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Advanced ComponentCharacterization and Modeling
From Small-Signal to Large-Signal
- All in One -
2 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Outline
Introduction Component Characterization A Large-Signal Network Analyzer The Absolute Calibration The MT4463 - The Hardware The MT4463 - All in One - MT4463 Modules
– High - Impedance Probing– Real-Time PA Analysis– Measurement-Based Behavioral Modeling
Component Characterization and Modeling Services Conclusion
3 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
A Vector Network Analyzer
2221212
2121111
aSaSb
aSaSb
TransistorRFICSystem
Measurement System
1a
1b
Analysis
sexperimentdifferent ngrepresenti with
,,, 2211
i
baba iiii
2a
2b
50
Experiment 1
TransistorRFICSystem
Measurement System
1a
1b2a
2b
50
Experiment 2
f0 f0
f0
Superposition
f0
LINEAR BEHAVIOR
4 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Component Characterization
DC Characterization
S-parameters at
different bias points
(option: pulsed)
Nonlinear Characteristics: Compression, AM-AM and AM-PM, TOI, Harmonic Distortion, Spectral Re-growth, Source- and Load-pull etc …. ????
ST
RA
IGH
TF
OR
WA
RD
MA
NY
PO
SS
IBIL
ITIE
S
5 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Component Characterization
Power Meter
Vector Network Analyzer
ActiveHF
ActiveHF
Spectrum Analyzer
Power Meter
ActiveHF
Vector Signal Generator
ActiveHF
Vector SignalAnalyzer
LinearS-parameters
Compression
Harmonics
Spectral Regrowth
ActiveHF
CompressionDelivered Power
ActiveHF
Power Meter
Harmonics
Spectrum Analyzer
50 Ohm Termination
Source and Load Tuning
Oscilloscope
Power Meter
ActiveHF
Power Meter
In-circuitInspection
Different Setups for different aspects
without systematic approach
How to help the circuit designers,needing good models?
6 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
A Large - Signal Network Analyzerf0 2f0 3f0 ...
TransistorRFICSystem
RealisticStimulus
RealisticStimulus
Measurement System
1v
1i2v
2i1a
1b
2a
2b
0)|,,,,(
0)|,,,,(
2121
2121
ftiivvg
ftiivvf MEASURING
– Travelling Waves (A, B)
– Voltage/Current (V, I)
AT THE COMPONENT PORTS
REPRESENTING IN– Frequency (f)
– Time (t)
– Freq - time
(envelope)
Meas-based model
Characterization Analysis
NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR
7 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Component Characterization under CW Stimulus
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
DUT
Z1
Z2
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
All voltages and currents or waves are represented by a fundamental and harmonics (including DC)
Complex Fourier coefficients Xh of waveforms
X0
X1
X2
X3
X4
8 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Component Characterization under Modulation
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
DUTZ1 Z2
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
Complex Fourier coefficients Xh(t) of waveforms
Phasor
Amplitude
Phase
Fast change (GHz)
Slow change (MHz)
Modulation
X0(t)
X1(t)
X2(t)
X3(t)
X4(t)
time
time time
time time
9 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Component Characterization under Periodic Modulation
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3 4DC
DUT
Z1
Z2
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3DC
Complex Fourier coefficients Xhm of waveforms
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3DC
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3DC
Freq. (GHz)
1 2 3DC
Phasor
Amplitude
Phase
PeriodicModulation
X0i
X1i
X2i X3i
The class of signal is extendable to any type of multi-tone signal
10 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Complete SpectrumWaveforms
Harmonics and Periodic Modulation
50 Ohmor
tuner
Acquisition
Calibration
Stimulus
Response
ReferencePlanes
ModulationSource
Large-Signal Network Analyzer
11 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Acquisition in LSNA
Filter
Filter
Filter
Filter
PC
Acq
uisi
tion
Uni
t
LO
Sampling Converter
12 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Harmonic Sampling - Signal Class: Continuous Wave LP
IF Bandwidth
1 2 3
50 fLO 100 fLO 150 fLO
Freq. (MHz)1 2 3
RF
IF
fLO=19.98 MHz = (1GHz-1MHz)/501 MHz
2 MHz3 MHz
13 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Harmonic Sampling - Signal Class: Narrowband Modulation LP
IF Bandwidth
1 2 3
50 fLO100 fLO 150 fLO
Freq. (MHz)1 2 3
RF
IF
fLO=19.98 MHz = (1GHz-1MHz)/50
1 MHz
2 MHz3 MHz
14 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Harmonic Sampling - Signal Class: Broadband Modulation
Freq. (GHz)1 2 3
150 fLO
Freq. (MHz)
RF
IF
BW Adapted sampling process
BW of Periodic Broadband Modulation = 2* BW IF data acquisition
BW2BW MHz
LP
15 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Practical Limitations of LSNA
Large-Signal Network analysis will be performed using periodic stimuli
– one - tone and harmonics– periodic modulation and harmonics– other types of multi - tones are possible
The devices under test maintain periodicity in their response
16 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
50 Ohmor
tuner
Acquisition
Calibration
Stimulus
Response
ReferencePlanes
ModulationSource
LSNA Calibration
Measured waves
Actual waves at DUT
7 relative error termssame as a VNAAbsolute magnitude
and phase error term
ma1mb1
ma2mb2
DUTa1DUTa2
DUTb1
DUTb2
m
m
m
m
DUT
DUT
DUT
DUT
b
a
b
a
K
b
a
b
a
2
2
1
1
22
22
11
1
2
2
1
1
00
00
00
001
F0=1GHz
freq
1GH
z
2GH
z
3GH
z
17 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Relative Calibration: Load-Open-Short
50 Ohm
Acquisition
50 Ohm
LoadOpenShort
50 Ohm
Acquisition
50 Ohm Thru
{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
Calibration for all multi - tones
22
22
11
1
00
00
00
001
K
{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
f0 = 1GHz
18 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Power Calibration
50 Ohm
Acquisition
