Advances in Avalanche PhotodiodesY. Musienko*Northeastern University, Boston&CMS ECAL collaboration*On leave from INR(Moscow)
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
OutlineAvalanche multiplicationAPDs for supercollider - requirementsDifferent APD structuresAPDs for the CMS ECALRadiation hardness and reliabilityAPDs at low temperaturesNew APD developmentsConclusion
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Avalanche multiplication Avalanche photodiodes are photodiodes with built-in high electric field region. With increasing reverse bias voltage, electrons (or holes) are accelerated and can create additional electron-hole pairs through impact ionization.Silicon is a good material for APD construction: high sensitivity in visible and UV range, significant difference between ionization coefficients for electrons and holes smaller positive feedback and smaller multiplication noiseIonization coefficients as a function of electric field in siliconExcess Noise Factor:F=k*M+(1-k)(2-1/M)k=b/a (k-factor)b- ionization coefficient for holesa- ionization coefficient for electrons(see R.J. McIntyre, IEEE Tr. ED-13 (1972) 164)
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
APDs for supercollidersAPDs are used in telecommunications > 30 yearsTo be used in HEP they should satisfy certain requirementsRequirements depend on the applicationApplications:CalorimetrySciFi trackersCherenkov light detectionTOFHere I will discuss mainly the applications of the APDs for HEP calorimetry
CMS ECAL is a good example
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Lead Tungstate PropertiesAdvantages: Fast Dense Radiation hard Emission in visibleDisadvantages: Temperature dependence Low light yield
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Photo Detector Requirements
In the CMS ECAL : - high radiation levels - 4T magnetic field - limited space - PbWO4 (low light yield, 420-450 nm emission peak)
Photodetector must be : - radiation hard - operational in high magnetic field - small nuclear counter effect and reasonable gain - small excess noise factor - match the properties of PbWO4 light (high QE, high speed) - low sensitivity of the gain on temperature and voltage - high reliability (10 years of LHC) and low price !!! PIN photodiode has no gain and has high nuclear counter effect Avalanche Photo Diode
APDs from several producers had been considered
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Beveled edge APD (API)It is made by growing the p-type epitaxial layer on n-type neutron transmutation doped silicon. The broad gain region enables deviceoperation at high gain with low excess noise and excellent gain uniformity. The APD edge (perpendicular tothe junction) is beveled in order to reduce the field along the device edge, enabling the device to sustain the high biases necessary for APD operation.
Schematic cross-section and electric field profile,according to Advanced Photonix Inc.(from M.Moszynski et al., NIM A485 (2002) 504)
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Deep-diffused beveled edge APD (RMD)R. Farrell et al., NIM A353 (1994) 176Gain ~104 possibleLow energy gamma detection (~200eV threshold)
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
API APDs (Gain and QE) High gain >100 Large area up to 16 mm in diameter High QE Low excess noise factor(measured by Advanced Photonix, Inc.)
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
API APD Scintillation Light DetectionPulse height spectrum of scintillation due to 5.5 MeV a-particles in liquid Xe (l=178 nm), measured at T=-102 C and M=120(V.N. Solovov et al., NIM A488 (2002) 572) Energy spectrum of 662 keV g-rays measured with CsI(Tl) and YAP:Ce crystals(M. Moszynski et al., NIM A497 (2003) 226)
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Beveled edge APDs in HEP environmentWhen operating these APDs at high gain in beam line environment, abnormal behavior and eventually permanent damage to the detectors were observed. These abnormal events were probably triggered by rare but highly ionizing nuclear collision events(From G. Anzivino et al., NIM A430 (1999) 100)Pulse height spectra of APD response to a-particles at different bias voltages:U=1000 V, M=1.2U=1500 V, M=2U=1650 V, M=4U=1700 V, M=5U=1750 V, M=6 APD leakage current vs. bias voltage before and after lethal a-particles damage
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Beveled edge APDs summaryExcellent photosensor:Large area High QE and gainGood uniformity over the sensitive areaLow excess noise factorLow voltage and temperature sensitivityBut:High operating voltage (~2000 V)High sensitivity to heavily ionizing particlesStructure should be sensitive to hadron irradiationDifficult for mass productionHigh price
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Reverse or Baried Junction APD (EG&G)Standard or rich-through APDReverse or baried junction APDThe peak field is ~4 mm deepR. Lecomte et al., NIM A423 (1999) 92
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Reverse APD performanceR. Lecomte et al., NIM A423 (1999) 92Area: 5x5 mm2Capacitance: ~30 pF (for 120 mm depletion region)Excess noise factor (M=50): 3.5
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Doping profile and electric field distribution (calculated)Y. Musienko et al., NIM A442 (2000) 179APD is made on 120 mm thick high resistivity wafer. For mass production 200 or even 300 mm thick wafer is preferable (lower production cost and better yield)
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Thick APDs under neutron irradiationY. Musienko et al., NIM A442 (2000) 179Neutrons cause the change of the doping profile, electric field distribution and shift the gain curve. Effect is proportional to the square of the depletion region thicknessCalculated and measuredCalculatedAPDs with depletion region of ~40-60 mm are optimal
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
High C Hamamatsu APDSensitive area 19.6 mm2Operating voltage ~150 VExcess noise factor 2.01/M*dM/dT -2 %/CEffective thickness ~4 mm
QE(430nm) 60 %Capacitance 320 pF1/M*dM/dV 15 %/V
Produced by epitaxial growth, ion implantation and diffusion easy to produce
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
R&D on APD for CMS ECAL
In 1995 there was no APD which was suitable for CMS ECAL
Main goal of R&D optimize APD structure for the CMS ECAL 1995 - Development contract with Hamamatsu Photonics and EG&G Opto-electronics, they had APDs which were close to the CMS ECAL requirements Hamamatsu: small NCE (~4mm), small F, small temperature sensitivity of the gain high capcitance (320pF for 5 mm in dia. APD), 15%/V change of the gain (when M~50) Goals of R&D: - reduce capacitance - reduce voltage sensitivity of the gainEG&G: small capacitance (~30pF for 5x5 mm2 area), small voltage sensitivity of the gain ~1.5%/V high F (3.5 for M~50), high temperature sensitivity of the gain Goals of R&D: - reduce F - reduce temperature sensitivity of the gain
Contradiction: low nuclear counter effect high capacitance, high voltage sensitivity of the gain
3 years of exciting (!!!) work on CMS ECAL APD development Choice between the two vendors made in July 1998 in favour of Hamamatsu Photonics (both producers produced good APDs, but Hamamatsu had better reliability and smaller price)
New R&D contract with Hamamatsu: - reduce capacitance from 120 to 80 pF, larger VB-VR, improve resistance to radiation (~100% survival!)
2 more years of R&D
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Hamamatsu APD structure (final CMS APD)Photo-electrons from THIN p-layer induce avalancheat p-n junction
Electrons from ionizing particlestraversing the bulk amplified with relatively small gain (Me=50, Mh=1.5)2 APDs (each 5 x 5 mm)mounted in a capsule ready for gluing to a crystal
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
APDs in the CMS detectorPbWO4 crystal61200Crystalsin Barrel2 APDs per CrystalElectromagneticCalorimter
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
APD Impact on ECAL ResolutionResolution:
where, a : due to intrinsic shower fluctuations b : related to stability and reproducibility c : noise contributions CMS design goal : a ~3%, b~0.5%, c~200 MeV
APD contributions: a - photon statistics (area, QE) & excess noise factor b - gain variation with bias voltage and temperature c - capacitance as series noise and dark current as parallel noise Optimise all these parameters to reach design goal
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Nuclear Counter Effect80 GeV electrons in PbWO4 PIN diode or APD readoutPIN diodeAPDTail due to particles leaking through crystal and traversing diode No tail !
