time in 2005 when she
was shoot ing both " lhe Depar ted ," in
which she plays a Boston police psycholo-
gis! . and "Breaking and Entering," in
which she 's Oana, a smoky-voiced London
streetwalker , and think about her do,
"1 had a six-week hiatusS, when Jack
Nicho lson was to be wor ki ng on 'lh e
Departed, ' so I shipped off to London lor
'Breaking and Entering, '" Farmiga recalls,
"And Ihad my 'Departed ' extensions under
my Oana wig,"
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lEVElS I I 3 S
Professor Oscar's Academy Awards Quiz
TEST YO UR M O VIE KNO W LED G E
20 Wha l was lhe Iast fi lm to win Bes! Picture w"hout a single actingnOO1inaJion?
18 Wha l lwo ac lo rs won O sears for o p1ayinglhe sarne persono but indi f lerenl movies?
1 1
Name lhe on ly lh ree women lo be
o nominated Ior Best Dir9clor.
16 Whal is !he shortesto Oscar-winning performance?
19 Name lhe on ly lwo Bes! Ac tor o winners lo di r9cl lhel r ownOscar-winnlng per1ormance.
12 Wha l two ac lo rs were eacho ncminaled ler a l least seven actinga"ards and never won?
14 Name the lh ree mov ias where a l l
o members 01 lhe cas t werenominaled Ior an acl ing Osear.
17 Who hoIds Ihe record fo r o appearing in Ihe most f i lmsbelare winning an Osear?
13 Nome lhe on ly lwo peop le lo wino an acl ing award w hi le s larring ina bre ign language f ilm.
15 Who are lhe youngest and o ldesto persans to have beeo nomina ledlor an acl ing Osear?
1 O Whal two Hollywood lami lieso have \Von an Osear in lhreeseparate general ions?
7 Whal was Ihe f l rst oolor l ilm to wino Bes! P ic lu re and wha l was !he Ias lb lack and wh"e f ilm lo win Bes lPicture?
6 Wha l two l ilms were nominated lo r
o 1 I awards each. on ly lo wa lkhome wl lh nolhing?
5 Wha l l h ree l ilms won lhe lop l iveo awards (pic lure, d i rector, wri t ing,actor and acl ress)?
3 Wha l ooun l ry has won the mos lo Bes l Fore lgn Language F i lmawards?
4 Name a l l eas t Ih ree 01 the seveno loreign language f i lms lo be
nominated lor Besl Picture.
2 Whal f i lm reoelved only oneo nomlnal ion (Ior BeSl Pieture)and won?
8 Wha l l ilm, wh ich won lhe Osear fo r
o Best Fore ign Language F i lm. i s !helonges l mov ie lo win an award(7 hours and 33 minutes)?
9 Wha l i nd iv idua l has won !he mos l awards?
1 Wha l f i lm won Ihe mos l awards
o w l thou l winn ing Bes l P ie ture?
P IO fess ll 'O sear 'sG r a d e s
A t20eorr1d_
VOIiN lin O s e a "
O Jlp o rtl
A -
lo.14correct.
Youulil.lallt..l'Ill
TIM41PISSlJI
(
B
15-19t:OMd_
'l\:lu'1911 Win"Iil!le
OlCilf~
~o " " , " "
Whe'(!'IlIt1e SJIO'l'
IrlVliI?
&-10 COlTKI.
Votivewalc"'K!ar . , ., Oscat ' l l l lec l l4l l
t'1 yourdil) '
D, . & COITllot.
