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ABSTRACT:
With ever shrinking time to market, companies are constantly seeking new ways ofproducing customized parts cost effectively. Could this be done without resorting to the
traditional manufacturing processes? This is the age of new manufacturing. With accelerating
technological changes as increasing compactions at both local and global market place, only
those companies, which are both flexible and agile, will survive in the future.
The dawn of new century begins with it, new rules of competitions, concepts such as
supply chain management, flexible manufacturing and lean organizations have become
preconditions for companies that seek to compete in the long term.
This paper explains about Lean Manufacturing - an Advanced Manufacturing
Technique for Auto Industries. Lean manufacturing system is modern production strategies
that uses less resource such as human effort, production space, investment in equipment and
machine, time for developing new products and services and performs the process as rapidly as
possible. Lean manufacturing combines with best features of craft production (high quality,
individual custom made product) while mass production (manufacturing at great quantities to
satisfy broad customer needs at lower prices ) outcome of lean thinking is- zero inventory, zero
down time, zero delay and zero defects.
Lean principles have been employed successfully worldwide in the auto industries and
being increasingly employed in many other industrial sectors.
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INTRODUCTION:
Despite enjoying nearly ten years of globalizations, most of the Indian automobile
manufacturer steel follow the customize mass production (batch mode) system. Consequently
they suffer from abnormally high inventory levels, high cycle times and enormous wastage. It
result in increase inventory cost, which in tern elevate cost of production. And the high cycle
time lead to reduced customer satisfaction. Manufacturer can not afford the comp lances that
they enjoyed in the pre liberalizations era. Why? Because the global village is continuously
spreading with new players and innovations, taking the competitions and quality standards to a
new height.
Given this scenario, it is high time the automobile manufacturer quit the traditional path
and plunged in to something more innovative and productive. The lean manufacturing technique
is a tried and tested system that carries many promises for the Indian automobile manufacturer.
Over the past 10 years or so, lean manufacturing has been receiving an increasing amount
of attention as one source for productivity improvements and cost reductions in manufacturing.
Hailed by its proponents as a breakthrough means to analyze and improve production and the
factory floor environment, lean manufacturing is abroad collection of principles and practices
that can improve corporate performance. The argument is that lean manufacturing offers
revolutionary rather than evolutionary efficiency improvements.
What is lean manufacturing?
Lean manufacturing a production strategy that aims at high levels of production using
lesser effort, time and material. It is a combination of Japaneses concept and technique that
works together to improve the productivity of the organization, and consequently elevate the
organization to a competitive position. It is an integrated business approach adopted to eliminate
non-value added activity from the customer delivery cycle in the operation. This approach
enables the companies to response quickly and profitably and changes in customer demand.
Many people wrongly confine lean to the shop floor; actually lean is the way ofthinking, and attitude. The technique of lean can be applied to every situation in a company, by
finding out what the customer want, eliminating, waster from process and making the value flow
continuously according to the customers pull. The idea is to create a culture in which people in
an organization are continuously improving their productivity every day, in every way.
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The concept of waste:
It is essential to be able to understand an identify what we mean, by wastage in an
organization. Simply if it doesnt add value, it is waste. According to Boeing the term waste
indicates unnecessary complexity in work, processes, redundant labor, excessive production,
unimaginative use of space, loss of energy, high rate of defect, unnecessary use of material, loss
of time and unrequited transportation.
A western has been the bone of manufacturing sector that directly affects the bottom line.
Though unavoidable, it is possible to cut to waste through proper planning and efficient work
process. Through the implementations of the lean manufacturing system, the company intends to
organize the system by identifying and eliminating the waste the ultimate aim being to increase
productivity, customer satisfaction and revenue.
Key lean principles:
Eliminations of the waste is the fundamental principle of lean manufacturing and to
achieve this following principles should be practice.
LMs essences lies in producing with as few people as little inventory and as little waste
as possible.
Lean ensures that each production stage processes exactly what, how much and
exactly when the next stage wants it.
Lean allows enormous variety in product without the kind of change over cost that
customizes mass production involves.