Power Meter{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
22
22
11
1
00
00
00
001
K
f0 = 1GHz
Amplitude
{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
freq
1GH
z
2GH
z
3GH
z
19 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Phase Calibration
50 Ohm
Acquisition
Harmonic PhaseReference
f0
...f0
50 Ohm
22
22
11
1
00
00
00
001
K
f0 = 1GHz
Phase
{f0, 2 f0, …, n f0}
freq
1GH
z
2GH
z
3GH
z
20 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Measurement Traceability
Relative Cal Phase Cal Power Cal
National Standards
Agilent Nose-to-NoseStandard (*)
(*) Licensed to Maury and NMDG
EOS
(NIST) (demonstratedalready with NIST)
21 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
MT4463
MT4463A - 20 GHz MT4463B - 50 GHz
22 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Adapting MT4463 to different needs
MT4463A/B
Active HF ComponentCharacterization
Complete
Accurate
DC IVCharacterization
Small-Signal
Large-Signal
ModulationCharacterization
ActiveTuning
PassiveTuning
Under differentImpedance Conditions
Adding … Modulation Capability
Adding … DC Capability
Adding … Tuners
Adding … Pre-match Tuner … Second Source
23 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
MT4463A - 20 GHz
System Source
Test Set
Test Board
Sampling Converter
PC Acquisition Unit
Harmonic Phase ReferenceAmplifier
Pulse GeneratorPower Sensor
Power Meter
24 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
MT4463B - 50 GHz
System Source
Test Set -Calibration Module
Sampling Converter
PC Acquisition Unit
Harmonic Phase ReferenceAmplifier
Pulse GeneratorPower Sensor
Power Meter
Test Set -Reflectometers
25 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
The Test Set - 50 GHz - On WaferMT4466B001
ReflectometerReflectometer
Calibration Module
26 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
The Software LSNA v1.1.0
DC Characterization (using script) Small - Signal: S-parameters Large - Signal: Provides calibrated measurements of voltages
and currents or incident and reflected waves in reference planes at the device under test under periodic stimulus in mismatched conditions
Graphical User Interface supporting basic functionality– Control– Data Visualization
Open system– Powerful scripting language to develop own applications– API to connect into your tools
• MATLAB• LabVIEW ...
27 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Easy control via GUI
De-embedding
Ranging
Save data
ConfigureSystem
CalibrateSystem
Modulation
SOLTLRRMTRL
28 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Calibration using GUI
DC calibration eliminates the cable losses
In this case: DC is not applied via bias tees but separately via port 3 and 4
SOLT Calibration
29 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
From small - signal to large - signal with ONE connection
Commercial available FET in fixture
Test Port 1
Test Port 2
Absolute Calibration
Deembedding
Bias Control
Vgs = -0.3 V Vds = 1.5 V
Synthesizer Control
30 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Measuring S-parameters
Power Controlat Port 1
Persistencymode
Frequency Range: 600 MHz – 20, 40 or 50 GHz (depending on Test Set and Source)
Supported Calibration techniques: SOLT, LRRM, TRL
S11
S21 S22
S12Markers
Power Controlat Port 2
31 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Large-Signal Measurements - CW - Voltage/Current
Time domain
32 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Large-Signal Measurements - CW - Voltage Waves
Time domain
33 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Large-Signal Measurements - CW - Voltage/Current
Frequency domain
34 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
DC-IV curve and load lineSmall-signal - 50 Ohm Termination
Large-signal - 50 Ohm Termination
Large-signal - non-50 Ohm Termination
35 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Input and Load impedance under CW
Impedance at fundamental non-50 Ohm Termination
Impedance at 2nd harmonicnon-50 Ohm Termination
36 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Periodic Modulation - Multi-tone generation
Generation of Multi-tone
Carrier
Modulation
Tones
37 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Large-Signal Measurements - Modulation - Voltage/Current
Frequency domain
38 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Large-Signal Measurements - Modulation - Voltage/Current
Frequency domain
Zoom into one of the spectral components
39 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Large-Signal Measurements - Modulation - Voltage/Current
Frequency - Time domain
40 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Dynamic AM/AM and AM/PM (two-tone 2kHz spacing)
41 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Dynamic HDA (two-tone 2kHz spacing)
42 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Powerful Scripting Language
Fast development of prototypes andnew applications,
exploiting all MT4463 capabilities,using Mathematica™
43 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Connecting to your development tools
Data export• Citifile• Table• CSV
Talk to your instrumentsthrough
your own tools
Connection via LabVIEW
Connection via C-program
Connection via others
C-callable
DLLDLL
Stimulus Response
44 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
In-Circuit coherent and calibrated HF Signal Probing(*)
58
1012131415
Pin (dBm)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
-3
-2,5
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
(*) With courtesy of CNES and IRCOM
45 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Real-Time PA Analysis - Setup
Triplexer
f0 f0
2f0
i1 i2
DUTv1 v2
3f0
(optional)
(optional)
Offset +smart signal
to scan amplitudeand phase
MT4463
46 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Real - time PA Analysis and Load pull
on-wafer
FET
2 GHz
vG=-0.9V
vD=3.0V
GainReactive PowerHarmonic Power...