You worobol.l1dlo
g e l l O me r IQh I
W POllllIWOU I~J~81lJol.(IUJ~ (Jw UIUOItl~~/oI ilUO~L6~))JJc"" 'U 'H W3.eNO. "(,[:cId
'lC~l.&.I)I O\A10ILrnetI:t 6 u 1 l;j eIlllO PJ01. l lZ ()II,I'U6I) .lW'''IS- ' I~ J I' IO t' 99 6I )(9 6 E U JII I!V 1 '1 ilB 1 1 1 1 1 '1 .qI ' JO ' \ I l IB OlJ~l;j . J , I IO O M " u i J lA 1 0 ~ Q l , . ., l l . ~ " " "
puillfi"!lII;"lWl/H, iOlJIIOAIO lit~m"'l~S 6~ lijeln)
JI 18111'JlOtl8lU.-U!OJ'NeOJlW )1I.!1PO'D8I(Lnl/1~lISl' lllll.JOJ ~lEI~ ~UIoptJ'I!l8 :1lU081J" OIVIUO(]&JII,(~ ~ 1p.!Mll (;rel) .IJeU.(IM O\IJ..JOJUf'01I!NdoS "ti
lI()oII,lllO'II4:J UIIO~pr r j I l i1 :i lH). .' OUO H' ,!l ll ld ,
.:J!II'11~.1.l'l!llllllJ!nlG I!l1Ol'D Iq ""1P'f' lIU!~S 1"'9 WM~flIru:JlIq5u~, 11')101.10le) W114lM!S.(~ MlIIl6llrpI,U~ 'WI' lIW1!Ill\IlJO,I.IOPf
PUl!')lII1lW)I .Jl)WW)I..;q (a) AllltH lAl''Y''O;~ Ou~ IM'SIn'I\""'''''''''''''81t~
~ : A ca de my a l M ob or retu" AlU n SCJenCeS, '- leT Pholo
1M' 19ttlll. ' J)VI'lIlJJ '191t1.11 te ' Jrt8HJ..L' l/J. . J C K IPQI IO 18~ 110MU O f lI I IO H ~
( ~) . uo o IV I Nl 1 11 UllIOl.JO! ~
lI!U~lQl'llI9lA)" qo ~
.'~"Wlg_etQl.l~lII.PqlolCli'l
lIII"w':l*ll~tlllput' 1,L(l11JI*lI~
au..JOJ~ lASUOM'II(I(ldo:)
PJO:I.:M!'~~~~~'O~
INIU\t9~I'~
'M. pw 'PJliA'\IlI ~ lI(lIfIII~.-M'ellllllll)..r.-d P'" JII~tl
lt"IJ.I"1'~ .'(661) Jl'WII' II4l1f11\ toO{)."l
(Q1e~J.N'1!d JOIOO tIIJ..,(U/HI.JI1Od lluiw'l1 f\U. '9
1~1l6~1~1IllI~~S.
191I1),JaN '.00!P'1:l "IJtAO ~8l.l(),.(IteIIJIAN llIQJlfW CkItH \l.'9, _ . -.. . . . . . ,
~'H16.l~O' '~.iNI8ll.Il~ .",. trI.~I)~
flU./~'t.tell~pwMv,).
't~ .~.teLI~W3"U.11OWJ:1'B9511.z. '(
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Do you have any doubts about English? Don't worry, thissection is what YOll 've been waiting for! Just drop LIS your
questions to [email protected].
ReadersJ
QUESTIONS
As you can see from the examples above, eolloea-
tions occur in different \vord caregories. So, ir js
imporranr ro bear in mind thar aH combinationsare !lor appropriare in English (and chis is a150
(he case in other languages). \X!henever you are
in doubt, [he best thing to do is ro check lear-
ners' besr friend: rhe dicrionar:.~
What are collocations and why is it
important to learn about them?
A eollocation is a word or phrase whieh is fre-
quently used with anorher word or phrase, in a
way that sounds correer ro native speakcrs oc
people who have spoken the language all their
lives.
Ir is ofren important to ehoose the righr eolloea-
tion in arder ro sound natural. Por examplc, an
adjective can be tlsed ro describe sorne nouns out
not others. We can say blonde woman or blonde
man but not 'blonde dog or 'blonde hOl". In
this case we say [ha[ blonde does no< eollocate
wi[h dog or horse. Many words in [he following
groups are restricted in similar ways:
adjectives and nouns
subjects and verbs
adjectives and prepositions
verbs and prepositions
verbs and objects
verbs and adverbs
a b l a n d e woman/man b u t
nol a 'b londe dog or hor se
lhe !el'phon, rang bu! nol
" the t e lephone sounded
lull 01 bul no! "full wirh
arrjve at bu! no! "a r r i ve to
w e d r i\ 'e a c a r b u t w e c a n 't
. .ddve a motorb ike
I slronglybelievebu! no!
