[ADVANCED ECONOMIC ANALYSIS]

M.A. Previous

Syllabus

M.A. Economics, Semester-I

Advanced Economic Analysis-I

Unit Syllabus

UNIT-1 –General Introduction to Micro, Macro

–Positive and Narmative Economics

–Scarcity and Choice, Rational Behaviour

UNIT -2–Utility Analysis, Cardinal Utility

–The law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

–The law of equi-marginal Utility

–Ordinal Utility, Indifference Curves analysis, price

effect, Income Effect & substitution Effect

–Indifference curve and Budget line

–Utility Maximization Rule, Practical Significance

UNIT-3 –Law of Demand & supply

–Derivation of demand curve from price

consumption curve, market demand

–Changes in demand and supply and their quantity

–Elasticity and their applications

UNIT-4 –Revealed Preference Theory

–Consumer Choice under uncertainty

–Hicksian revision of demand theory

UNIT-5 –Production and cost functions

–Law of Variable proportions

–Returns to scale

–Production function to Multi-product firm

–Producer's equilibrium

–Elasticity of subsititution

–Euler's Theorem

–Cobb - Douglas Production function

–Cost Functions, cost curves

–Iso- cost curves

–Traditional and modern cost analysis

M.A. Economics, Semester-II

Advanced Economic Analysis-II

Unit Syllabus

UNIT-1 – Perfect competition short run and long runequilibrium of the firm and industry, price andoutput determination, supply curve

– Monopoly, short run and long run equilibrium,price determination, Welfare aspects, monopolycontrol and regulation

UNIT-2 – Monopolistic competition - General and Chamberlainapproaches to equilibrium, equilibrium of the firmand the group with product differentiation andselling costs, excess capacity under monopolisticand imperfect competition

– Oligopoly, Chamberlain, kinked demandcurve and collusive (cartels and mergers, priceleadership)

– Price and output determination under monopsonyand bilateral monopoly

UNIT-3 – Distribution : Neo classical approach-Marginalproductivity theory

– Elasticity of technical substitution, technical progressand factor shares

– Macro theories of distribution- Ricardian MarxianUNIT-4 – Wages - theories, marginal productivity, minimum

wages– Determination of Rent - classical and modern

theories, quasi rent– Theory of interest liquidity preference, IS-LM curve– Theories of profit

UNIT-5 – Welfare Economics : Partial and general Equilibrium– Pigovian Welfare economics– Pareto optimal conditions, value judgement– Social Welfare function– Compensation principle– Inability to obtain optimum welfare- Imperfections,

market failure, decreasing costs, uncertainty andnon existent and incomplete markets

– Theory of Second Best– Arrow's impossibility theorem– Walrasian and Marshall condition of the existence

of the general Equilibrium

1

DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e #es$e SJeb ”eke=¡efle

(NATURE AND SCOPE OF ECONOMICS)

”eejefcYeke¡

(Introduction)

DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e efJe%eeve ke¡e pevce meved 1776 mes S[ce efmceLe kes¡ cewivece DeewHeme (magnum opus) kes¡

”eke¡eMeve mes ngDee,efpemeke¡e veece,`je<Ì^ kes¡ Oeve ke¡er ”eke=¡efle Je ke¡ejCe Hej Ske¡ HeefjØeÆe' (An Enquiry into the

Nature and Causes of wealth of Nations) Lee~ HeefjYee<ee ke¡e Demeerefcele cenlJe nesves Hej Yeer efke¡meer

efJe<eÆe ke¡er HeefjYee<ee osvee Glevee mejue ke¡ece veneR nw, efpelevee efke¡ Jen efoKeeF& oslee nw~ ieled 150 Je<eeX mes Fme Deesj

”eÆeeme efke¡Æes ieÆes nQ, Hejvleg Fve efveÆeceeW kes¡ #es$e SJeb meerceeDeeW kes¡ yeejs ceW DeLe&Meem$eer Deepe leke¡ Ske¡cele veneR nes

HeeÆes nQ~ efJeefYevve DeLe&Meeefm$eÆeeW ves DeHevee-DeHevee cele ”eke¡Ì ke¡jles ngS efYevve-efYevve HeefjYee<eeSB oeR~ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er

Fleveer DeefOeke¡ HeefjYee<eeDeeW ke¡es osKeke¡j pes. Sce. ke¡ervme ke¡e cele Lee efke¡ ` jepÆe DeLe&kÆeJemLee DeHeveer HeefjYee<eeDeeW

ceW ner HeB¡meer ngF& nw~'' Fmeer ”eke¡ej yeejyeje yetÌve ke¡e cele nw efke¡ ` peye ke¡Yeer Ó: DeLe&Meem$eer Ske¡ef$ele nesles nQ lees

meele celeeW ke¡e ”eefleHeeove ke¡jles nQ~'' Fmeer ”eke¡ej pÆetLeve ke¡e ke¡Leve Lee efke¡ ` DeLe&Meem$e Ske¡ DeHetCe& efJe%eeve nw~''

efceue ves 150 Je<e& HetJe& ke¡ne Lee efke¡ ` efke¡meer efJe%eeve ke¡er HeefjYee<ee Gmeke¡er GlHeefÀe mes veneR,yeefuke¡ meowJe yeeo ceW ke¡er

peeleer nw~ Æen Ske¡ veiej ke¡er ”eeØeerj ke¡er YeeBefle nw, efpemeke¡e efvecee&Ce Jele&ceeve FceejleeW kes¡ Fo&- efieo& Iesje [eueves kes¡

efueS neslee nw~'' efJeiele Je<eeX ceW ner Fmeke¡e Ske¡erke¡jCe nes HeeÆee nw Deewj Æeefo Fmemes HetJe& ke¡Yeer Fme efJe%eeve kes¡ Deefvlece

mJe´He ke¡e Helee ueieeves ke¡e ”eÆeeme efke¡Æee peelee lees DemeHe¡uelee ner ”eehle nesleer~