APD effective thicknessfor traversing particles:~6 m
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
APDs in the magnetic field (7.9 T)APD surface oriented perpendicular to the fieldAPD surface oriented parallel to the fieldGain of APD is unaffected by the 7.9 T magnetic fieldAPD gain curve measured outside the fieldJ.Marler et al., NIM A449 (2000) 311
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
APD Gain, Quantum efficiency PbWO4 peak emission 420 nmGains can go to over 1000
We demand good behaviorup to gain 400Q.E. is ~73% at peak emission Operating Voltage, M=50
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Chart2
2.232
2.6571428571
2.8745454545
2.8573913043
3.255
3.9184
3.9107692308
3.4903703704
3.41
3.7627586207
14.3013333333
45
49.6
55.3490909091
57.8788235294
59.7325714286
59.2444444444
61.1621621622
64.8389473684
68.9630769231
71.424
74.9019047619
77.7818181818
79.4408695652
80.7291666667
82.584
83.7715384615
84.4118518519
84.6078571429
85.2179310345
85.0846666667
85.54
85.9475
85.5036363636
85.7788235294
84.9045714286
84.9227777778
84.94
84.6952631579
84.3835897436
83.2505
82.0970731707
80.4080952381
77.6730232558
74.1322727273
69.068
62.1617391304
54.3621276596
45.6475
35.8081632653
26.5732
18.1866666667
11.6488461538
6.9954716981
4.5581481481
3.0661818182
1.8489285714
0.9898245614
0.4489655172
0.1155932203
0
STD-7
Wavelength [nm]
Quantum Efficiency [%]
00000
S8148 Standad APD
STD APD DataAPD DataVRID(A)Ip(A)Noise(-dBm)Ct(pF)
Type No.DateSerial No.PositionTempI0(A)ID(A)VB(V)I0(A)VR(V)ID(A)Noise(-dBm)Ct(pF)P0P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P0P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P0P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P0P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P0P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11
STD-06S81482/4/000206L1024.14169.56E-08373.54.42E-089879.3520365370.03753803853903954004054104154200.00000000090.00000003480.00000003914.46E-085.16E-086.10E-087.37E-089.26E-081.23E-071.80E-073.30E-071.57E-061.72E-049.66E-083.79E-064.39E-065.14E-066.11E-067.37E-069.14E-061.17E-051.58E-052.32E-053.88E-058.67E-051.06E+021.00E+029.90E+019896.5959390.587.584.57970.5548.2579.779.779.679.479.579.479.479.179.279.179.1
STD-07S81482/4/000207D07244081.02E-07364.14.14E-089877.720355360.03653703753803853903954004054100.00000000040.00000003060.00000003564.19E-084.99E-086.05E-087.49E-089.57E-081.28E-071.85E-073.19E-079.53E-071.09E-041.03E-074.00E-064.62E-065.39E-066.37E-067.63E-069.38E-061.19E-051.57E-052.23E-053.51E-056.99E-051.07E+021.00E+029.85E+0197.596.59593918885.580.573.555178.978.978.478.077.977.777.577.577.477.377.3
Spectral Response
S8148 Spectral Response of STD Cell
VR=20V
STD-06STD-07
Lot 0206Lot 0207
Wavelength(nm)R(mA/W)QE(%)R(mA/W)QE(%)
2003.32.0%3.62.2%2.232
2103.92.3%4.52.7%2.6571428571
2204.32.4%5.12.9%2.8745454545
2304.52.4%5.32.9%2.8573913043
2405.32.7%6.33.3%3.255
2506.63.3%7.93.9%3.9184
2606.93.3%8.23.9%3.9107692308
2706.53.0%7.63.5%3.4903703704
2806.52.9%7.73.4%3.41
2908.93.8%8.83.8%3.7627586207
30028.611.8%34.614.3%14.3013333333
310101.240.5%112.545.0%45
320120.646.7%12849.6%49.6
330137.751.7%147.355.3%55.3490909091
340151.455.2%158.757.9%57.8788235294
350161.357.1%168.659.7%59.7325714286
360167.157.6%17259.2%59.2444444444
370179.260.1%182.561.2%61.1621621622
380196.864.2%198.764.8%64.8389473684
390215.968.6%216.969.0%68.9630769231
400230.871.5%230.471.4%71.424
420255.875.5%253.774.9%74.9019047619
440279.378.7%27677.8%77.7818181818
460298.980.6%294.779.4%79.4408695652
480316.981.9%312.580.7%80.7291666667
500338.583.9%33382.6%82.584
520356.885.1%351.383.8%83.7715384615
540372.985.6%367.684.4%84.4118518519
560387.685.8%382.184.6%84.6078571429
580404.786.5%398.685.2%85.2179310345
600417.586.3%411.785.1%85.0846666667
620433.486.7%427.785.5%85.54
640448.786.9%443.685.9%85.9475
660459.386.3%455.185.5%85.5036363636
680473.386.3%470.485.8%85.7788235294
700480.785.2%479.384.9%84.9045714286
720492.884.9%493.184.9%84.9227777778
740503.284.3%506.984.9%84.94
760513.383.7%519.184.7%84.6952631579
780521.182.8%530.884.4%84.3835897436
800522.881.0%537.183.3%83.2505
820524.479.3%542.982.1%82.0970731707
840522.377.1%544.780.4%80.4080952381
860511.273.7%538.777.7%77.6730232558
880494.469.7%526.174.1%74.1322727273
900466.764.3%501.369.1%69.068
920425.357.3%461.262.2%62.1617391304
940377.249.8%412.154.4%54.3621276596
960321.541.5%353.445.6%45.6475
98025632.4%28335.8%35.8081632653
100019323.9%214.326.6%26.5732
1020133.916.3%149.618.2%18.1866666667
10408710.4%97.711.6%11.6488461538
106053.16.2%59.87.0%6.9954716981
108034.94.0%39.74.6%4.5581481481
110023.92.7%27.23.1%3.0661818182
112014.61.6%16.71.8%1.8489285714
114080.9%9.11.0%0.9898245614
11603.70.4%4.20.4%0.4489655172
118010.1%1.10.1%0.1155932203
120000.0%00.0%0
Spectral Response
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00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
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00
00
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00
00
00
00
00
00
00
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00
00
00
00
00
00
STD-6
STD-7
Wavelength [nm]
Q.E.
STD-HPK
Sheet1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
STD-7
Wavelength [nm]
Quantum Efficiency [%]
Chart1
1.0028449502
1.0099573257
1.0028449502
1.0028449502
0.9943100996
1.0199146515
1.0099573257
1.0028449502
1.0099573257
1.0028449502
1.0028449502
1.0199146515
1.1024182077
1.3214793741
1.7695590327
2.6073968706
3.9786628734
6.2645803698
10.5277382646
15.4253200569
17.0910384068
18.9416785206
21.0369843528
23.4992887624
26.3257467994
29.6443812233
33.5945945946
38.2702702703
43.9957325747
51.0739687055
60.0170697013
71.6642958748
77.3399715505
83.7567567568
91.0782361309
99.5248933144
109.3556187767
120.9957325747
133.9787835926
150.4106302916
170.719190969
196.6919096896
230.8687676388
277.60724365
306.9764816557
324.1792097836
343.9811853246
365.3889934149
389.2253057385
416.4863593603
448.0653809972
483.2088428975
523.7412982126
569.5738476011
622.8076199436
686.0799623706
759.066321731
845.2775164628
949.1655691439
1071.9539040452
1157.6345249294
343
Bias [ V]
Gain
Sheet1
315315325325335335341341343343
VoltageGainVoltage;meas.Voltage;current;mean;sigma_fit;sigma_calcGainVoltage;meas.Voltage;current;mean;sigma_fit;sigma_calcGainVoltage;meas.Voltage;current;mean;sigma_fit;sigma_calcGainVoltageGain
101.0021683673101.0171919771100.98991750691.00E+010.99908759121.00E+011.0028449502
150.9987244898151.0343839542150.98991750691.50E+011.00182481751.50E+011.0099573257
200.9987244898201.0114613181201.00366636112.00E+010.9963503652.00E+011.0028449502
250.9987244898250.9856733524250.97616865262.50E+010.98813868612.50E+011.0028449502
301.0025510204301.0028653295301.02016498633.00E+011.01551094893.00E+010.9943100996
350.9968112245350.994269341351.02016498633.50E+011.00182481753.50E+011.0199146515
401.0006377551401401.00916590284.00E+010.99908759124.00E+011.0099573257
451.0006377551451.0028653295450.98991750694.50E+011.00456204384.50E+011.0028449502
501.0044642857501.0171919771501.00916590285.00E+011.0264598545.00E+011.0099573257
551.0006377551551.0343839542551.00366636115.50E+010.99908759125.50E+011.0028449502
601.0006377551601.0171919771600.9871677366.00E+010.99908759126.00E+011.0028449502
801.0082908163901.0257879656901.03941338229.00E+011.00729927019.00E+011.0199146515
1001.02895408161201.08595988541201.11090742441.20E+021.11131386861.20E+021.1024182077
1201.07716836731501.28653295131501.30889092581.50E+021.30018248181.50E+021.3214793741