"1 s trongly think
What is the difference between see
someone do/doing something7
As you have notieed, the verb to see may be tollowed by a
bare infinirivc (inHnirive withour 'ro') or an 'ing' form of
rhe verb, depending on rhe I11caning of [he sentence.
Please, notice rhe difTercnce in meaning bcrwccn rhese t\vo
sentcnces:
a I s aw h im e ro ss t he r oa d
b I s aw him e ro ss in g th e ro ad
In a) whar I am saying is rhar he crossed rhe road fmm one
side ro rhe orher and 1 saw the complete aetion.
In the case afb), I am saying thal he was erossing the road
when 1 saw him. hut 1 don'r kno\\' whethcr he arrived ro
the alher side beeallse 1 d idn ' t see he complete t lct ion .
What is the best way to open and c10se
business letters?
There are many opening and closing phrase, for business
leners, and your choice shollld be based on considerarions
of register (leve! af formality), addressee (wha YOllare wri-
ling ro) and subjeet marrer (tapie, what the 1et[er is abollt).
Although wriring business letrcrs and e-mails is a ropic rhat
needs a whole chapter. here are sorne tips and rricks for
crash-course carners:
10 Useful opening lines:
W i th r e le r ence to you r le tt e r 0 1 10 M ay, I ...
I am w r i ti n g l o en q ui re ab o ul . ..
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After having rece ived your addres s I rom . o O , I ...
W e / l recenlly wrole lo you aboul . ..
Af t er having seen your adve rt is emenl in o O . ,
I would l ike oO'
I r ece ived your addres s l rom . .. and would l ike .. .
In rep ly to your l e tt er 01 10 M ay, .. .
Thank you lor your l e t t e r 01 10M a y .
Thank you lor your l e tt e r regard ing . ..
Thank you lor your l e t te r /e -ma il aboul . ..
10 U s e fu l c 1 0 s i n g li n e s :
I I you require any lur the r in lorma t ion , l eel I ree
t o c on la c t me .
I look lorward to your rep ly .
I l ook lorward lo hea r ing l rom you.
I look lorward lo s ee ing you .
P lease advice a s necessa ry .
W e loo k lorward lo a su(cess lul working re la tionship
in Ihe future .
I would apprec ia le your immedia le a tt en tion lO
this mat ter .
Should you need any lur the r in lorma lion , p l ease
do no l he si la le l o c on ta d me .
W e hope t ha t w e ma y c on li nue l o r e ly on you r
va lued cus lom.
Once aga in , I apologize ior any inconvenience.
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.Beware o f fa lse fr iendsFdlse frie Ids are palrs of woras In two languages (or le ters In two alpr,abe s
that look anc!lor sound slmi al, but dlffer In meanlng.
It sometimes seems 10 be really easy to gue5s
the meanlng 01 some new words in English,
because they ook and lound very similar to
words In our nalive tongue. For example, it is
true that mas: words than end in -ein inSpanish can be translated into English by
changlng the suffix to -tion. And the pattern
holds true lor words such as 'constitucin'=
'constltution' and 'nacin' = 'nation'. But, what
about words such as 'decepcin') Does 'deception'
mean the same as 'decepcin') The answer is no.
'Decepcin' is a disapPolntment, not a 'deception'.