”eeØeerve meceÆe ceW DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e veece jepÆe DeLe&kÆeJemLee (Political Economy) Lee pees ueieYeie Ske¡

Meleeyoer leke¡ ”eØeefuele jne~ meJe&”eLece 1776 ceW S[ce efmceLe ke¡er Hegmleke¡ ` je<ÌeW kes¡ Oeve ke¡er ”eke=¡efle SJeb ke¡ejCeeW

ke¡er peeBØe'' (An Enquiry into the Nature and causes of Wealth of Nations) kes¡ ”eke¡eMeve kes¡

meeLe DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e pevce ngDee~ 1890 ceW ”ees. ceeMe&ue ves DeHeveer Hegmleke¡ ke¡e veece DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ efmeÿevle ner jKee

Lee~ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e veece HeefjJee|lele nesves ke¡e cegKÆe ke¡ejCe 19 JeeR Meleeyoer kes¡ Devle leke¡ DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ #es$e ke¡e

HeÆee&hle efJeke¡eme nesvee Lee~ ceeMe&ue kes¡ yeeo meYeer DeLe&Meeefm$eÆeeW ves DeLe&Meem$e Meyo ke¡es mJeerke¡ej efke¡Æee~ Jele&ceeve

meceÆe ceW DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ efmeÿevle Deee|Leke¡ mecemÆeeDeeW kes¡ efJeMues<eCe ceW meneÆeke¡ nesves kes¡ ke¡ejCe Fmeke¡e veece `Deee|Leke¡

efJeMues<eCe' (Economic Analysis) DeefOeke¡ GHeÆegÀe¡ ceevee ieÆee nw Deewj Fmeer veece ke¡es ”eÆeesie efke¡Æee peeves ueiee

nw~ pewmes ”ees. yeeseEu[ie (Prof Boulding K.E.) ves DeHeveer Hegmleke¡ ke¡e veece Deee|Leke¡ efJeMues<eCe ner jKee nw~

DeeOegefveke¡ DeLe&Meem$eer Jele&ceeve meceÆe ceW DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ mLeeve Hej Deee|Leke¡ efJeMues<eCe ke¡es ner DeefOeke¡ GheÆegÀe¡ ceeveke¡j

Gmeer ke¡e ”eÆeesie ke¡jles nQ~

HeefjYee<ee ke¡er mecemÆee

(Problem of Definitions)

(1) DeLe&Meeefm$eÆeeW ke¡e Ske¡ Ssmee mecetn nw pees Æen ceevelee nw efke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er ke¡esF& HeefjYee<ee osves ke¡er

DeeJeMÆeke¡lee veneR nQ, keÕÆeeWefke¡ Fme Meem$e ke¡e Flevee DeefOeke¡ efJeke¡eme nes ieÆee nw efke¡ pees HeefjYee<ee Deepe oer peeleer

nw Jen ke¡ue GefØele veneR jnleer~ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e DevÆe Meem$eeW mes Yeer ienje mecyevOe nesves kes¡ ke¡ejCe DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er

Ske¡ efveefMØele HeefjYee<ee osvee ke¡ef"ve nw~

(2) DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ efJe›eveeW ceW yengle DeefOeke¡ celeYeso nesves kes¡ ke¡ejCe Fmeke¡er Deveske¡ HeefjYee<eeSB oer ieÆeer

nwb~ ØetBefke¡ iele 200 Je<eeX ceW DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ efJe<eÆe-#es$e ceW Fleves kÆeeHeke¡ HeefjJele&ve SJeb efJemleej ngS nQ efke¡ DeLe&Meem$e

ke¡er ke¡esF& GefØele HeefjYee<ee osvee mecYeJe veneR nes Heelee~

Jele&ceeve meceÆe ceW Æen DeeJeMÆeke¡ ceevee ieÆee efke¡ DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ mecyevOe ceW Deveske¡ efYevveleeSB nesves Hej Yeer

Fmeke¡er HeefjYee<ee osvee vÆeeÆeesefØele nw keÕÆeeWefke¡˜ (i) DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er mecemÆeeDeeW ke¡es mecePeves nsleg DevÆe meeceeefpeke¡

Meem$eeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jvee Deefle DeeJeMÆeke¡ nw,(ii) DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er HeefjYee<ee oske¡j Gmekes¡ #es$e ke¡es meerefcele ke¡jvee

DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e #es$e SJeb ”eke=¡efle

/ 3

2

JÆeef° SJeb meceef° DeLe&Meem$e

(MICRO AND MACRO ECONOMICS)

Deb espeer kes¡ Meyo `ceeF≠e¡es' (Micro) ke¡e DeLe& ÓesÌe leLee ces≠e¡es (Macro) ke¡e DeLe& yeÁ[s mes neslee nw~

efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ceW ÓesÌer Fke¡eFÆeeW DeLee&led kÆeefÀe¡iele Fke¡eFÆeeW pewmes Ske¡ He¡ce&,Ske¡ G—eesie,Ske¡ Jemleg ke¡e cetuÆe

Deeefo ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw,peyeefke¡ JÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ceW mecHetCe& DeLe&JÆeJemLee ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee

nw pewmes keg¡ue je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe, keg¡ue yeØele, keg¡ue efJeefveÆeesie Deeefo~

Deee|Leke¡ kÆeJemLee ke¡e oes £ef<Ì mes DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw efJeefMe<Ì efJeMues<eCe SJeb kÆeeHeke¡ efJeMues<eCe~

efJeMues<eCe ke¡er Fve oesveeW jerefleÆeeW kes¡ DeeOeej Hej ner DeLe&Meem$e ke¡es oes YeeieeW ceW efJeYeeefpele efke¡Æee ieÆee nw efJeefMe<Ì