1401.17627551021801.60458452721801.75710357471.80E+021.73813868611.80E+021.7695590327
1601.34885204082102.117478512102.48029330892.10E+022.53193430662.10E+022.6073968706
1801.62244897962402.94555873932403.71494042162.40E+023.80748175182.40E+023.9786628734
2002.00892857142704.23782234962705.81851512372.70E+025.9507299272.70E+026.2645803698
2202.53507653063006.40114613183009.47571035753.00E+029.88686131393.00E+0210.5277382646
2403.26211734693208.521489971332013.48762603123.20E+0214.3293795623.20E+0215.4253200569
2604.28380102043259.22349570232514.86801099913.25E+0215.84032846723.25E+0217.0910384068
2805.74362244933010.00573065933016.3611365723.30E+0217.46897810223.30E+0218.9416785206
3007.869260204133510.830945558733518.07974335473.35E+0219.42883211683.35E+0221.0369843528
3058.545025510234011.78223495734020.07607699363.40E+0221.62408759123.40E+0223.4992887624
3109.294642857134512.793696275134522.30064161323.45E+0224.12591240883.45E+0226.3257467994
31510.12535014.017191977135024.94592117323.50E+0227.09580291973.50E+0229.6443812233
32011.051403061235515.338108882535528.00916590283.55E+0230.57481751823.55E+0233.5945945946
32512.082270408236016.859598853936031.5838680113.60E+0234.67518248183.60E+0238.2702702703
33013.239795918436518.538681948436535.93400549953.65E+0239.64598540153.65E+0243.9957325747
33514.536607142937020.550143266537041.16406966093.70E+0245.68704379563.70E+0251.0739687055
34015.998724489837221.389684813837243.57561869843.72E+0248.6213503653.75E+0260.0170697013
34517.651020408237422.315186246437446.28139321723.74E+0251.74726277373.80E+0271.6642958748
35019.539413265337623.255014326637649.15215398723.76E+0255.18248175183.82E+0277.3399715505
35521.732780612237824.312320916937852.24564619623.78E+0258.89416058393.84E+0283.7567567568
36024.252551020438025.472779369638055.75435380383.80E+0263.15328467153.86E+0291.0782361309
36527.198979591838226.624641833838259.70577451883.82E+0267.84762773723.88E+0299.5248933144
37030.66887755138427.871060171938463.9321723193.84E+0273.10857664233.90E+02109.3556187767
37534.809948979638629.237822349638668.67552703943.86E+0278.91149635043.92E+02120.9957325747
38039.819400127638830.806916426538873.68732907933.88E+0285.52459016393.94E+02133.9787835926
38242.074617346939032.222753346139078.89540126243.90E+0292.87477313973.96E+02150.4106302916
38444.559948979639233.857552581339285.69882777283.92E+02101.84210526323.98E+02170.719190969
38647.257653061239435.667304015339493.58972046893.94E+02112.276769514.00E+02196.6919096896
38850.259566326539637.5602294455396102.70063119933.96E+02124.69328493654.02E+02230.8687676388
39053.488392857139839.6510516252398113.47790802523.98E+02139.46733212344.04E+02277.60724365
39257.102168367340041.9053537285400126.18665464384.00E+02157.56261343014.05E+02306.9764816557
39461.035459183740244.3489483748402141.76555455374.02E+02180.26950998194.06E+02324.1792097836
39665.441326530640446.9933078394404160.45807033364.04E+02209.37931034484.06E+02343.9811853246
39870.335459183740649.8757170172406184.61767357984.06E+02248.0553539024.07E+02365.3889934149
40075.874362244940853.0219885277408215.34535617674.08E+02302.68693284944.07E+02389.2253057385
40282.059948979641056.5927342256410257.01803426514.10E+02383.28402903814.08E+02416.4863593603
40489.2014030612410.557.4359464627410.5270.01623083864.11E+02409.36388384764.08E+02448.0653809972
40697.348469387841158.4024856597411284.2155094684.11E+02439.00725952814.09E+02483.2088428975
408106.7238520408411.559.3632887189411.5299.57799819664.12E+02472.62250453724.09E+02523.7412982126
410117.757653061241260.3929254302412316.78539224534.12E+02512.55081669694.10E+02569.5738476011
412130.7514030612412.561.3910133843412.5335.55635707844.13E+02559.58983666064.10E+02622.8076199436
414146.313137755141362.4407265774413356.25338142474.13E+02614.37931034484.11E+02686.0799623706
416165.4178571429413.563.4933078394413.5379.36339044184.14E+02680.58348457354.11E+02759.066321731
418189.169515306141464.6491395793414406.50135256994.14E+02760.46733212344.12E+02845.2775164628
420218.8159438776414.565.7533460803414.2417.37060414794.14E+02798.51996370244.12E+02949.1655691439
422257.830484693941566.8948374761414.4430.21460775474.14E+02837.93375680584.13E+021071.9539040452
424282.2889030612415.568.1309751434414.6442.04147880974.15E+02882.20689655174.13E+021157.6345249294
41669.3355640535414.8455.2966636614.15E+02928.9056261343
416.570.6462715105415469.36068530214.15E+02980.1778584392
41771.9770554493415.2485.60504959424.15E+021035.7840290381
417.573.3250478011415.4501.53561767364.15E+021097.3166969147
41874.7131931166415.6517.58791704244.16E+021165.2032667877
418.576.2160611855415.8536.8620378724.16E+021237.3094373866
41977.7160611855416556.86113615874.16E+021318.0372050817
419.579.2476099426416.2576.96844003614.16E+021407.3729582577
42080.8135755258416.4600.12984670874.16E+021506.8003629764
420.281.4359464627416.6623.92155094684.17E+021619.5943738657
420.482.1128107075416.8651.93056807944.17E+021745.2813067151
420.682.7782026769417679.37691614074.17E+021880.833938294
420.883.4722753346417.2709.96393146984.17E+021958.942831216
42184.0717017208417.4743.9891794409
421.284.7715105163417.6779.8349864743
421.485.4770554493417.8818.8836789901
421.686.1424474187418862.4337240757
421.886.8738049713418.2908.4075743913
42287.6051625239418.4959.2344454463
422.288.3365200765418.61014.1027953111
422.489.0678776291418.81075.1848512173
422.689.80783938814191144.1145175834
422.890.6682600382
42391.3852772467
423.292.2170172084
423.493.0057361377
423.693.8145315488
423.894.5745697897
42495.4349904398
424.296.2552581262
424.497.0726577438
424.697.9617590822
424.898.8852772467
42599.8260038241
425.2100.6319311663
425.4101.5726577438
425.6102.4674952199
425.8103.534416826
426104.3977055449
426.2105.4388145315
426.4106.4627151052
426.6107.4665391969
426.8108.4875717017
427109.4942638623
427.2110.6013384321
427.4111.6510516252
427.6112.7294455067
427.8113.9168260038
428114.9493307839
428.2116.1137667304
428.4117.3240917782
428.6118.534416826
428.8119.7447418738
429121.0152963671
429.2122.2600382409
429.4123.4646271511
429.6124.861376673
429.8126.1634799235
430127.4426386233
430.2128.8049713193
430.4130.241873805
430.6131.7217973231
430.8133.1070745698
431134.6070745698
431.2136.1185468451
431.4137.6529636711
431.6139.2304015296
431.8140.793499044
432142.4426386233
432.2144.086042065
432.4145.8126195029
432.6147.5191204589
432.8149.3231357553
433151.1185468451
433.2153.0258126195
433.4154.8900573614
433.6156.7543021032
433.8158.7476099426
434160.6978967495
434.2162.8346080306
434.4164.913957935
434.6167.1223709369
434.8169.241873805
435171.5449330784
435.2173.8049713193
435.4176.4378585086
435.6178.517208413
435.8181.190248566
436184.0439770554
436.2186.3154875717
436.4189.034416826
436.6191.7017208413
436.8194.8680688337
437197.7705544933
437.2200.7103250478
437.4203.4321223709
437.6206.5296367113
437.8209.7705544933
438213.2896749522
438.2216.5162523901
438.4219.9091778203
438.6223.465583174
438.8227.2370936902
439231.0028680688
439.2234.8518164436
439.4238.9244741874
439.6243.0200764818
439.8247.4541108987
440251.7848948375
440.2256.345124283
440.4261.0975143403
440.6266.2858508604
440.8270.8087954111
441276.4531548757
Sheet1
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
0000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
315
325
335
341
343
Bias [ V]
Gain
V_9909 3xx series
Sheet2
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
335
341
343
Bias [ V]
Gain
V_9909 3xx series
Sheet3
Voltage and Temperature CoefficientsAt M=50 :dM/dV*1/M = 3.1 %/VdM/dT*1/M = -2.4 %/C