So, beware 01 lalse Iriends when you use newvccabulary in English. Below you will lind a list 01
ccmmon false Iriends
ENGl ISH MEA NING OF ENGl ISH WORO SPA NISH POSSIB LE SPA NISH/ENGlISH TRA NSL ATION
actual r e a l , e x i s t i n g i n fa n a ctu a l c u r le n t
assist to heb a s is t ir to a t te n d , to b e p r e s e n t
attend to 90 to an e\'entlplace a tender to s e r v e , to ta k e c a re o f
bil l ion 1,000,000,000 bi l ln 1,000,000,000)00 or a tr il l on in Am erican
and curren! S r i t sh En gl ish
c o m p l e x i o n th e c o lo r in g o f a p e r s o n " s s k ln c o m p le x i n ph)sio logica l bUl ld
(om p rom ise a n a g 'e e m e n t b y (o n c e s s io n c o m p r o m is o c o m m it m e n t
(ontest to compete fo r someth ing o r show c o n t e S ta r to an sw erd is a g r e e m e n t a b o u t a d e c is io n
d i s g r a c e emb arrassme nr ard the loss 01 otrer desgracia m is t a k e o r m is f c n u n e
people 's resp ect, cr beh avior " ,h ichc a u s e s t h is
dlsgusl d isapproval and d is l i\e at a s i ruat ion d isgusto m is fo r tu n e , a p a ln r u ! s it L J a t io no r p e r s o n 's o e h a v i: lu r , e tc .
e m b a r r a s s e d fee l ing asham ed O's hy em b ara zad c prenanr
j d io m a g r o u p o f w o r d s I n a f ix e d o r d e r th a t id io m a languageh a v e a p a r t ic u la r m e a n m g th a t is d i f f e r e n t
f r o m th e meaning~ o f e a c h w o r d 01
i t s o w n
moles l t o t o u c h o r a t t a c k s o m e o n e i n a s e x u a l molestar to upse t
w a y a 'J a in s t th e i r w is h e s
prelend to b e h a v e a s i f s o m e th in g is tn . .e V v h e n
you kn ow thar i r is nor, esp. in arder to pretender to e x p e c td e c e iv e p e o o le o r a s a g a m e
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P r o v e r b s a n d SayingsAs you may probably know, a proverb is a simple and
concrete saying popularly known and repeated,
which expressesa truth, based en common sense or
the practical experience 01 mankind. Proverbs are
olten borrowed lrom different languages and
cultures, and sometimes come down to the present
through more than one language. It is interesting to
lind out that some Erglish proverbs are very similar toSpanish proverbs in lorm and meaning. Have a look
at the lollowing proverbs in English.
Do you know what they mean? Can you f ind
their counterparts in Spanish?
1 Eyelor an eye, tooth lor a tooth.
Z Too many cooks spoil the broth.
3 r t the cap flts, wear il.
4 Lucky at cards, unlucky in love.
S Never put off 'ti l tomorrow what you can do today.6 The early bird catches the worm.
7 A bird in the hand isworth two in the bush.
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lE VE lS : A DV A NC ED I PRO'ICIENCY 43
Ch;lptcr 1 - Tht: Science of Deduction (excerpt)
IIERLOCK HOlMES
wok his borde
fmm rhe comer of
rhe mantdpicce, .1Ild
his hypoJermic syringe1
[mm its nc:1.tmomeco case. \Virh his
long. white, ncrvolls fingers he
adjustcu rhe Jclicare nccdle 3nu
mUed back his lefr shincuiT. For somc
ule rime his eyes Testeo dwughrfJlIy
upon lhe sincwy2 forcann ami wriSl,
aH dotred ami scarrcd \V irh innumer-
able PUIlClUfc-marks. F in ally , h e
thrusr] the sharp poinr hOl11e, prc~st.:d
down the finy pistoll, amI SJllk back
inro dle velvet-Iincd armchair wirh a
long sigh of sarisfanion.