Power source
47 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
max Pdel 10.13 dBm 10.04 dBm harmonics (0.1 dB)@ 68.5 + j 8.5 71.7 + j 7.1 flat surface4 additional points: || < 0.1 dB
Real-time load-pullCompared to classical load-pull
48 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Measurement - Based Behavioral ModelSetup and boundaries
setup
sweeppower
regionmismatch
grida2
equid.
49 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Integration of model into simulator (ADS)
FDD + DACcomponent
CITI file regular grid
no triangulationrequired
50 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Verification of model (load-pull)
contours basedon HB simulations
on regular polar gridusing MBBM
imported into ADS
contours basedon classical
load-pull dataimported into ADSafter triangulation
51 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Verification of model (source-pull)
contours basedon HB simulations
on regular polar gridusing MBBM
imported into ADS
contours basedon classical
source-pull dataimported into ADS after triangulation
52 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Model Capabilities
Compression / Gain Source - and Load - pull with most power
characteristics Modulation Prediction
(even under mismatches)
QPSK at input
QPSK at output
Spectral Re-growthat inputat output
Mismatched Condition
Dynamic Compression
Input Power
Out
put P
ower
53 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
NMDG Characterization Service
With one single connection to the component, you get– DC I-V characteristics - S-parameters at different bias points
– Broadband voltage and current waveforms • at the input and output of the test device • including fundamental, harmonic and modulation behaviour • for different bias conditions, powers and at different frequencies• under continuous wave stimulus• under different impedances
Diodes
Transistors
Amplifiers
(De)Modulators
RF Switches
O/E components
RF MEMS
...
54 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
NMDG Characterization Service
With one single connection to the component, you get– Dynamic Loadlines
– Intermodulation / IM3
- Static and Dynamic Harmonic DistortionAnalysis (amplitude and phase)
- … and many more on request
- Measurement data connection in circuit design tools
55 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
NMDG Advanced Characterization Service
Requires customized engineering
Hot S-parameter measurements Stability analysis under hot conditions Large-signal measurements under pulsed conditions Measurement of input impedance of sources, oscillators under
hot conditions Conversion matrices Characterization of frequency translating devices, e.g. mixers In-circuit measurements using high-impedance or active probes
On request: Other large-signal characteristics can be measured
56 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
NMDG Modeling Service
Only Measurement - Based Behavioral Models Capabilities
– Accurate and complete at a specified fundamental frequency for a given input power range and a range of source and load impedances
– The bias circuitry is assumed to be part of the component– Modulation prediction is possible under quasi-static
assumptions
Key Values– Fast availability of accurate model
speeds up concurrent design– Simulate your active HF components
under mismatched conditions, fast andaccurately
57 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
HF Measurement System Consulting Closing the gap between instruments and the increasing complexity to
characterize and test HF active components and circuits
Key Values– Focus on your design and production,
not on developing measurement systems– Eliminate the guess work in your measurements
by adding the proper calibration– Extend your signal analysis capability to in-circuit testing
through software and additional hardware
CircuitDesignTools
Graphical User Interface Development
Signal Processingand
Algorithm Development
Instrument Control
NMDG offers ...
58 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
HF Measurement System Consulting
In - circuitHF Signal Testing
withcalibration at the component
Stimulus - ResponseMeasurement System
for HF and High-Speed Signals
CalibrationSoftware
CorrectionCoefficients
Calibration Planes
59 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
HF Measurement System Consulting
58
1012131415
Pin (dBm)
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
-3
-2,5
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
In - Circuit coherent and calibrated HF Signal Probing (*)
(*) With courtesy of CNES and IRCOM
60 Copyright 2005 NMDG Engineeringhttp://www.nmdg.be/http://www.nmdg.be/
Conclusion MT4463 is one instrument to study the nonlinear behavior in all its
aspects– from small - signal to large -signal with one connection– under CW and modulation condition in mismatched environments
MT4463 it is the only instrument providing the complete state of a component, compatible with present simulators
MT4436 is designed to evolve over - time securing your investment
NMDG Characterization and Modeling ServiceNMDG Characterization and Modeling Servicegive you
The MT4463 Experienceat low risk
NMDG HF System ConsultingNMDG HF System Consultingbrings NMDG Expertise
to your bench