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Chart1
-1.657
-0.627
-0.386
0.258
-0.388
0
0
-0.396
0
0
0.104
0.449
1.099
1.439
1.693
2
2.061
2.111
2.17
2.23
2.267
2.376
2.478
2.545
2.606
2.651
2.71
2.779
2.83
2.91
2.991
3.089
3.167
3.273
3.382
3.488
3.676
3.795
3.979
4.159
4.39
4.643
4.933
5.176
5.233
5.357
5.436
5.465
5.675
5.72
5.841
6.001
6.089
6.275
6.438
6.524
6.749
6.909
7.095
7.254
7.44
7.713
7.951
8.199
8.438
8.738
9.064
9.395
9.791
10.201
10.595
11.102
11.666
12.25
12.938
13.693
14.56
15.538
16.647
18.001
19.61
21.446
23.744
26.551
30.147
35.03
41.657
51.36
63.623
0
25C
Gain
1/M*dM/dV [%]
18C
VoltageItotalIdarkIphotoGain18CIdark/GainGain_dM/dVIpinlightIpindarkAPDStatusnew
103.9-14.91.0280-0.9731.0287.9880
153.9-14.91.028-0.412-0.9731.0177.9990
203.9-0.94.81.0070-0.8941.0077.9910
253.9-0.94.81.0070-0.8941.0077.9940
303.9-0.94.81.007-0.139-0.8941.0037.9960
353.967-0.84.7671-0.282-0.80.9937.9910
403.9-0.84.70.9860-0.8110.9867.990
453.9-0.84.70.9860-0.8110.9867.9930
503.9-0.84.70.9860-0.8110.9867.9980
554-0.74.70.9860-0.710.9867.9960
604-0.74.70.9860.083-0.711.0078.0090
1104.533-0.3674.91.0280.458-0.3571.1618.0210
1605.967-0.26.1671.2941.143-0.1551.8118.0170
21011.20.111.12.3291.4870.0433.7068.0180
26024.6670.43324.2335.0841.740.08598.0260
31062.71.13361.56712.9162.0930.08813.6298.020
31569.367168.36714.3432.1150.0715.1438.0190
32077.11.17615.9442.1890.06916.8678.0270
325861.284.817.792.2270.06718.8398.020
33096.21.494.819.8882.3060.0721.1058.020
3351081.6106.422.3222.4190.07223.7598.0310
340121.91.8120.125.1962.4830.07126.8648.0230
345138213628.5312.6120.0730.5248.0240
350157.32.315532.5172.6990.07133.428.0330
352165.92.3163.634.3222.7440.06735.298.0270
354175.32.467172.83336.2592.830.06837.3158.0250
356185.52.6182.938.3712.8420.06839.4938.0360
358196.42.8193.640.6152.9570.06941.8538.030
360208.43205.443.0913.0450.0744.4448.0280
362221.53.2218.345.7973.1070.0747.2668.0250
364235.73.4232.348.7343.2280.0750.368.030
366251.43.6247.851.9863.3230.06953.7738.0280
368268.7333.9264.83355.5593.4570.0757.5498.030
370287.94.1283.859.5383.5840.06961.7528.0360
372309.34.4304.963.9653.6960.06966.428.0280
374333.14.8328.368.8743.8650.0771.6438.0280
376359.85.1354.774.4134.070.06977.578.0350
378390.35.5384.880.7274.2430.06884.3048.0280
380424.96418.987.8814.5020.06892.0248.0280
382464.96.5458.496.1684.7680.068100.9838.0370
384511.57.2504.3105.7975.0820.068111.4628.0310
386566.38558.3117.1265.4560.068123.8858.0310
388631.5338.8622.733130.6435.8770.067138.8018.0390
390710.49.9700.5146.9586.2210.067149.288.0320
390.5732.93310.3722.633151.6016.3640.068154.0528.0330
391756.610.6746156.5036.4880.068159.0848.0320
391.5781.611770.6161.6646.6610.068164.4028.0360
39280811.3796.7167.146.8350.068170.0458.0320
392.5836.111.7824.4172.9517.0230.068176.0428.0320
393865.96712.1853.867179.1337.1840.068182.4098.040
393.5897.612.5885.1185.6857.4150.067189.1928.0320
394931.43312.9918.533192.6997.6390.067196.4518.0340
394.5967.813.5954.3200.2037.8020.067204.1858.0410
3951006.26714992.267208.1688.110.067212.4768.0330
395.51047.83314.51033.333216.7838.3760.067221.428.0330
3961092.63315.11077.533226.0568.5910.067231.0178.0420
396.51140.63315.81124.833235.9798.9240.067241.3648.0330
3971192.66716.51176.167246.7489.350.067252.6548.0330
397.51249.66717.21232.467258.5599.6440.067264.9488.0440
3981311.46718.11293.367271.33610.0160.067278.3048.0350
398.51378.8191359.8285.27310.4790.067292.9488.0330
3991452.967201432.967300.62210.9460.067309.088.0450
399.51534.721.11513.6317.53811.4570.066326.9028.0350
4001625.16722.31602.867336.26612.0380.066346.6998.0340
400.5172623.6671702.333357.13312.6880.066368.8328.0440
4011839.06725.21813.867380.53113.4370.066393.7598.040
401.51966.86726.91939.967406.98614.260.066422.0318.0370
4022112.328.92083.4437.07715.1470.066454.288.0360
402.52278.631.22247.4471.48316.2990.066491.518.0410
4032472.13333.82438.333511.53817.5310.066534.9868.0360
403.52698.76736.92661.867558.43419.010.066586.2978.0370
4042968.240.72927.5614.16120.7570.066647.7768.0440
404.53293.16745.23247.967681.39222.850.066722.6758.0380
4053692.33350.83641.533763.95825.5810.066816.1548.0360
405.54197.03357.94139.133868.3528.9810.067936.1788.0450
4064853.06767.34785.7671004.00733.1740.0671094.8048.0380
406.55731.680.2335651.3671185.60139.2520.0681314.6058.0380
4076980.399.16881.21443.60847.750.0691639.3018.0440
407.58876.5129.78746.81834.99360.730.0712163.4618.0380
40812068.8190.611878.22491.9376.280.0763079.1198.0390
408.518609.6331133.56717476.0663666.30800.30908.0480
18C
0-1.657
0-0.627
0-0.386
00.258
0-0.388
00
00
0-0.396
00
00
00.104
00.449
01.099
01.439
01.693
02
02.061
02.111
02.17
02.23
02.267
02.376
02.478
02.545
02.606
02.651
02.71
02.779
02.83
02.91
02.991
03.089
03.167
03.273
03.382
03.488
03.676
03.795
03.979
04.159
04.39
04.643
04.933
05.176
05.233
05.357
05.436
05.465
05.675
05.72
05.841
06.001
06.089
06.275
06.438
06.524
06.749
06.909
07.095
07.254
07.44
07.713
07.951
08.199
08.438
08.738
09.064
09.395
09.791
010.201
010.595
011.102
011.666
012.25
012.938
013.693
014.56
015.538
016.647
018.001
019.61
021.446
023.744
026.551
030.147
035.03
041.657
051.36
063.623
00
0
0
0
18C
25C
Gain
1/M*dM/dV [%]
#2725
25C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Idark/Gain
Gain
Id/Gain [nA]
#
dMdT
VoltageItotalIdarkIphotoGain25CIdark/GainGain_dM/dVIpinlightIpindarkAPDStatusnew
104.3-1.5675.8671.143-1.657-1.3711.0978.6250
154.3-1.15.41.052-0.627-1.0461.0368.6270
204.333-0.95.2331.019-0.386-0.8831.018.6320.001
254.333-0.85.13310.258-0.81.0068.6260
304.4-0.85.21.013-0.388-0.791.0038.6260
354.4-0.75.10.9940-0.7050.9948.6340
404.4-0.75.10.9940-0.7050.9948.6260
454.4-0.75.10.994-0.396-0.7050.9848.6250
504.4-0.650.9740-0.6160.9748.6330.001
554.4-0.650.9740-0.6160.9748.6250
604.4-0.650.9740.104-0.61618.6260
1105.033-0.2335.2671.0260.449-0.2271.1568.6340
1606.606.61.2861.09901.7738.6260
21011.9330.33311.62.261.4390.1483.5298.6260
26025.5330.924.6334.7991.6930.1888.3218.6360
31062.8260.811.84420.16912.4688.6310
31569.11.967.213.0912.0610.14513.8028.6270.001
32076.62.174.514.5132.1110.14515.3218.6270
32585.12.382.816.132.170.14317.0558.6330
33094.82.592.317.9812.230.13919.0428.6270
335105.92.7103.220.1042.2670.13421.3128.6260
340118.73.1115.622.5192.3760.13823.9428.6290
345133.73.5130.225.3642.4780.13827.0398.6250
350151.23.8147.428.7142.5450.13229.4648.6250
352159.14155.130.2142.6060.13231.0238.6320.001
354167.64.2163.431.8312.6510.13232.6988.6260
356176.74.4172.333.5652.710.13134.58.6260
358186.54.6181.935.4352.7790.1336.4488.6330
360197.14.8192.337.4612.830.12838.5528.6250
362208.65.1203.539.6432.910.12940.8318.6250
364221.15.4215.742.0192.9910.12943.3158.6340
366234.75.722944.613.0890.12846.0328.6270
368249.66243.647.4553.1670.12649.0068.6270
370265.9336.4259.53350.5583.2730.12752.2698.6370
372283.96.8277.153.9813.3820.12655.878.6270
374303.87.3296.557.763.4880.12659.8478.6270
376325.7337.8317.93361.9353.6760.12664.2998.6370
378350.58.3342.266.6623.7950.12569.2928.6280
380378.29369.271.9223.9790.12574.9038.6280
382409.59.7399.877.8834.1590.12581.2638.6270
384444.910.4434.584.6434.390.12388.5298.630
386485.711.3474.492.4164.6430.12296.9168.6260
38853312.4520.6101.4164.9330.122106.6798.6270.001
390588.23313.6574.633111.9425.1760.121113.4098.6320
390.5603.613.9589.7114.8775.2330.121116.3998.6280.001
391619.53314.2605.333117.9225.3570.12119.5238.6280
391.5636.314.533621.767121.1235.4360.12122.7928.6340
392653.814.9638.9124.4615.4650.12126.1858.6280
392.567215.4656.6127.9095.6750.12129.758.6280
393691.315.8675.5131.5915.720.12133.58.6330
393.5711.316.2695.1135.4095.8410.12137.4168.6270