Lean embraces every fact of organization sourcing, manufacturing, marketing,
accounting and strategic planning.
FOUR PILLARS OF LM:
Four pillars namely,
1) Just In Time (JIT) concept
2) Supply Chain Integration3) Cellular Manufacturing and
4) Kaizen Support LM
1. JUST IN TIME CONCEPT:
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The JIT concept requires the raw materials for each steps in a process to reach the shop
floor at exact time and not earlier. This leads to a huge fall in the inventory cost. The goal JIT is
achieved by using techniques like standardizations of processes, TPM and Kanban. Throughout
lean manufacturing and ultimately through JIT. The manufacturing unit can achieve following
goals.
1. Reduce set time.
2. Guaranty that material will be there without excess handling.
3. Guaranty of machine availability and reliability.
Advocate of JIT claims it is a revolutionary concept that all manufacturers have to adopt
in order to remain competitive. Also known as Kanban is continuously reduce product cost by
storing the elimination of waste; no reject, no delay, no stock piles, no idleness and no useless
motion.
To achieve low cost high quality, on time production, the JIT system removes stock
accumulations between successive operations. It does so by organizing around a production
quantity of 1 which means the ideal lot size for each part is 1. Because no safety stock is
allowed, no part can faulty. The responsibility for eradicating defective work and equipments
failures is placed on individual operations. Output Quotas are inviolable and fluctuations in daily
schedules are minimizing to maintain nearly uniform flow rate. Results from applying these
principles, along with a concentrated effort to improve productivity, have frequently been
spectacular.
2. SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRATION:
The lean system can be effective only if it is executed all along the production chain i. e.
from the suppliers supplier to customers customer. Every link along this chain is affected if a
single member does not deliver. It is a long process involving several interfaces, and so
manufacturers need to take steps towards strategic sourcing and organizing the supply base.
3. CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY:
In the traditional batch mode or assembly line manufacturing process, the lay out of shop
floor is done according to the activities. Not so in the lean manufacturing system, where
manufacturing cell is designed to process parts of the product in separate fixed areas, thus
eliminating non value-added activities. Ultimately, the layout creates a single-piece flow. This
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reduces the order flow time, work-in-progress, material handling cost, and so on, thus elevating
customer satisfaction and profits
4) KAIZEN:
Lean manufacturing produces optimum results only if it is implemented as an on going
improvement process, involving everyone at every level.
Kaizen technique is another essential for lean manufacturing system. Masaki Imai, the
founder of kaizen institute, expounds kaizen as Continuous Improvement, without spending
much money using common sense. It doesnt cost money but it changes the way
people do the job. It is about making the most about 5-M of the organization i.e
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1. Manpower 2.Material 3.Mathod 4.Machine 5.Measurement
The practice of this technique is based on strong assumption that every individual or
group of individuals always carries a hidden capacity to keep on improving the output in terms
quality and quantity. The goals of kaizen are:1) Continues improvements & Self-motivation and
development.
HOW DOES KAIZEN WORKS?Kaizen is top-to-bottom programme. It is responsibility and interest of the top
management to inspire the human resource of the organization and inform them about whats,
Whys, and Hows of kaizen. The basic steps to incorporate kaizen as an enterprise-wide
programme consists of the 4Is.
1. Inspire 2.Inform 3.Implment 4.Improve
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IMLPEMENTATION OF LEAN MANUFACTURING SYSTEM:-
After understanding the concept and basic principle of lean manufacturing it is important
to see how it is implemented because theory without practice is sterile and practice without
theory is futile. The process of going lean starts with attitude level, not at the shop floor
level.
FOR IMPLEMENTING LEAN MANUFACTURING:
First requirement is a clear vision in top management second would be the cultivation of
the right attitude or work culture, which would perhaps be more important than superb products,
good ideas or technical innovations. The third need for championship mentality and team work.
So far the implementation of lean manufacturing is the company particularly for the small scale
manufacturing units. The arrangement has to bring about the following TECHNICAL
CHANGES:
1) The first step towards the lean production is to make such process of consistent and
predictable production.