Æee JÆeef° DeLe&Meem$e SJeb kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e~ DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ DeOÆeÆeve SJeb efJeMues<eCe ceW efJeefMe<Ì SJeb kÆeeHeke¡

DeLe&Meem$e cenlJeHetCe& mLeeve jKeles nQ~ JÆeef° DeLe&Meem$e ke¡es met#ce DeLe&Meem$e Yeer ke¡nles nQ~

mebef#ehle Ssefleneefmeke¡ efJeJejCe

(Brief Historical Review)

meved 1920 kes¡ yeeo meJe&”eLece (Ragner Frish) ves ceeF≠e¡es SJeb cew≠e¡es MeyoeW ke¡e ”eÆeesie

efke¡Æee~ leogHejevle DevÆe DeLe&Meeefm$eÆeeW ves Yeer Fmes DeHeveeÆee~ Deepe oesveeW Meyo Deee|Leke¡ MeyoeJeueer kes¡ Debie yeve

ieÆes nQ~ ”eejcYe mes ner DeLe&Meeefm$eÆeeW ves efJeefMe<Ì efJeMues<eCe ke¡e ”eÆeesie efke¡Æee efpemeceW ceeMe&ue ves Fmes DeefOeke¡

cenlJeHetCe& yeleeÆee~ kÆeeHeke¡ efJeMues<eCe ke¡e ”eÆeesie veJeerve nesles ngS Yeer ”eeØeerve meceÆe ceW Fmeke¡e GHeÆeesie neslee DeeÆee

Lee~ Hejvleg Deee|Leke¡ efJeMues<eCe ke¡er Ske¡ He=Leke¡ MeeKee kes¡ ´He ceW kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e ”eÆeesie veneR efke¡Æee ieÆee,

Hejvleg Fmeke¡e ”eÆeesie efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ meeLe efceueeke¡j efke¡Æee peelee Lee~ efJeefYevve DeLe&Meeefm$eÆeeW ves efJeefMe<Ì

SJeb kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e oesveeW ke¡e ner GHeÆeesie efke¡Æee~

meved 1930 ke¡er efJeMJe cevoer ves DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ Fme £ef<Ìke¡esCe ceW cenlJeHetCe& HeefjJele&ve uee efoÆes~ ke¡e

cele Lee efke¡ HetCe& jespeieej ke¡er efmLeefle ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jves nsleg kÆeeHeke¡ efJeMues<eCe ner DeeJeMÆeke¡ Lee~ GvneWves efJeefMe<Ì

Deee|Leke¡ efJeMues<eCe ke¡er $egefÌÆeeB yeleeF¶ ~ ke¡ervme ke¡er Hegmleke¡ (General theory of Employment, Interest

and Money) ceW kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡es ner cenlJeHetCe& ceevee nw Fme ”eke¡ej efJeMJe cevoer, ef›leerÆe efJeMJe Æegÿ,

DeefJeke¡efmele osMeeW kes¡ leer≠e efJeke¡eme, kÆeeHeej Øe≠e¡ Deeefo ceW kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡es ner cenlJeHetCe& ceevee nw~ ke¡ervme

kes¡ DeefleefjÀe¡ DevÆe DeLe&Meeefm$eÆeeW ves kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ efJeke¡eme ceW Æeesieoeve efoÆee, efpeveceW efHe¡Mej, yeeuejme,

efJeke¡mewue Deeefo cegKÆe nQ~

JÆeef° Æee efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e

(Micro Economics)

JÆeef° Æee efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ceW efJeefMe<Ì Deee|Leke¡ Fke¡eFÆeeW kes¡ kÆeJenej ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw,pewmes

efke¡ efJeefMe<Ì He¡ceX, efJeefMe<Ì GHeYeesÀe¡e, efJeefMe<Ì meeOeveeW ke¡er ke¡erceleeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve Deeefo~ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e

DeeOegefveke¡ Deee|Leke¡ efJeMues<eCe ke¡er Jen MeeKee nw, efpemeceW efJeMes<e Deee|Leke¡ Fke¡eFÆeeW SJeb Gveke¡er HeejmHeefjke¡

ef≠e¡Æee-”eefleef≠e¡ÆeeDeeW SJeb efJeMes<e Deee|Leke¡ cee$eeDeeW Je Gvekes¡ efveOee&jCe ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw~ pewmes FmeceW Fme

yeele ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw efke¡ ke¡esF& Ske¡ GHeYeesÀe¡e JemlegDeeW ke¡es oer ngF& ke¡erceleeW Je DeeÆe mes efke¡me ”eke¡ej

DeefOeke¡lece mevlegef<Ì ”eehle ke¡j meke¡lee nw Fmeer ”eke¡ej Ske¡ He¡ce& efke¡levee GlHeeove ke¡jsieer, Ske¡ G—eesie ceW cetuÆe ke¡e

efveOee&jCe kew¡mes nesiee, leLee GlHeefÀe kes¡ meeOeveeW ke¡e ”eefleHe¡ue efke¡me ”eke¡ej efveOee&efjle nesiee,Deeefo~

˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er cegKÆe HeefjYee<eeSB efvecve ”eke¡ej nQ

(1) ˜ ``efJeefMe<Ì cee@[ue HetCe&leÆee kÆeefÀe¡iele kÆeeKÆee Hej DeeOeeefjle jnlee nw leLee Fmeke¡e

mecyevOe `Devlej-JewÆeefÀe¡ke¡' mecyevOeeW mes jnlee nw~''

(2) ˜ ``kÆeefÀe¡iele Fke¡eFÆeeW mes mecyeefvOele nesves kes¡ ke¡ejCe efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡es ≠et¡mees

ke¡er DeLe&kÆeJemLee kes¡ veece mes Hegke¡eje ieÆee nw~''