Thf
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44 Sto tellin CHAPTER 1 - THE SCIENCE Of DEDUCTlON
you say o be coused and excircd, but ir
is a parhological and rnorbid proccss
which involves increased rissue.
change and mar ar casI leave a pee-
manent weakness. You know, too,
whar a black reaccion comes upon
YOll. Surely [he game is hardly wonh
lhe andle. Why should you, for a
mere passing pleasure. risk (he 1055 of
{hose grear powers wich whid. yati
have beco endowed10? Remember
[har 1 speak nO[ only as ooe' conrade
to anorher bur as a medical mm [Q
Dne foc whose constirution he is ro
sorne extent answerable 11:'
He did nO[ seem offended. On [he
eontrary, he pUl his fingerrips
rogerher, and caned his elbO\\'S 00
{he afros of his chair, Iike ane wha
has a relish 12foc conversa don.
"My mind," he said, "rebels at stag-
narion. Givc me problems. give me
work, give me rhe most abstruse
cryptogram 13, oc [he mast nrricate
analysis, and 1 am in rny own proper
armosphere. 1 can dispense14 rhen
wirh artificial srimulants. Bur 1abhar
the duH rourine of exisrence. 1 crave
for mental exa1carion. That is ""hy 1
have chosen my own particular pro.
fession, or rarher creared ir, for 1 am
the only one in rhe world."
"The only unofficial detective?"
said, raising my eyebrows.
"The onlr unofficial consulting
detective," he answered. "1 am rbe last
and highest court of appeal in detec~
tion. When Gregson, or Lestrade, or
Arhelney Jones are out of their
depths15 - whieh, by [he way, is
their normal srare - rhe marter is
laid befare me. 1 examine rhe data, as
ao expert, and pronounce a special-
isr's apinion. 1 claim no credir in such
cases. My name figures in no newspa.
pero The work itself, [he pleasure of
finding a field for my peculiar pow-
ers, is roy highesr reward. Bur you
have yourself had sorne experience of
roy merhods of work in rhe Jefferson
Hope case."
"Yes, indeed," said 1 eordiaUy. "1 was
never so struck by anyrhing in my
Jife. 1 cven embodied it in a small
brochure, wirh rhe somewhar famas-
,ie [itle of'A Study in Searlel.' "
He shook his head sadly.
"1 glanced over ir," said he.
"Honesdy, 1 cannor congratulare you
upon ir. Derecrion is, or oughr to be,
an exact science and should be ((ear-
ed in rhe same cold and unemmiona!
manner. You have attempred ro
ringe16 it with romanticism, which
produces much rhe same effect as if
you warked a lave srory or an elope-
menr17 inco rhe fifth proposirion of
Eu:lid'8."
"BJr rhe romance was rhere," 1
remonsrrated. "1 couId nor ramper
wirh19rhe facrs."
"Some faets should be supp,essed, or,
ar least, a jusr sense of proponion
should be observed in treating ,hem.
The only poin! in the ea5e which
d~erved mention was the cucious
analytical reasoning from effects to
causes, by which 1 succeeded in
unravelling20 ir."
1 was annoyed at this criricism of a
wotk which had been speeiaUy
d~igned to please him. 1confess, too,
rhar 1 was irritated by the egotism21
which seemed ro demand thar every
line of my pamphlel should be devot-
ed ro his own special doings.
More than once dur-
ing ,he yeaes
thal [ had lived with him in Baker
Streer [ had observed that a smaU van-
iry underlay my companion's quict
and didactic manner. 1 made no
renark however, bU[ sat nursing rny
wounded lego1 had had a )ezaii bullet
through ir sorne time before, and
though ir did nor prevenr me from
walking ir ached wearily ar every
change of rhe wearher.