2) Standardize the process sequence for all this similar looking / type / category parts, which
may have minor difference in size. This will help in shop layout for continuous material
flow.
3) Make the fixture, holders, tolling, adaptable to all parts with zero or minimum setup
change time.
4) Simple and autonomous machines.
5) Preventive maintenance of machine for zero break downs during production.
The management should also bring about the following ADDITIONAL CHANGES:
1) Converting skill and will into military drill.
2) Pre-emptying future problems at planning stage.
3) Catching defect upstream.
4) Checking to be done to ensure safe future production.
5) Responsibility to be passed on downwards.
6) Use of statistical tolls and imbible statistical thinking particularly cause and effect and
frequency distribution.
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7) Satisfy customer expectations. Lean manufacturing works in association with Total
Productive Maintenance (TPM). TPM aims at zero accidents, zero breakdowns and zero
defects. TPM again is enhanced by the calculation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness.
(OEE)
OEE = Availability * Performance Rate * Quality.
Advantages of LM:
1) since LM involves the JIT inventory levels (raw material, WIP, finished goods) can be
brought down to nearly nil, thus reducing cost
2) LM uses simple multitask machinery where by product of different design can be
produced on the same machine.
3) Transition between various designs takes only a few minutes. This enables increase in
flexibility and better response to customer requirements.
4) It also reduces customer lead time, cost of production and wastage.
5) Lm is an effective competitive tool, not in then least due to dramatic saving in
productivity and cycle time to WIP inventory. LM helps to unleash the power of the work
force, ultimately taking the organization to, a competitive position.
Hence LM about making the company trim, fit, strong and swift.
TRADITIONAL MANUFACTURING VERSES LM:
Sr.
no.
Major Aspects Traditional
manufacturing
Lean Manufacturing
1. waste Maximum Minimum
2. Approach to Efficiency Individual process Overall System
3. Philosophy Output-centered Market Centered
4. Scheduling Push Pull
5. Production Stock JIT
6. Lead time Long Short
7. Batch Size Long Batch & Queue Small Continuous Flow
8. Inspection Sampling 100% at source9. Shop floor Layout Activity based Cellular Manufacturing
10. Empowerment Low High
11. Inventory turns Low High
12. Flexibility Low High
HURDLES / OBATACLES ON LEAN PATH:
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An organization that wants to get lean may face a few problems that require serious
thought. Obstacles in transformation to lean enterprise:
1) Top management lacks strategic understanding of lean.
2) Lack of specific skills or knowledge regarding lean enterprise.
3) Culture, ego, organizational inertia.
4) Management reluctance to empower employees.
5) Fear of change of loss of organizational power.
6) Internal system causing hurdles.
7) Old engineering concepts.
8) Inflexible accounting methods.
Manager to coach is difficult change and it is to be expected that there would be initial
difficulties. People would go through stages of refusal, anger, bargaining and finally
accepting the change but stay firm against initial resistance and battle would be own
CONCLUSION:
With increased from foreign competitors especially China all the businessman in India, need
to rethink about these business on a war footing. With the adoption of LM the working space
requirements have been reduced productivity, gains have been of order of 30-40% the
inventories of raw material and components work in process and finished goods have came
down. There, reducing the working capital needs and interest burden. The quality of total service
has noticeably improved leading to delighted customers, loyal customers. Thus, beating the
competition.
It may be noted that the most important part required for implementation of LM is the
commitment from top management and championship mentality in the minds of our
manufacturers.
It is precisely for Indian industries that LM is an essential tool to respond quickly to
customer, to work effectively and to reshape their business.
CASE STUDY: 1) MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA LIMITED.
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Most of the hurdles on the lean path can be overcome through effective forecasting and
planning, as it is done by Mahindra & Mahindra.(one of the largest player in the Indian
automotive industry).
The Mahindra group follows a policy of non-retrenchment. Once upon a time, at
Mahindra & Mahindra, Kandivali, 1134 employed produced 75 engines per day. After they
went lean, they progressed to a production of 128 engines a day with 770 people. The rest of
the employees were transferred to their Nasik plant. Today the plant at Kandivali has around
7800 workers in the automotive sector. Although the issue of the human resource may be
delicate. The problem can be easily overcome, if handled with care and sensitivity.