JÆeef° SJeb meceef° DeLe&Meem$e

/ 29

(3) ˜ ``efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kÆeefÀe¡ÆeeW leLee kÆeefÀe¡ÆeeW kes¡ efveefMØele mecetneW ke¡er Deee|Leke¡

ef≠e¡ÆeeDeeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jlee nw~''

(4) ˜ ``efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e He¡ceeX, G—eesieeW SJeb GlHeeoveeW ceW GlHeeove kes¡ efJeYeepeve leLee

meeOeveeW kes¡ efJelejCe ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jlee nw,efpemeceW DeeÆe-efJelejCe ke¡er mecemÆee ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw,pees efke¡

efJeMes<e mesJeeDeeW Je JemlegDeeW kes¡ cetuÆe efveOee&jCe mes mecyeefvOele neslee nw~''

(5) ˜ ``efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e cegKÆe Æeb$e cetuÆe efmeÿeble neslee nw~''

1

(6) ˜ ``efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ Devleie&le efJeefMe<Ì He¡ceeX, efJeefMe<Ì HeefjJeejeW SJeb efJeefMe<Ì cetuÆeeW,

cepeotjer,DeeÆe, kÆeefÀe¡iele G—eesieeW SJeb Jemleg efJeMes<e ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw~''

2

.

Dele: GHeegÊeÀ HeefjYee<eeDeeW mes mHe<ì nw efke¡ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e mecyevOe meYeer Fke¡eFÆeeW mes ve neske¡j

Ske¡ Fke¡eF& mes neslee nw~ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ceW meYeer ceveg<ÆeeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ve ke¡jkes¡ efJeefMe<Ì kÆeefÀe¡ÆeeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve

efke¡Æee peelee nw~ �� u � �� �� ke¡e cele nw efke¡ ` efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e mecyevOe kÆeefÀe¡iele efveCe&Æe efvecee&lee Fke¡eF&

mes neslee nw~''� � kes¡ meceÆe mes efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e DeejcYe neslee nw efpemes Òeefleef<"le DeLe&Meeefm$eÆeeW ves mHe<Ì

ªHe mes ûenCe efke¡Æee,efpemeceW ceeMe&e Je Gmekes¡ meceLe&ke¡ cegKÆe Les~ Jele&ceeve meceÆe ceW efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ DeOÆeÆeve

ke¡es ke¡ce cenlJe efoÆee ieÆee nw~ 18 JeeR SJeb 19JeeR Meleeyoer ceW Fmes `cetuÆe efme×eble' ke¡ne peelee Lee~ efJeefMe<Ì

DeLe&Meem$e ke¡es `cetuÆe leLee GlHeeove ke¡e efmeÿeble' leLee `meeceevÆe DeLe&Meem$e' Yeer ke¡ne peelee nw~ efJeefMe<Ì Deee|Leke¡Fke¡eFÆeeW SJeb DeLe&kÆeJemLee kes¡ íesÌs YeeieeW ke¡es efJeefMe<Ì ®ej Æee efJeefMe<Ì cee$eeSB Yeer ke¡ne peelee nw~ FmeceW DeLe&kÆeJemLee

ke¡er efJeefYevve Fke¡eFÆeeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw,Jen kew¡mes ke¡ece ke¡jles nQ Deewj efke¡me ”eke¡ej meecÆe ke¡er Deesj HengBØe

Heeles nQ~ DevÆe MeyoeW ceW FmeceW DeLe&kÆeJemLee ke¡e met#ce DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw~

� � (S���� o� ��c�o Eco�o�ic�)öefJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ceW meerceevle

efJeMues<eCe ke¡e mLeeve cenlJeHetCe& jnlee nw~ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ #es$e ceW GHeYeesie mecyevOeer efveÆece pees meerceevle

efJeMues<eCe Hej DeeOeeefjle nQ,Deeles nQ~ GHeYeesie mecyevOeer efveÆeceeW ceW GHeYeesÀe¡e ke¡er yeØele,GHeÆeesefielee ‹eme efveÆece,

mece-meerceevle GHeÆeesefielee Deeefo ke¡es meefcceefuele ke¡jles nQ~ Fmeer ”eke¡ej GlHeeove kes¡ #es$e ceW kÆeefÀe¡iele He¡ceeX,kÆeefÀe¡ieleGÐeesieeW ke¡e GlHeeove,efJeefveceÆe kes¡ #es$e ceW cetuÆe efveOee&jCe,efJelejCe kes¡ #es$e ceW efJeefYevve GlHeefÀe kes¡ meeOeveeW ceW je<ÌerÆe

DeeÆe ke¡e efJelejCe Deeefo efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ #es$e ceW Deeles nQ~ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ceW efvecve YeeieeW ke¡es meefcceefuele

efke¡Æee peelee nw~

(i) GlHeeove cetuÆe ke¡e efmeÿeble,(ii) IeÌke¡ cetuÆe ke¡e efmeÿeble,(iii) ke¡uÆeeCe DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e efmeÿeble

���eef�e�� �e e!Mee"%e *e+. ”eke¡e/˜ (T0pes of Micro Economics)

JÆeef  (efJeefMe<Ì) DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ cegKÆe Yeso efvecve ”eke¡ej mes nQ :-

(i) met#ce efmLej (Micro S2atics)(ii) legueveelceke¡ met#ce mLewefleke¡er (Comparative Micro Statics)

(iii) met#ce ieefleMeerue (Micro Dynamics)