394732.416.7715.7139.4226.0010.12141.5458.6280
394.5754.717.2737.5143.6696.0890.12145.898.6340.001
39577817.7760.3148.116.2750.12150.4718.6270
395.5802.73318.2784.533152.8316.4380.119155.3318.6260
396828.918.7810.2157.8316.5240.118160.4488.6350
396.5856.36719.3837.067163.0656.7490.118165.8648.6270
397885.820865.8168.6626.9090.119171.6278.6280
397.5916.93320.7896.233174.5917.0950.119177.7438.6380
39895021.4928.6180.8967.2540.118184.2378.6290
398.598522.1962.9187.5787.440.118191.1338.6290
3991022.423999.4194.6887.7130.118198.5168.6390.001
399.51062.523.81038.7202.3447.9510.118206.4488.6290
4001105.53324.71080.833210.5528.1990.117214.9588.630
400.51151.76725.71126.067219.3648.4380.117224.0918.640
4011201.426.81174.6228.8188.7380.117233.9298.630.001
401.51254.96727.91227.067239.0399.0640.117244.5818.630
4021313.16729.21283.967250.1239.3950.117256.148.6290
402.51376.23330.51345.733262.1569.7910.116268.7348.6330
4031445.267321413.267275.31210.2010.116282.5168.6310.001
403.51520.83333.61487.233289.72110.5950.116297.6048.6310
4041603.56735.41568.167305.48711.1020.116314.2088.6350
404.51695.137.41657.7322.92911.6660.116332.638.630
4051796.939.61757.3342.33112.250.116353.1468.630
405.51910.333421868.333363.96112.9380.115376.1278.6370
4062038.03344.81993.233388.29213.6930.115402.0558.630
406.52182.43347.92134.533415.81814.560.115431.5268.630
4072347.351.52295.8447.23415.5380.115465.3088.6370
407.52536.96755.62481.367483.38316.6470.115504.3738.630
4082757.26760.42696.867525.36418.0010.115550.128.6280
408.53017.13366.12951.033574.87719.610.115604.5138.6380
4093328.272.93255.3634.14921.4460.115670.0758.630
409.53705.43381.33624.13370623.7440.115750.5528.6310
4104173.23391.74081.533795.10426.5510.115851.6338.6380
410.54767105.14661.9908.16230.1470.116982.1888.6280
4115545123.15421.91056.21435.030.1171157.5918.630
411.56610.9148.26462.71258.96841.6570.1181405.3218.6390
4128151.467186.27965.2671551.67551.360.121780.268.6310
412.510563.566251.510312.0662008.84463.6230.1252388.7998.6290
41314888.5675.56714212.9342768.75300.24408.6390
dMdT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25C
Gain
1/M*dM/dV [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Idark/Gain
Gain
Id/Gain [nA]
#
Gain-24CGain-25CM1/M*dM/dT [%]1/M*dM/dT [%]
1.0611.1431.102
1.0411.0521.0465
11.0191.0095
1.0211.01
11.0131.0065
10.9940.997
0.980.9940.987
0.980.9940.987
10.9740.987
10.9740.987
0.980.9740.977
1.0271.0261.0265
1.2791.2861.2825
2.2722.262.266-0.3530450132
4.8644.7994.8315-0.8968919245
12.08211.84411.963-1.3263116832
13.36713.09113.229-1.3908836647
14.80314.51314.658-1.3189612043
16.4916.1316.31-1.4714898835
18.38817.98118.1845-1.4921132466
20.55120.10420.3275-1.4659943426
23.08222.51922.8005-1.6461627303
26.04125.36425.7025-1.7559900139
29.4928.71429.102-1.7776556021
31.06130.21430.6375-1.8430572555
32.73531.83132.283-1.866823612
34.53133.56534.048-1.8914473684
36.4935.43535.9625-1.9557409338
38.59237.46138.0265-1.9828277648
40.85739.64340.25-2.0107660455
43.32742.01942.673-2.0434466759
46.02744.6145.3185-2.0845055919
4947.45548.2275-2.1357109533
52.24550.55851.4015-2.1880035926
55.83753.98154.909-2.2534253644
59.81657.7658.788-2.3315415845
64.21161.93563.073-2.4056780767
69.16366.66267.9125-2.455119946
74.75571.92273.3385-2.5752731058
81.06177.88379.472-2.6659284612
88.28684.64386.4645-2.8088598982
96.59292.41694.504-2.9459070516
106.224101.416103.82-3.0873948501
117.51111.942114.726-3.235535101
120.653114.877117.765-3.2697887035
123.959117.922120.9405-3.3278072
127.415121.123124.269-3.3754731
131.041124.461127.751-3.4337630756
134.837127.909131.373-3.5156894238
138.789131.591135.19-3.549572207
142.973135.409139.191-3.6228395993
147.367139.422143.3945-3.6937725413
152.041143.669147.855-3.7748695231
156.946148.11152.528-3.8620231477
162.143152.831157.487-3.9419126658
167.619157.831162.725-4.0100373841
173.449163.065168.257-4.1143409586
179.585168.662174.1235-4.1820891494
186.15174.591180.3705-4.2723172581
193.15180.896187.023-4.3680901992
200.646187.578194.112-4.4881305638
208.639194.688201.6635-4.6119732459
217.204202.344209.774-4.7225426729
226.435210.552218.4935-4.8462158676
236.347219.364227.8555-4.9689386475
247.054228.818237.936-5.1094972317
258.776239.039248.9075-5.286301136
271.551250.123260.837-5.4767281227
285.415262.156273.7855-5.6635577852
300.66275.312287.986-5.8678778367
317.374289.721303.5475-6.0732944048
335.966305.487320.7265-6.33540831
356.728322.929339.8285-6.6305994543
380.068342.331361.1995-6.9651259207
406.272363.961385.1165-7.3243637531
435.98388.292412.136-7.7139584991
469.986415.818442.902-8.1534967103
509.435447.234478.3345-8.6691077757
555.517483.383519.45-9.2577405589
610.245525.364567.8045-9.9659888806
676.204574.877625.5405-10.7988744667
756.939634.149695.544-11.7692051114
858.231706782.1155-12.9760033311
988.878795.104891.991-14.4825078579
1162.68908.1621035.421-16.387408278
1407.9051056.2141232.0595-19.0299792069
1772.8571258.9681515.9125-22.5997652679
23721551.6751961.8375-27.8760770621
3257.2042008.8442633.024-31.6077635449
2768.753
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1/M*dM/dT [%]
Gain
1/M*dM/dT [%]
Chart2
1.102
1.0465
1.0095
1.01
1.0065
0.997
0.987
0.987
0.987
0.987
0.977
1.0265
1.2825
-0.3530450132
-0.8968919245
-1.3263116832
-1.3908836647
-1.3189612043
-1.4714898835
-1.4921132466
-1.4659943426
-1.6461627303
-1.7559900139
-1.7776556021
-1.8430572555
-1.866823612
-1.8914473684
-1.9557409338
-1.9828277648
-2.0107660455
-2.0434466759
-2.0845055919
-2.1357109533
-2.1880035926
-2.2534253644
-2.3315415845
-2.4056780767
-2.455119946
-2.5752731058
-2.6659284612
-2.8088598982
-2.9459070516
-3.0873948501
-3.235535101
-3.2697887035
-3.3278072
-3.3754731
-3.4337630756
-3.5156894238
-3.549572207
-3.6228395993
-3.6937725413
-3.7748695231
-3.8620231477
-3.9419126658
-4.0100373841
-4.1143409586
-4.1820891494
-4.2723172581
-4.3680901992
-4.4881305638
-4.6119732459
-4.7225426729
-4.8462158676
-4.9689386475
-5.1094972317
-5.286301136
-5.4767281227
-5.6635577852
-5.8678778367
-6.0732944048
-6.33540831
-6.6305994543
-6.9651259207
-7.3243637531
-7.7139584991
-8.1534967103
-8.6691077757
-9.2577405589
-9.9659888806
-10.7988744667
-11.7692051114
-12.9760033311
-14.4825078579
-16.387408278
-19.0299792069
-22.5997652679
-27.8760770621
-31.6077635449
1/M*dM/dT [%]
Gain
1/M*dM/dT [%]
18C
VoltageItotalIdarkIphotoGain18CIdark/GainGain_dM/dVIpinlightIpindarkAPDStatusnew
103.9-14.91.0280-0.9731.0287.9880
153.9-14.91.028-0.412-0.9731.0177.9990
203.9-0.94.81.0070-0.8941.0077.9910
253.9-0.94.81.0070-0.8941.0077.9940
303.9-0.94.81.007-0.139-0.8941.0037.9960
353.967-0.84.7671-0.282-0.80.9937.9910
403.9-0.84.70.9860-0.8110.9867.990
453.9-0.84.70.9860-0.8110.9867.9930
503.9-0.84.70.9860-0.8110.9867.9980
554-0.74.70.9860-0.710.9867.9960
604-0.74.70.9860.083-0.711.0078.0090
1104.533-0.3674.91.0280.458-0.3571.1618.0210
1605.967-0.26.1671.2941.143-0.1551.8118.0170
21011.20.111.12.3291.4870.0433.7068.0180
26024.6670.43324.2335.0841.740.08598.0260
31062.71.13361.56712.9162.0930.08813.6298.020
31569.367168.36714.3432.1150.0715.1438.0190
32077.11.17615.9442.1890.06916.8678.0270
325861.284.817.792.2270.06718.8398.020
33096.21.494.819.8882.3060.0721.1058.020
3351081.6106.422.3222.4190.07223.7598.0310
340121.91.8120.125.1962.4830.07126.8648.0230
345138213628.5312.6120.0730.5248.0240
350157.32.315532.5172.6990.07133.428.0330
352165.92.3163.634.3222.7440.06735.298.0270
354175.32.467172.83336.2592.830.06837.3158.0250
356185.52.6182.938.3712.8420.06839.4938.0360
358196.42.8193.640.6152.9570.06941.8538.030
360208.43205.443.0913.0450.0744.4448.0280
362221.53.2218.345.7973.1070.0747.2668.0250