Despite the difficulties associated with the implementation of lean, several companies
have implemented it successfully and moved ahead. Mahindra & Mahindra selected the route
of operational excellence to fight their competition. Regarding their success with the lean
mode of operation, Mr. Rajan Narayan, (M & Ms Vice -President) says that they have
achieved an improvement in the work culture, productivity and revenue at Mahindra &
Mahindra solely due to the lean way.
Mahindra & Mahindra are not the only ones who have opted for the lean method. Bajaj
Auto Ltd., Pune, Lucas TVS Ltd., Chennai and LML Ltd., Kanpur and are few of the
companies that seem to the trading to the lean route successfully.
CASE STUDY: 2) TOYOTA MOTOR COMPANY
By 2010, Toyota wants to make a millions vehicles and rule over a third of Indian
passenger car market by following lean way only.
From laggard to leader:
Rarely does Toyota ever enter a new market first. Invariably, it allows competitors to
lead and waits for the market initial characteristics to be revealed before firming up its own
strategy. Far from suffering from it, Toyota has actually been able to read market better and
because of that overtake the early entrants in the market share. For example, it didnt get into
the Indonesian market until 1973; two years after General Motors entered the country
through a tie-up with Isuzu. But today Toyota leads the market with a 28% share. Even in
Vietnam, the Japanese major has been able to combat fierce competition and raise its market
share to 36% from 29% over the last two years. The only exception to its successful run in
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Asia seems to be Thailand, where its market share has dropped from 36% to 28% , and could
slide further in 2001, but few doubt Toyotas ability to bounce back.
But the battles that Toyota really wants to win are in China and India, where it has only
recently entered. Both the markets are growing. The Chinese for example, are expected to
buy 9 lakh cars a year by 2005. Toyota got an improval to manufacture in China only last
year and will have to beat General Motors, which has set the biggest foreign automotive
plants (at cost of $2 billion).
TOYOTAS STACK UP:
(FINANCIAL YEAR 2000-2001)
Company Vehicles Sold Total Revenue Net Profits Market
Capture +
General Motors 8.59 million $184.63 billion $4.44 billion $23.30 billion
Ford 7.42 million $180.59 billion $3.46 billion $32.01 billion
Daimler
Chrysler
4.19million $152.44 billion $7.41 billion $ 34.23 billion
Toyota 6.0 million $121.41 billion $4.26 billion $102.30 billion
REFERENCES:
1) LEAN THINKING by James P. Womack & Daniel T. Jones.
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2) PRODUCTION SYSTEM by James L. Riggs.
3) QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM by J. R. Taylor, Tata McGraw Hill Publication.
4) MM Industrial Magazine (May 99 & Aug. 2000).
5) LEAN OPERATIONS, teaching notes of Defense System Management College,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U.S.A.
6) BUSINESS TADAY Oct 2001.
7) Mechanical Engineering, March 2001.
Web addresses:
http://lean.mit.edu/public/index.html.
http://www.toyota.com/html/about/opertions/manufacturing/manu-locations/tmmk.html.
A
Paper
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http://lean.mit.edu/public/index.htmlhttp://www.toyota.com/html/about/opertions/manufacturing/manu-locations/tmmk.htmlhttp://www.toyota.com/html/about/opertions/manufacturing/manu-locations/tmmk.htmlhttp://lean.mit.edu/public/index.htmlhttp://www.toyota.com/html/about/opertions/manufacturing/manu-locations/tmmk.htmlhttp://www.toyota.com/html/about/opertions/manufacturing/manu-locations/tmmk.html8/2/2019 adv manf.
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On
"LEAN MANUFACTURING"
AN ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE FOR AUTO INDUSTRIES
Submitted
By
Mr. SHAIKH SIRAJ GAFUR Mr. SAVGAVE AMOL C.
BE (Automobile) BE (Automobile)
E mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Under The Guidance of
Prof. S. M. SAWANTHead of Automobile Engineering Department.
RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
RAJARAMNAGAR
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CONTENTS
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