Fveke¡er mebef#eHle efJeJesØevee efvecve ”eke¡ej mes ke¡er ieF& nw

(i) 3 4 (Micro Statics)˜ Fme efJeefOe ceW mevlegueve efke¡meer efoÆes ngS meceÆe ceW mecyeefvOele

neslee nw Deewj Æen ceeve efueÆee peelee nw efke¡ met#ce IeÌke¡eW Æee cee$eeDeeW ceW ke¡esF& HeefjJele&ve veneR neslee~ GoenjCeeLe&˜

yeepeej ceW efke¡meer Jemleg ke¡e cetuÆe Ske¡ efveefMØele meceÆe ceW Gmeke¡er ceeBie-Hetefpe& mes efveOee&efjle neslee nw leLee Fme meceÆe

efyevog ceW 56 7

(ii) (Comparative Micro Statics) ˜ Fmekes¡ Devleie&le efJeMues<eCe ke¡er

efJeefYeVe meceÆe efyevogDeeW mes mecyeefvOele IeÌke¡eW SJeb cee$eeDeeW kes¡ mevlegueveeW ke¡er HejmHej leguevee ke¡er peeleer nw~ otmejs

MeyoeW ceW Æen efJeefOe efJeefYeVe meceÆe efyevogDeeW Hej efJeefYeVe mevlegueveeW ke¡e legueveelceke¡ DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jleer nw, efke¡vleg Fme

efJeMues<eCe ceW Hegjeves SJeb veÆes mevlegueve kes¡ ceOÆe kes¡ meb¬e¡ceCe ke¡eue Hej keg¡Ó Yeer ”eke¡eMe veneR [euee peelee~ GoenjCeeLe&˜

Ske¡ meceÆe efyevog Hej efke¡meer Jemleg ke¡e cetuÆe 8: ™HeS ”eefle Fke¡eF& nw Deewj Æen cetuÆe otmejs meceÆe efyevog Hej yeæ{ke¡j

40 ™HeS pees peelee nw~ legueveelceke¡ met#ce mLewefleke¡er ceW Fve oesveeW cetuÆeeW ke¡e legueveelceke¡ DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw

leLee Gme ”eef≠e¡Æee ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve veneR efke¡Æee peeJesiee efpemekes¡ ke¡ejCe Jemleg kes¡ cetuÆe ceW Je=efÿ ngF& nw~

1. ``Price theory is the main tool of micro economics.'' ˜ Schultz

2. `` Micro theory Economics is the study of prrticular economics organism and their introduction and

of particular economic quantities and their determination.'' ˜ K.E. Boulding

GØØ; >eee?@eAke¡ efIeNues<eCeP0 T

(iii) U (Micro Dynamics) ˜ efJeMues<eCe ke¡er Fme efJeefOe ceW Gme ”eef≠e¡Æee ke¡e efJemle=le

DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw efpemekes¡ ceeOÆece mes Hegjeves SJeb veJeerve mevlegueve ceW HeefjJele&ve neslee nw~ otmejs MeyoeW ceW,

meb≠e¡ceCe ke¡eue, pees Hegjeves SJeb veJeerve mevlegueve kes¡ ceOÆe ke¡er meceÆeeJeefOe nesleer nw, ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw~

GoenjCeeLe&˜ efke¡meer Jemleg ke¡er ceeBie-Hetefle& ceW Demevlegueve kes¡ ke¡ejCe cetuÆe ceW Je=efÿ nesleer nw~ met#ce ”eeJewefieke¡er efJeefOe

kes¡ Devleie&le ceeBie-Hetefle& ceW Demevlegueve kes¡ ke¡ejCeeW ke¡e mecHetCe& DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw efpememes Jemleg kes¡ cetuÆe ceW

HeefjJele&ve ngDee nw~

efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ ”eVeesie Je DeeJeMÆeke¡Zee (Use and need of Micro Economics)˜

efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ cenlJeHetCe& ”eÆeesie Gmekes¡ #es$e SJeb DeeJeMÆeke¡lee ke¡es efvecve ”eke¡ej mes jKee pee meke¡lee nw:

(1) ˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kÆeefÀe¡iele DeeÆe,kÆeÆe Je yeØele Deeefo kes¡ mJeYeeJe

Je Úeesleesb Hej ”eke¡eMe [eueke¡j mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee kes¡ efJeMues<eCe ceW meneÆeke¡ efmeÿ neslee nw~

(2) ˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ Üeje Jemleg efJeMes<e kes¡ cetuÆe efveOee&jCe

SJeb GlHeefÀe kes¡ meeOeveeW kes¡ Heefjlees<eCe ke¡er efJeefOe yeleeÆeer peeleer nw~

(\) ˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ceW efJeefMe<Ì He¡ce&, efJeefMe<Ì G—eesie Je kÆeefÀe¡iele

Fke¡eFÆeeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw, pees efke¡ kÆeefÀe¡iele mecemÆeeDeeW kes¡ nue ”emlegle ke¡jves ceW meneÆeke¡

efmeÿ neslee nw~

(4) ˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ceW DeLe&kÆeJemLee kes¡ DebieeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve

efke¡Æee peelee nw~ Hejvleg mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee ke¡es peeveves nsleg Æen DeeJeMÆeke¡ neslee nw efke¡ kÆeefÀe¡iele Fke¡eFÆeeW ke¡e

DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peeS, pees efceueke¡j mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee ke¡e efvecee&Ce ke¡jleer nQ~ Dele: mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee ke¡er

mecemÆeeDeeW kes¡ DeOÆeÆeve nsleg efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jvee DeeJeMÆeke¡ nes peelee nw~

(5) ˜ Æen kÆeefÀe¡iele Fke¡eFÆeeW pewmes He¡ce&, HeefjJeej Deeefo ke¡es DeHeves-DeHeves #es$eeW

ceW GefØele efveCe&Æe uesves ceW meneÆelee HengBØeelee nw~

(6) ] ˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e keg¡ue GlHeeove ke¡er mebjØevee leLee efJeefYevve ”eÆeesieeW

ceW meeOeveeW kes¡ efJelejCe ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jlee nw~ Æen keg¡ue DeeÆe kes¡ efJelejCe ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jlee nw~