364235.73.4232.348.7343.2280.0750.368.030
366251.43.6247.851.9863.3230.06953.7738.0280
368268.7333.9264.83355.5593.4570.0757.5498.030
370287.94.1283.859.5383.5840.06961.7528.0360
372309.34.4304.963.9653.6960.06966.428.0280
374333.14.8328.368.8743.8650.0771.6438.0280
376359.85.1354.774.4134.070.06977.578.0350
378390.35.5384.880.7274.2430.06884.3048.0280
380424.96418.987.8814.5020.06892.0248.0280
382464.96.5458.496.1684.7680.068100.9838.0370
384511.57.2504.3105.7975.0820.068111.4628.0310
386566.38558.3117.1265.4560.068123.8858.0310
388631.5338.8622.733130.6435.8770.067138.8018.0390
390710.49.9700.5146.9586.2210.067149.288.0320
390.5732.93310.3722.633151.6016.3640.068154.0528.0330
391756.610.6746156.5036.4880.068159.0848.0320
391.5781.611770.6161.6646.6610.068164.4028.0360
39280811.3796.7167.146.8350.068170.0458.0320
392.5836.111.7824.4172.9517.0230.068176.0428.0320
393865.96712.1853.867179.1337.1840.068182.4098.040
393.5897.612.5885.1185.6857.4150.067189.1928.0320
394931.43312.9918.533192.6997.6390.067196.4518.0340
394.5967.813.5954.3200.2037.8020.067204.1858.0410
3951006.26714992.267208.1688.110.067212.4768.0330
395.51047.83314.51033.333216.7838.3760.067221.428.0330
3961092.63315.11077.533226.0568.5910.067231.0178.0420
396.51140.63315.81124.833235.9798.9240.067241.3648.0330
3971192.66716.51176.167246.7489.350.067252.6548.0330
397.51249.66717.21232.467258.5599.6440.067264.9488.0440
3981311.46718.11293.367271.33610.0160.067278.3048.0350
398.51378.8191359.8285.27310.4790.067292.9488.0330
3991452.967201432.967300.62210.9460.067309.088.0450
399.51534.721.11513.6317.53811.4570.066326.9028.0350
4001625.16722.31602.867336.26612.0380.066346.6998.0340
400.5172623.6671702.333357.13312.6880.066368.8328.0440
4011839.06725.21813.867380.53113.4370.066393.7598.040
401.51966.86726.91939.967406.98614.260.066422.0318.0370
4022112.328.92083.4437.07715.1470.066454.288.0360
402.52278.631.22247.4471.48316.2990.066491.518.0410
4032472.13333.82438.333511.53817.5310.066534.9868.0360
403.52698.76736.92661.867558.43419.010.066586.2978.0370
4042968.240.72927.5614.16120.7570.066647.7768.0440
404.53293.16745.23247.967681.39222.850.066722.6758.0380
4053692.33350.83641.533763.95825.5810.066816.1548.0360
405.54197.03357.94139.133868.3528.9810.067936.1788.0450
4064853.06767.34785.7671004.00733.1740.0671094.8048.0380
406.55731.680.2335651.3671185.60139.2520.0681314.6058.0380
4076980.399.16881.21443.60847.750.0691639.3018.0440
407.58876.5129.78746.81834.99360.730.0712163.4618.0380
40812068.8190.611878.22491.9376.280.0763079.1198.0390
408.518609.6331133.56717476.0663666.30800.30908.0480
18C
0-1.657
0-0.627
0-0.386
00.258
0-0.388
00
00
0-0.396
00
00
00.104
00.449
01.099
01.439
01.693
02
02.061
02.111
02.17
02.23
02.267
02.376
02.478
02.545
02.606
02.651
02.71
02.779
02.83
02.91
02.991
03.089
03.167
03.273
03.382
03.488
03.676
03.795
03.979
04.159
04.39
04.643
04.933
05.176
05.233
05.357
05.436
05.465
05.675
05.72
05.841
06.001
06.089
06.275
06.438
06.524
06.749
06.909
07.095
07.254
07.44
07.713
07.951
08.199
08.438
08.738
09.064
09.395
09.791
010.201
010.595
011.102
011.666
012.25
012.938
013.693
014.56
015.538
016.647
018.001
019.61
021.446
023.744
026.551
030.147
035.03
041.657
051.36
063.623
00
0
0
0
18C
25C
Gain
1/M*dM/dV [%]
#2725
25C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Idark/Gain
Gain
Id/Gain [nA]
#
dMdT
VoltageItotalIdarkIphotoGain25CIdark/GainGain_dM/dVIpinlightIpindarkAPDStatusnew
104.3-1.5675.8671.143-1.657-1.3711.0978.6250
154.3-1.15.41.052-0.627-1.0461.0368.6270
204.333-0.95.2331.019-0.386-0.8831.018.6320.001
254.333-0.85.13310.258-0.81.0068.6260
304.4-0.85.21.013-0.388-0.791.0038.6260
354.4-0.75.10.9940-0.7050.9948.6340
404.4-0.75.10.9940-0.7050.9948.6260
454.4-0.75.10.994-0.396-0.7050.9848.6250
504.4-0.650.9740-0.6160.9748.6330.001
554.4-0.650.9740-0.6160.9748.6250
604.4-0.650.9740.104-0.61618.6260
1105.033-0.2335.2671.0260.449-0.2271.1568.6340
1606.606.61.2861.09901.7738.6260
21011.9330.33311.62.261.4390.1483.5298.6260
26025.5330.924.6334.7991.6930.1888.3218.6360
31062.8260.811.84420.16912.4688.6310
31569.11.967.213.0912.0610.14513.8028.6270.001
32076.62.174.514.5132.1110.14515.3218.6270
32585.12.382.816.132.170.14317.0558.6330
33094.82.592.317.9812.230.13919.0428.6270
335105.92.7103.220.1042.2670.13421.3128.6260
340118.73.1115.622.5192.3760.13823.9428.6290
345133.73.5130.225.3642.4780.13827.0398.6250
350151.23.8147.428.7142.5450.13229.4648.6250
352159.14155.130.2142.6060.13231.0238.6320.001
354167.64.2163.431.8312.6510.13232.6988.6260
356176.74.4172.333.5652.710.13134.58.6260
358186.54.6181.935.4352.7790.1336.4488.6330
360197.14.8192.337.4612.830.12838.5528.6250
362208.65.1203.539.6432.910.12940.8318.6250
364221.15.4215.742.0192.9910.12943.3158.6340
366234.75.722944.613.0890.12846.0328.6270
368249.66243.647.4553.1670.12649.0068.6270
370265.9336.4259.53350.5583.2730.12752.2698.6370
372283.96.8277.153.9813.3820.12655.878.6270
374303.87.3296.557.763.4880.12659.8478.6270
376325.7337.8317.93361.9353.6760.12664.2998.6370
378350.58.3342.266.6623.7950.12569.2928.6280
380378.29369.271.9223.9790.12574.9038.6280
382409.59.7399.877.8834.1590.12581.2638.6270
384444.910.4434.584.6434.390.12388.5298.630
386485.711.3474.492.4164.6430.12296.9168.6260
38853312.4520.6101.4164.9330.122106.6798.6270.001
390588.23313.6574.633111.9425.1760.121113.4098.6320
390.5603.613.9589.7114.8775.2330.121116.3998.6280.001
391619.53314.2605.333117.9225.3570.12119.5238.6280
391.5636.314.533621.767121.1235.4360.12122.7928.6340
392653.814.9638.9124.4615.4650.12126.1858.6280
392.567215.4656.6127.9095.6750.12129.758.6280
393691.315.8675.5131.5915.720.12133.58.6330
393.5711.316.2695.1135.4095.8410.12137.4168.6270
394732.416.7715.7139.4226.0010.12141.5458.6280
394.5754.717.2737.5143.6696.0890.12145.898.6340.001
39577817.7760.3148.116.2750.12150.4718.6270
395.5802.73318.2784.533152.8316.4380.119155.3318.6260
396828.918.7810.2157.8316.5240.118160.4488.6350
396.5856.36719.3837.067163.0656.7490.118165.8648.6270
397885.820865.8168.6626.9090.119171.6278.6280
397.5916.93320.7896.233174.5917.0950.119177.7438.6380
39895021.4928.6180.8967.2540.118184.2378.6290
398.598522.1962.9187.5787.440.118191.1338.6290
3991022.423999.4194.6887.7130.118198.5168.6390.001
399.51062.523.81038.7202.3447.9510.118206.4488.6290
4001105.53324.71080.833210.5528.1990.117214.9588.630
400.51151.76725.71126.067219.3648.4380.117224.0918.640
4011201.426.81174.6228.8188.7380.117233.9298.630.001
401.51254.96727.91227.067239.0399.0640.117244.5818.630
4021313.16729.21283.967250.1239.3950.117256.148.6290
402.51376.23330.51345.733262.1569.7910.116268.7348.6330
4031445.267321413.267275.31210.2010.116282.5168.6310.001
403.51520.83333.61487.233289.72110.5950.116297.6048.6310
4041603.56735.41568.167305.48711.1020.116314.2088.6350
404.51695.137.41657.7322.92911.6660.116332.638.630
4051796.939.61757.3342.33112.250.116353.1468.630
405.51910.333421868.333363.96112.9380.115376.1278.6370
4062038.03344.81993.233388.29213.6930.115402.0558.630
406.52182.43347.92134.533415.81814.560.115431.5268.630
4072347.351.52295.8447.23415.5380.115465.3088.6370
407.52536.96755.62481.367483.38316.6470.115504.3738.630
4082757.26760.42696.867525.36418.0010.115550.128.6280
408.53017.13366.12951.033574.87719.610.115604.5138.6380
4093328.272.93255.3634.14921.4460.115670.0758.630
409.53705.43381.33624.13370623.7440.115750.5528.6310
4104173.23391.74081.533795.10426.5510.115851.6338.6380
410.54767105.14661.9908.16230.1470.116982.1888.6280
4115545123.15421.91056.21435.030.1171157.5918.630
411.56610.9148.26462.71258.96841.6570.1181405.3218.6390