VOCABULARY __ o __ ~_ ~ -
10 endowed: providcd ar supplied or ~uipped .;m (cspeciaUyas by inheritana: or narurc) [11 answerable: rcspons:ble for something mat harpcos
112 abstruse: difficult tO undemand 113 cryptogram: a SIpCof word puzzle in which [Ot encodl. by a simplc ciphcr is ro be dccodcd 114dispense with: to get lidof somcthir,g or somconc or stop using thcm because}'Oll do nat needthcm 115 out 01 their depths: out of a state (lf
p~chological or .in.tdlcctual dcpth 116 tinge: a vel)' slighe amoum ofa color ar ofa feding 117 elopement: chc ao af running away with a lover 118
~Ifth proposltlon 01 Euclid: Grtt1. ~metcr (3rd a:nrury BC).Euclid derivcd much of the planar gco;'Tlcu)'rom Avepo.'itulatc=s,me fifth of which
1S the ~OSt complex onc 119 ta~per wlth: imcrfere or mcddJe, espcdally jn a harmful way120 unraveling: ro rc:solveme intricacy, complexiry, or
obscumy of: ciar up121 egotlsm: rh:-tendcncy to t.hink only aboue yoursclf a:ld ronsiclcr }'oursclfbencr c.ndmore important than other people
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"My pracrice 1135extended rcccnrl)' ro [he Conrinen[," said
I-Iolmes arll'r a while, f1l1ingup his (lId hricr-roOl pipen.
"( was cOllSlIhed last wcek by Francois le Vilbrd, \vho, as
Y0l! probahly know, has come rarll(:r(Orhe fmm !arely in
Ihe French tlerc:c[ivcservice. He h;;sall the CeItic powcr of
quick ilHuition hu[ he is deflck.nt in thl' \'Iide rauge of
cxact knowlcdge which is essellli~11ro lhe higher devdop-Illents uf his arto The case \va.~COlll:CfllCJwirh a will ;lIld
posscssed sorne fe;llures ofintlTesr. 1was ahle ro refer him
to rwo parallcl C1St:S, the one at Rig;l in 1857, and the
o[her ar St. Louis in 1871, which Ilavc slIggesred 10him
lhe Irtle solutioll. IleH' is rhe ICHerwhich I h;ul Ihis mOT!l-
ing acknowledging 111)' ;lssistallcc."
He IOsscdover, as he spoke, a crumplcd23 sheet of forcign
lIotepaper. 1ghtlKeJ my eyes dowll ir, c:uching a profusion
of notes of admiration, with sual' rnagnifiques24, coup-dc-
maitres ami tours-de-force25, all lt'stifying ro the ardcnt
admiration of the Frenchman.
"He speaks as a pupil ro his masrer," said l.
"Oh. he rates my assi.srance too highly," .said Sherlock
Holmes lighrly. "He has considerable gifrs himself. He
possesses [\'{o out of the rheee qualities neeessary for the
ideal detective. He has rhe power of observadon and [hat
of deduction. He is only waming in knowledge, and that
mal' come in rime. He is now translating m}' small works
imo French."
"Youe works?"
"Oh, ddn't you know?" he cried: Iaughing. "Yes, I have
beco guilry oEseveral monographs. Thel' area H upan teeh~
nieal subjects. Here. foe examFie, is one 'Upon rhe
Distincrion between [he Ashes of e Various Tobaccos.' Init I enumerare a hundred and fOH}'forms of cigar, ciga-
rcue, and pipe lohacco, with colou[(,'(1piares illustrating
the difference in the ash. Ir is a poilH which is conrinually
turning up in criminal rrials, and which is sometimcs of
suprcme importance as a due. If you can 5a)'defini[e1y, ror
example, tha[ some murder had been done by aman \'Vho
was smoking an Ind3n lunkah, it obviously narrows your
VO~B_UL~RY __ _ __ _
22 brier-root pipe: sa pipe maCe:of an e\'ergrcen ITcclikcMediterranean mrub having fragranr wh le Huwcr~ in large- terminal
par.ides and hard wondy mots useu 10 make tobacco pipes I 23
crumpled: full of irregular folds or wrinkles I 24 magnifique:
(Frrnch) wonderful. ~plendid. glorious. excellentI 25 tours-de-force:a feat or display of stTC'ugth.skill. or ingenury
- - - ,
l EV El S: A DV AN CE D I PROFICIENCY
Reading-Comprehension
and vocabulary expressions
Choose the to replace
the words underlined in the followingsentences from "Sign of Four"
1 Three time5 a day for many month5 I had
witnessed this performance, but cU . . i . tom haJi
not recJl(iled my mind