(7) _ ˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e ”eÆeesie Deee|Leke¡ ke¡uÆeeCe ke¡er peeBØe ceW efke¡Æee

peelee nw, efpemeceW kÆeefÀe¡ÆeeW ke¡er JemlegDeeW SJeb mesJeeDeeW mes ”eehle mevlegef<Ì ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ceW efke¡Æee

peelee nw~

(8) ˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e ”eÆeesie Deee|Leke¡ veerefle kes¡ efveOee&jCe ceW efke¡Æee peelee

nw~ FmeceW mejke¡ej ke¡er veerefleÆeeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve Fme ¢ef<Ì mes efke¡Æee peelee nw efke¡ Gveke¡e ”eYeeJe kÆeefÀe¡iele Fke¡eFÆeeW kes¡

ke¡eÆeeX Hej HeÁ[lee nw,Gmeke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw~ efJeefMe<Ì Deee|Leke¡ Fke¡eFÆeeW kes¡ mecyevOe ceW mejke¡ej ke¡es Deee|Leke¡

veerefle kes¡ efvecee&Ce kes¡ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e mes meneÆelee efceueleer nw~

efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er meerceeÆeW qLxzi{}ti��� o� �i��o �conomics�Æe—eefHe efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e Deee|Leke¡ efJeMues<eCe yengle GHeÆeesieer Je DeeJeMÆeke¡ nw, Hejvleg cegKÆe meerceeSB

efvecveefueefKele nQ

(1) � Æen DeeJeMÆeke¡ veneR neslee efke¡ kÆeefÀe¡iele efveCe&ÆeeW ke¡e Æeesie mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee Hej

Yeer ueeietnes~ ”eeÆe: HeeÆee ieÆee nw efke¡ JewÆeefÀe¡ke¡ Fke¡eFÆeeW ke¡e efJeefMe<Ì kÆeJenej Gvekes¡ meecetefnke¡ kÆeJenej SJeb Deewmele

kÆeJenej mes meJe&Lee efYevve neslee nw~ GoenjCeeLe& yeØele ke¡jvee Ske¡ kÆeefÀe¡ ke¡er £ef<Ì mes DeØÓe Je GHeÆeesieer nw,Hejvleg

Æeefo osMe kes¡ meYeer kÆeefÀe¡ yeØele ke¡jves ueies lees Jen mecHteCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee kes¡ efueS neefveke¡ejke¡ nesiee,keÕÆeeWefke¡ Fmemes

GHeYeesie-JemlegDeeW ke¡er ceeBie ke¡ce nes peeleer nw,je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe SJeb jespeieej Yeer ke¡ce nesiee~

(2) ˜ osMe ceW keg¡Ó Ssmeer Deee|Leke¡ mecemÆeeSB nesleer nQ,efpeveke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efJeefMe<Ì

DeLe&Meem$e ceW veneR efke¡Æee pee meke¡lee~ jepemJe kes¡ #es$e ke¡er Ssmeer Deveske¡ mecemÆeeSB nesleer nQ efpemeke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efJeefMe<Ì

DeLe&Meem$e ceW mecYeJe ner veneR nw,pewmes efke¡ ceewefÎke¡ veerefle, ”eMeguke¡ veerefle Deeefo ke¡e efveOee&jCe~

(3) ˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee Hej OÆeeve ve oske¡j Gmekes¡ ÓesÌs

YeeieeW kes¡ mebØeeueve Je mebie"ve Hej ner OÆeeve oslee nw, efpememes mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee kes¡ mebØeeueve ke¡e meecetefnke¡ %eeve

”eehle veneR nes Heelee~

(4) ˜ efJeefMe<Ì DeLe&Meem$e Deveske¡ DeJeemleefJeke¡ ceevÆeleeDeeW Hej DeeOeeefjle nw pees

JeemleefJeke¡ peerJeve ceW veneR HeeÆeer peeleer nQ pewmes efke¡ HetCe& jespeieej,efvepeer efnle,HetCe& ”eefleÆeesefielee Deeefo~ Æen ceevÆeleeSB

���e�� �Je� �e�eef° �e�e��eem�e � 31

ceveg<Æe kes¡ kÆeeJeneefjke¡ peerJeve ceW veneR HeeÆeer peeleer nQ~

(5) � ˜ efJeefMe<Ì efJeMues<eCe kes¡Jeue HetCe& jespeieej Jeeueer

DeLe&kÆeJemLee ceW ner ueeiet neslee nw,peyeefke¡ JeemleJe ceW Ssmeer DeLe&kÆeJemLee ke¡e nesvee DemecYeJe jnlee nw~ ke¡ervme ke¡e

cele nw ` HetCe& jespeieej ke¡er ke¡uHevee ke¡jvee DeHeveer ke¡ef"veeFÆeeW mes cegKe ceesÁ[vee nw~''

(6) ˜ Jele&ceeve Deee|Leke¡ mecemÆeeDeeW kes¡ DeOÆeÆeve ceW efJeefMe<Ì

DeLe&Meem$e DevegHeÆeesieer efmeÿ neslee nw~ pewmes jespeieej SJeb ”eMeguke¡ veerefle Deeefo~

meceef� Æee kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e

(Macro Economics)

kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ DeOÆeÆeve ke¡er DeeJeMÆeke¡lee met#ce DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er meerceeDeeW leLee keg¡Ó DevÆe yeeleeW

kes¡ HeefjCeecemJe´He ”eleerle nesleer nw~ `kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e' ceW mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw pewmes

je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe,jespeieej,mecHetCe& GlHeeove,GHeYeesie, yeØele, keg¡ue efJeefveceÆe Deeefo~ Fmeer ”eke¡ej keg¡ue ceeBie, keg¡ue Hete|le,

meeceevÆe cetuÆe-mlej Deeefo ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ceW ner efke¡Æee peelee nw~ FmeceW mecetØes Deee|Leke¡ Heÿefle

ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw,efke¡meer Ske¡ Fke¡eF& Æee Ske¡ Heÿefle ke¡e veneR~ Dele: Æen mHe<Ì nw efke¡ kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e

efJeMes<e ceoeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jkes¡ mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee kes¡ Æeesie SJeb Gvekes¡ DeewmeleeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jlee nw~

DeLe&kÆeJemLee mes mecyeefvOele yeÁ[s ÆeesieeW ke¡es kÆeeHeke¡ cee$eeSB Æee kÆeeHeke¡ Øej ke¡ne peelee nw~ Fmes Æeesie mecyevOeer

DeLe&Meem$e Yeer ke¡nles nQ~ je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve kes¡vÎerÆe mLeeve jKeves kes¡ ke¡ejCe Fmes DeeÆe Je jespeieej efJeMues<eCe,

Æee DeeÆe efmeÿeble Æee je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe efJeMues<eCe ke¡ne peelee nw~ Fmes Æeesie mecyevOeer DeLe&Meem$e Yeer ke¡ne peelee nw~

kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er HeefjYee<ee�BkÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡er cegKÆe HeefjYee<eeSB efvecve ”eke¡ej nQ

(1) � � ˜ �`kÆeeHeke¡ ceC[ue keg¡ue mecyevOeeW ke¡er kÆeeKÆee ke¡jlee nw~''

(2) ˜ ``kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e Deee|Leke¡ mecemÆeeDeeW ke¡e Je=n�o ´He mes efJeØeej ke¡jlee nw~ Fmeke¡e

mecyevOe Deee|Leke¡ peerJeve kes¡ mecHetCe& Henuet mes neslee nw~ Æen mecHetCe& Deeke¡ej ke¡es ”eoe|Mele ke¡jlee nw~''

(3) e ˜ ``kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e efJeMes<e ceoeW ke¡er DeHes#ee,Deee|Leke¡ cee$ee kes¡ ÆeesieeW,DeewmeleeW ke¡er

”eke=¡efle,mecyevOeeW SJeb kÆeJenej ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve ke¡jlee nw~''

1

(4) ˜ ``kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&MeemJed ke¡e cegKÆe GHeke¡jCe je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe efJeMues<eCe ner nw~''

2

meceef° (JÆeeHeke¡) DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e �es$e(Scop¡ of Macro Economics)

kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡e #es$e DelÆevle kÆeeHeke¡ ceevee peelee nw, efpemeceW DeLe&kÆeJemLee kes¡ yeÁ[s mecetneW, ÆeesieeW

SJeb DeewmeleeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw~ FmeceW je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe, jespeieej ke¡er efmLeefle, keg¡ue GlHeeove, ceewefÎke¡ Je

yeQeEke¡ie mecemÆeeSB, meeceevÆe cetuÆe mlej, efJeosMeer efJeefveceÆe, Devleje&<ÌerÆe kÆeeHeej, jepemJe SJeb Deee|Leke¡ efJeke¡eme kes¡

efmeÿebleeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw~ kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡es `DeeÆe SJeb jespeieej' ke¡e efmeÿeble ke¡ne ieÆee nw~

keg¡ue je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe Je Gmemes mecyeefvOele cegKÆe ke¡eÆeeX Je lelJeeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve Je efJeMues<eCe ke¡jves kes¡ ke¡ejCe Fmes `DeeÆe

efmeÿeble' ke¡ne ieÆee nw~ DeeÆe efmeÿeble ke¡es jespeieej efmeÿeble Yeer ke¡ne ieÆee nw,keÕÆeeWefke¡ FmeceW keg¡ue je<ÌerÆe Je Gmemes

mecyeefvOele ke¡eÆeeX ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw~ DeeÆe kes¡ efveOee&jke¡ lelJe osMe kes¡ HetCe& jespeieej ke¡es efveOee&jCe ke¡jves

ceW meneÆeke¡ efmeÿ nesles nQ~ DeeÆe kes¡ efveOee&jCe lelJeeW ke¡e mecemle jespeieej Hej ”eYeeJe HeÁ[ves kes¡ ke¡ejCe Fmes jespeieej

efmeÿeble Yeer ke¡ne peelee nw~ ves ner DeeÆe Je jespeieej efmeÿeble Æee kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e ke¡es Deeies yeÁ{eÆee

nw~ Fmes `ke¡ervmeerÆeve DeLe&Meem$e' Yeer ke¡ne peelee nw~ kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ #es$e ceW efvecve ke¡es meefcceefuele efke¡Æee pee

meke¡lee nw :-

(i) DeeÆe,GlHeeove SJeb jespeieej ke¡e efmeÿeble,efpemeceW GHeYeesie ke¡eÆe& ke¡e efmeÿeble SJeb efJeefveÆeesie ke¡eÆe& kes¡ efmeÿeble

ke¡es meefcceefuele efke¡Æee peelee nw~

(ii) cetuÆeeW kes¡ efmeÿeble, efpemeceW cegÎe ”emeej,cegÎe mebkeg¡Øeve SJeb cegÎe Hegve:mHe¡erefle kes¡ efmeÿeble Deeefo Deeles nQ~

(iii) Deee|Leke¡ Je=efÿ kes¡ efmeÿeble,efpemeke¡e mecyevOe DeeÆe,GlHeeove Je jespeieej kes¡ oerIe&ke¡eueerve efJeke¡eme mes mecyeefvOele

jnlee nw~

(iv) efJelejCe ke¡e kÆeeHeke¡ efmeÿeble pees efke¡ je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe ceW cepeotjer Je ueeYe kes¡ Yeeie mes mecyeefvOele nw~

1. ``Macro Economic is that part of the subject which deals with the great aggregates and averages of

the system rather than with particular items.'' ˜ Boulding.