4128151.467186.27965.2671551.67551.360.121780.268.6310
412.510563.566251.510312.0662008.84463.6230.1252388.7998.6290
41314888.5675.56714212.9342768.75300.24408.6390
dMdT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
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0
0
0
0
0
25C
Gain
1/M*dM/dV [%]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Idark/Gain
Gain
Id/Gain [nA]
#
Gain-24CGain-25CM1/M*dM/dT [%]1/M*dM/dT [%]
1.0611.1431.102
1.0411.0521.0465
11.0191.0095
1.0211.01
11.0131.0065
10.9940.997
0.980.9940.987
0.980.9940.987
10.9740.987
10.9740.987
0.980.9740.977
1.0271.0261.0265
1.2791.2861.2825
2.2722.262.266-0.3530450132
4.8644.7994.8315-0.8968919245
12.08211.84411.963-1.3263116832
13.36713.09113.229-1.3908836647
14.80314.51314.658-1.3189612043
16.4916.1316.31-1.4714898835
18.38817.98118.1845-1.4921132466
20.55120.10420.3275-1.4659943426
23.08222.51922.8005-1.6461627303
26.04125.36425.7025-1.7559900139
29.4928.71429.102-1.7776556021
31.06130.21430.6375-1.8430572555
32.73531.83132.283-1.866823612
34.53133.56534.048-1.8914473684
36.4935.43535.9625-1.9557409338
38.59237.46138.0265-1.9828277648
40.85739.64340.25-2.0107660455
43.32742.01942.673-2.0434466759
46.02744.6145.3185-2.0845055919
4947.45548.2275-2.1357109533
52.24550.55851.4015-2.1880035926
55.83753.98154.909-2.2534253644
59.81657.7658.788-2.3315415845
64.21161.93563.073-2.4056780767
69.16366.66267.9125-2.455119946
74.75571.92273.3385-2.5752731058
81.06177.88379.472-2.6659284612
88.28684.64386.4645-2.8088598982
96.59292.41694.504-2.9459070516
106.224101.416103.82-3.0873948501
117.51111.942114.726-3.235535101
120.653114.877117.765-3.2697887035
123.959117.922120.9405-3.3278072
127.415121.123124.269-3.3754731
131.041124.461127.751-3.4337630756
134.837127.909131.373-3.5156894238
138.789131.591135.19-3.549572207
142.973135.409139.191-3.6228395993
147.367139.422143.3945-3.6937725413
152.041143.669147.855-3.7748695231
156.946148.11152.528-3.8620231477
162.143152.831157.487-3.9419126658
167.619157.831162.725-4.0100373841
173.449163.065168.257-4.1143409586
179.585168.662174.1235-4.1820891494
186.15174.591180.3705-4.2723172581
193.15180.896187.023-4.3680901992
200.646187.578194.112-4.4881305638
208.639194.688201.6635-4.6119732459
217.204202.344209.774-4.7225426729
226.435210.552218.4935-4.8462158676
236.347219.364227.8555-4.9689386475
247.054228.818237.936-5.1094972317
258.776239.039248.9075-5.286301136
271.551250.123260.837-5.4767281227
285.415262.156273.7855-5.6635577852
300.66275.312287.986-5.8678778367
317.374289.721303.5475-6.0732944048
335.966305.487320.7265-6.33540831
356.728322.929339.8285-6.6305994543
380.068342.331361.1995-6.9651259207
406.272363.961385.1165-7.3243637531
435.98388.292412.136-7.7139584991
469.986415.818442.902-8.1534967103
509.435447.234478.3345-8.6691077757
555.517483.383519.45-9.2577405589
610.245525.364567.8045-9.9659888806
676.204574.877625.5405-10.7988744667
756.939634.149695.544-11.7692051114
858.231706782.1155-12.9760033311
988.878795.104891.991-14.4825078579
1162.68908.1621035.421-16.387408278
1407.9051056.2141232.0595-19.0299792069
1772.8571258.9681515.9125-22.5997652679
23721551.6751961.8375-27.8760770621
3257.2042008.8442633.024-31.6077635449
2768.753
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
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0
1/M*dM/dT [%]
Gain
1/M*dM/dT [%]
Gain vs. WavelengthMain junction is close to the entrance window red light has smaller gain
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Chart1
49.7733333333
50.3771929825
50.0113864307
50.1498097252
50.2341252006
50.0456273764
50.4979508197
50.6017988553
50.399106478
50.3654652137
50.4177708496
50.1385789783
49.9275298277
49.763953075
49.344838026
48.6203580016
47.9037019114
47.1687905209
46.2023834414
45.138182535
43.9801609583
42.9599137156
41.7875674734
40.5176430863
39.287522604
37.9215812309
36.6469934952
35.2567291044
33.8376938744
32.5878683923
31.1844690472
29.85792865
28.4873468088
27.1690118066
25.9717244781
24.642478179
23.3418640844
22.148856991
21.1923990499
20.0611288206
19.0328601983
18.0755636807
17.1441383728
16.2555580508
Wavelength [nm]
Gain
Sheet1
Wavelength [nm]Itot() [nA]-10VIph() [nA]-10VItot() [nA]-266.3VIph() [nA]-266.3V#501K
3507.17E+006.47E+003.13E+023.12E+024.82E+011
3601.05E+019.80E+004.79E+024.78E+024.87E+011
3701.57E+011.50E+017.48E+027.47E+024.98E+011
3802.35E+012.28E+011.15E+031.15E+035.04E+011
3903.46E+013.39E+011.68E+031.68E+035.00E+011.01
4004.80E+014.73E+012.35E+032.35E+035.01E+011.01
4106.30E+016.23E+013.10E+033.10E+035.02E+011.01
4207.96E+017.89E+013.95E+033.95E+035.00E+011
4309.83E+019.76E+014.93E+034.93E+035.05E+011
4401.23E+021.22E+026.19E+036.19E+035.06E+011
4501.35E+021.34E+026.77E+036.77E+035.04E+011
4601.20E+021.19E+026.01E+036.01E+035.04E+011
4701.29E+021.28E+026.47E+036.47E+035.04E+011
4801.71E+021.70E+028.54E+038.54E+035.01E+011
4902.27E+022.26E+021.13E+041.13E+044.99E+011
5002.82E+022.81E+021.40E+041.40E+044.98E+011
5103.31E+023.30E+021.63E+041.63E+044.93E+011
5203.75E+023.74E+021.82E+041.82E+044.86E+011
5304.14E+024.13E+021.98E+041.98E+044.79E+011
5404.48E+024.47E+022.11E+042.11E+044.72E+011
5504.79E+024.78E+022.21E+042.21E+044.62E+011
5605.08E+025.07E+022.29E+042.29E+044.51E+011
5705.35E+025.34E+022.35E+042.35E+044.40E+011
5805.57E+025.56E+022.39E+042.39E+044.30E+011
5905.75E+025.74E+022.40E+042.40E+044.18E+011
6005.93E+025.92E+022.40E+042.40E+044.05E+011
6106.09E+026.08E+022.39E+042.39E+043.93E+011
6206.23E+026.22E+022.36E+042.36E+043.79E+011
6306.31E+026.30E+022.31E+042.31E+043.66E+011
6406.36E+026.35E+022.24E+042.24E+043.53E+011
6506.39E+026.38E+022.16E+042.16E+043.38E+011
6606.42E+026.41E+022.09E+042.09E+043.26E+011
6706.42E+026.41E+022.00E+042.00E+043.12E+011
6806.37E+026.36E+021.90E+041.90E+042.99E+011
6906.29E+026.28E+021.79E+041.79E+042.85E+011
7006.19E+026.18E+021.68E+041.68E+042.72E+011
7106.09E+026.08E+021.58E+041.58E+042.60E+011
7205.85E+025.84E+021.44E+041.44E+042.46E+011
7305.79E+025.78E+021.35E+041.35E+042.33E+011
7405.65E+025.64E+021.25E+041.25E+042.21E+011
7505.48E+025.47E+021.16E+041.16E+042.12E+011
7605.34E+025.33E+021.07E+041.07E+042.01E+011
7705.15E+025.14E+029.79E+039.79E+031.90E+011
7804.93E+024.92E+028.90E+038.90E+031.81E+011
7904.69E+024.68E+028.03E+038.03E+031.71E+011
8004.46E+024.45E+027.24E+037.24E+031.63E+011
Sheet1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
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0
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0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wavelength [nm]
Gain
Sheet2
48.72519083970
49.76847290640
49.85816129030
49.49449888640
49.75129353230
49.87435233160
50.36429308570
50.32711038960
50.22246696040
50.49752475250
50.15355521940
50.23002283110
50.34286934240
50.10405219780
49.94243132670
49.69165378670
49.25338626810
48.66501507970
48.14651350260
47.68206005320
46.98174258860
46.14769177370
45.17859543010
44.25073505390
43.28287169690
42.3393023980
41.13989557740
39.9729853480
38.7272865390
37.54968191460
36.18645864890
34.93635531140
33.56592386260
32.20732474060
30.85460652590
29.42498336660
28.08869067650
26.82432897450
25.46054493980
24.1115747460
23.05007501880
21.84752049980
20.62612428450
19.54259417810
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wavelength [nm]
Gain
#501
Sheet3
Excess Noise Factorstatistical fluctuations of the avalanche multiplication F = k M + (2-1/M)(1-k) (from theory of R. McIntyre)k - ratio of the ionisation coefficients for holes and electrons, M- gainContributes to the stochastic term in energy resolution as: SQRT(F/Np.e.)