2. ``The main tool of macro-economics is national income analysis.'' ˜ Schultz

£¤Øe DeeefLe&¥e¦ efJeM§e¨©e«e32 /

kÆeeHeke¡ DeLe&Meem$e kes¡ efJeMues<e e kes¡ ”eke¡ej

(Types of Macro-Economic Ana°ysis)

”eke¡ej

meceef<Ì legueveelceke¡ meceef<Ì

mLewefleke¡ meceef<Ì mLewefleke¡ ”eeJewefieke¡

(1) ¡ (Macro-statics)˜ FmeceW mecHetCe& DeLe&kÆeJemLee ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve mLeeÆeer efmLeefle ceW

efke¡Æee peelee nw, Hejvleg FmeceW Æen veneR yeleeÆee peelee efke¡ Deee|Leke¡ oMee Gme meecÆe efmLeefle Hej efke¡me ”eke¡ej HengBØeer

nw~ Æen kes¡Jeue meecÆe ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve nw~ Jele&ceeve mebmeej ceW Deveske¡ HeefjJele&ve nesles jnles nQ Deewj efJeefYevve Æeewefieke¡

DeHeveer ef≠e¡Æee SJeb ”eefleef≠e¡Æee ›eje veJeerve mevlegueve mLeeefHele ke¡jles nQ~ Fve efJeefYevve mevlegueve efmLeefleÆeeW ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve

meceef<Ì mLewefleke¡ efJeMues<eCe ke¡nueelee nw~ Fmes efvecve meceerke¡jCe ›eje mHe<Ì efke¡Æee pee meke¡lee nw

Y=C+±ÆeneB Y=keg¡ue DeeÆe,C=keg¡ue GHeYeesie SJeb I= keg¡ue efJeefveÆeesie~

meceerke¡jCe mes mHe<Ì nw efke¡ keg¡ue DeeÆe meowJe keg¡ue GHeYeesie SJeb keg¡ue efJeefveÆeesie kes¡ yejeyej jnleer nw~ Hejvleg

Æen efmLeefle efke¡me ”eke¡ej HengBØeleer nw, Æen meceerke¡jCe mes mHe<Ì veneR nes Heelee~ Fme meceerke¡jCe ceW meceÆe ke¡e efJeØeej

veneR efke¡Æee ieÆee nw~ FmeceW ve lees meceÆe ke¡e efJeJesØeve Deewj ve HeefjJele&ve ke¡er ”eef≠e¡Æee ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve efke¡Æee peelee nw~

Fmes efvecve efØe$e ›eje efoKeeÆee pee meke¡lee nw

efØe$e 1 ceW C GHeYeesie Je≠e¡ nw,pees DeeÆe kes¡ ”elÆeske¡ mlej Hej GHeYeesie ke¡er cee$ee ke¡es yeleelee nw~ C+I

Je≠e¡ GHeYeesie SJeb efJeefveÆeesie Hej nesves Jeeues kÆeÆe ke¡es kÆeÀe¡ ke¡jlee nw~ 45

o

ke¡esCe Hej Y=C+I Æee keg¡ue DeeÆe

= keg¡ue kÆeÆe jsKee kes¡ yejeyej nw~ efØe$e ceW OY efyevog Hej DeLe&kÆeJemLee ceW mevlegueve ke¡er efmLeefle yeveer jnleer nw~

je<ÌerÆe DeeÆe Fmeer mlej Hej keg¡ue DeeÆe SJeb keg¡ue kÆeÆe kes¡ yejeyej nesleer nw~

efØe$e X De#e Hej DeeÆe,Y De#e Hej GHeYeesie SJeb efJeefveÆeesie ke¡es efueÆee ieÆee nw~

(2) (Comparative Macro-Statics)˜ DeLe&kÆeJemLee ceW meowJe HeefjJele&ve

nesves mes GmeceW ke¡Yeer Yeer efmLejlee veneR HeeÆeer peeleer~ DeLe&kÆeJemLee ceW Fve HeefjJele&veeW kes¡ ke¡ejCe ner veJeerve mevlegueve

efyevog mLeeefHele nesles jnles nQ~ legueveelceke¡ meceef<Ì mLewefleke¡ ceW Fve efJeefYevve mevlegueve efyevogDeeW ke¡e legueveelceke¡ DeOÆeÆeve

efke¡Æee peelee nw~ Dele: Fme ”eCeeueer ceW mevlegueve ke¡er oes He=Leke¡ efmLeefleÆeeW ke¡er Ske¡ otmejs mes leguevee ke¡er peeleer nw~

FmeceW Gme HeefjJele&ve ke¡e DeOÆeÆeve veneR efke¡Æee peelee efpemeceW Ske¡ mevlegueve efmLeefle mes nÌke¡j otmejer meblegueve efmLeefle

ke¡es ”eehle efke¡Æee peelee nw~ ves Fmes `yeouelee jnves Jeeuee meecÆe' ke¡ne nw~ Fmeer ke¡es ke¡ervme ves ”eeJewefieke¡

efJeJesØevee ceevee nw Deewj JeemleJe ceW Æener legueveelceke¡ mLewefleke¡ oMee ceeveer peeleer nw~ ke¡ervme ves DeHeves efJeMues<eCe ceW

Fmeer legueveelceke¡ mLewefleke¡ efJeMues<eCe ke¡es ner DeHeveeÆee nw~ FmeceW Æen yeele ”eke¡Ì veneR ke¡er peeleer nw efke¡ DeLe&kÆeJemLee

Ske¡ mevlegefuele efmLeefle mes nÌke¡j otmejer mevlegueve efmLeefle ke¡es ”eehle ke¡j uesleer nw~

Fmes efØe$e - 2 ke¡er meneÆelee mes mh<Ì efke¡Æee pee meke¡lee nw

1 2

JÆeef° SJeb meceef° DeLe&Meem$e

/ 33

continue

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