Advances in APD's Y.Musienko
Chart1
0.988888641
0.9936517844
0.9998743451
0.997457543
1.0026681119
1.0014288843
1.0031322718
1.0051492093
1.003960185
1.0028222447
1.006851716
1.0180954825
1.0929758314
1.2977214184
1.7395064932
2.4800995492
1.0641671733
1.591953165
1.8741500866
1.9365621736
1.8418236179
1.9659935613
1.9724360744
2.0166637536
2.0651992184
2.1213910415
2.1624399249
2.2405193116
2.2603036814
2.4147060518
2.5175200992
2.6601716719
2.7192240646
2.8715522489
2.8905497361
3.0935723237
3.341466596
3.6206016935
3.8666072079
4.0637605727
4.377171724
4.6599745299
5.2058064814
5.9806684028
6.9480255293
7.7267271601
8.5476139344
9.3688900938
10.9252095032
12.6066507513
13.7130468683
2361.5070692563
2599.6347194586
2799.1610145614
2951.8065161222
3015.400827446
F(rms)
Gain
Excess Noise Factor
F(1)
Voltagemeas.Voltagecurrentmeansigma_fitsigma_calcVoltagemeas.Voltagecurrentmeansigma_fitsigma_calcIph[nA]GainFF(rms)ENC/Gain[mV]Id/Gain [nA]Noise(light) [mV]Iph [nA]ENC [el.]-1000nsENC/Gain [el.]-1000nsENC [el.]-1000nsENC(rms)/Gain [el.]-1000ns
1.00E+011.00E+012.36E-031.53E-035.85E-035.88E-031.00E+011.00E+011.10E-041.40E-035.81E-035.89E-032.2455380.9888886415.870.11129867965.852.27076933335.23E+035287.23992103185.30E+035.36E+03
1.50E+011.50E+012.39E-031.40E-035.34E-035.37E-031.50E+011.50E+011.33E-041.45E-035.33E-035.40E-032.2563540.99365178445.360.13387587295.342.2719464.79E+034823.33647994444.86E+034.89E+03
2.00E+012.00E+012.42E-031.23E-034.93E-034.92E-032.00E+012.00E+011.46E-041.35E-034.94E-034.97E-032.2704840.99987434514.940.14579431984.932.27624133334.45E+034450.16368495094.47E+034.47E+03
2.50E+012.50E+012.43E-031.60E-034.84E-034.85E-032.50E+012.50E+011.64E-041.48E-034.72E-034.80E-032.2649960.9974575434.730.16470274974.844.25E+034261.10347225024.32E+034.34E+03
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4.50E+014.50E+012.49E-031.14E-034.10E-034.15E-034.50E+014.50E+012.12E-041.26E-034.09E-034.14E-032.2824621.00514920934.070.21093186774.103.68E+033662.04257615293.73E+033.71E+03
5.00E+015.00E+012.51E-031.55E-033.93E-033.96E-035.00E+015.00E+012.33E-041.54E-034.00E-034.04E-032.2797621.0039601853.980.23211876673.933.60E+033582.52752819813.64E+033.63E+03
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6.00E+016.00E+012.54E-031.38E-033.72E-033.80E-036.00E+016.00E+012.55E-041.41E-033.72E-033.77E-032.2863281.0068517163.690.25295879813.723.35E+033323.68177625843.39E+033.37E+03
9.00E+019.00E+012.65E-031.31E-033.47E-033.47E-039.00E+019.00E+013.35E-041.52E-033.37E-033.43E-032.311861.01809548253.310.32867251233.473.04E+032983.09554682363.09E+033.03E+03
1.20E+021.20E+022.89E-031.04E-033.07E-033.15E-031.20E+021.20E+024.10E-041.54E-033.06E-033.10E-032.4818961.09297583142.800.37530930533.072.76E+032521.96445779482.79E+032.56E+03
1.50E+021.50E+023.47E-031.16E-032.91E-032.98E-031.50E+021.50E+025.21E-041.46E-032.89E-032.97E-032.9468261.29772141842.220.40122170492.912.60E+032001.39233526822.67E+032.06E+03
1.80E+021.80E+024.65E-031.30E-032.68E-032.76E-031.80E+021.80E+027.04E-041.31E-032.63E-032.73E-033.9500181.73950649321.510.40472513482.682.37E+031363.14179291942.45E+031.41E+03
2.10E+022.10E+026.59E-031.33E-032.47E-032.53E-032.10E+022.10E+029.62E-041.20E-032.43E-032.49E-035.6317342.48009954920.980.38779330462.472.19E+03882.03753784052.24E+039.03E+02
2.40E+022.40E+029.66E-031.17E-032.53E-032.56E-032.40E+022.40E+021.27E-031.51E-032.32E-032.44E-038.3892983.69447388461.77497923431.06416717330.630.34265826192.532.09E+03564.80447965422.19E+035.94E+02
2.70E+022.70E+021.47E-021.42E-032.79E-032.85E-032.70E+022.70E+021.66E-031.38E-032.33E-032.44E-0313.0583245.75061667791.71122969671.5919531650.410.28897352982.792.10E+03364.82384716262.20E+033.82E+02
3.00E+023.00E+022.36E-021.36E-033.55E-033.56E-033.00E+023.00E+022.30E-031.50E-032.31E-032.42E-0321.328949.39282545651.97894212091.87415008660.250.24525740533.552.08E+03221.67345807082.18E+032.32E+02
3.20E+023.20E+023.35E-021.30E-034.49E-034.50E-033.20E+023.20E+022.97E-031.21E-032.37E-032.41E-0330.568713.46182527271.94541580521.93656217360.180.22057187194.492.13E+03158.23986397412.17E+031.61E+02
3.30E+023.30E+024.05E-021.14E-035.17E-035.20E-033.30E+023.30E+023.41E-031.42E-032.51E-032.60E-0337.0854416.3316632191.85410824571.84182361790.150.20863521095.172.26E+03138.11620223582.34E+031.43E+02
3.40E+023.40E+024.94E-021.54E-036.20E-036.28E-033.40E+023.40E+023.99E-031.48E-032.56E-032.62E-0345.445720.01334936711.92956376431.96599356130.130.19925200566.202.30E+03115.03456806632.36E+031.18E+02
3.50E+023.50E+026.13E-021.56E-037.58E-037.63E-033.50E+023.50E+024.75E-031.30E-032.72E-032.78E-0356.541724.89979901081.9542693461.97243607440.110.19079270477.582.45E+0398.36280601832.50E+031.00E+02
3.60E+023.60E+027.76E-021.57E-039.70E-039.63E-033.60E+023.60E+025.76E-031.35E-033.04E-033.06E-0371.8529431.64255344882.05069230662.01666375360.100.1820352469.702.74E+0386.51373867242.76E+038.71E+01
3.65E+023.65E+028.82E-021.66E-031.11E-021.10E-023.65E+023.65E+026.41E-031.54E-033.17E-033.19E-0381.787636.01757289892.09604750092.06519921840.090.177907601311.062.85E+0379.20361285882.87E+037.98E+01
3.70E+023.71E+021.01E-011.66E-031.27E-021.27E-023.70E+023.70E+027.19E-031.46E-033.48E-033.50E-0393.8234441.31790870292.11545236732.12139104150.080.174073669912.703.13E+0375.85761231383.15E+037.61E+01
3.75E+023.76E+021.17E-011.77E-031.48E-021.48E-023.75E+023.75E+028.14E-031.35E-033.86E-033.89E-03108.716747.8765933662.1611883252.16243992490.080.169938991614.823.47E+0372.57615999193.50E+037.32E+01
3.80E+023.81E+021.37E-011.81E-031.76E-021.76E-023.80E+023.80E+029.33E-031.22E-034.30E-034.29E-03127.445256.12423865742.24664398192.24051931160.080.166174191817.633.87E+0368.99723706963.86E+036.88E+01
3.85E+023.86E+021.62E-011.69E-032.10E-022.10E-023.85E+023.85E+021.08E-021.52E-034.98E-034.98E-03151.609966.76587435572.2542053292.26030368140.070.16241081420.984.48E+0367.14038785924.48E+036.72E+01
3.90E+023.91E+021.97E-011.92E-032.66E-022.63E-023.90E+023.90E+021.29E-021.55E-035.85E-035.96E-03183.9353481.00133170732.47468131592.41470605180.070.15864257726.565.26E+0364.97990945415.36E+036.62E+01
3.95E+023.96E+022.45E-011.98E-033.30E-023.34E-023.95E+023.95E+021.56E-021.50E-037.61E-037.50E-03229.08806100.88565872242.44550757332.51752009920.080.154847975432.966.85E+0367.91351106556.75E+036.69E+01
3.98E+024.00E+022.84E-012.15E-033.99E-023.98E-023.98E+023.98E+021.78E-021.72E-039.00E-038.91E-03265.6875117.00329756082.67185345172.66017167190.080.152529889139.918.10E+0369.24087926498.02E+036.85E+01
4.00E+024.02E+023.16E-012.82E-034.45E-024.48E-024.00E+024.00E+021.97E-021.64E-039.92E-039.92E-03296.23374130.45523191262.67188369632.71922406460.080.150919665844.478.93E+0368.4515444048.92E+036.84E+01
4.02E+024.04E+023.55E-012.14E-035.19E-025.18E-024.02E+024.02E+022.19E-021.75E-031.12E-021.13E-02332.9918146.64272372892.89430696082.87155224890.080.149589420151.931.01E+0468.59911452951.01E+046.91E+01
4.04E+024.06E+024.03E-013.50E-035.92E-025.91E-024.04E+024.04E+022.47E-021.77E-031.34E-021.34E-02378.2816166.587417952.89384660872.89054973610.080.148332931259.151.21E+0472.53651055221.21E+047.25E+01
4.06E+024.09E+024.64E-012.81E-037.07E-027.04E-024.06E+024.06E+022.82E-022.11E-031.59E-021.58E-02435.8012191.91786396033.11922092113.09357232370.080.146879500570.711.43E+0474.51437664481.43E+047.43E+01
4.08E+024.11E+025.43E-011.49E-028.53E-028.57E-024.08E+024.08E+023.28E-022.03E-031.90E-021.91E-02510.6174224.86537602233.31079968753.3414665960.080.145716519785.331.71E+0476.15612640291.72E+047.64E+01
4.10E+024.14E+026.52E-011.38E-021.08E-011.07E-014.10E+024.10E+023.90E-022.24E-032.42E-022.44E-02612.6062269.77914093143.65955778413.62060169350.090.1443988585107.682.18E+0480.86367954432.19E+048.13E+01
4.11E+024.15E+027.21E-011.50E-021.22E-011.23E-014.11E+024.11E+024.30E-021.88E-032.80E-022.78E-02678.3886298.59362854573.84409168083.86660720790.090.1440198179122.292.52E+0484.3666729352.50E+048.38E+01
4.12E+024.16E+028.07E-011.45E-021.42E-011.41E-014.12E+024.12E+024.80E-022.80E-033.25E-023.25E-02758.888333.39522874264.16784315984.06376057270.100.1438832829142.292.92E+0487.65707028932.93E+048.79E+01
4.13E+024.18E+029.13E-011.33E-021.65E-011.65E-014.13E+024.13E+025.41E-022.91E-033.81E-023.79E-02858.8002377.28872919744.39729132134.3771717240.100.1434280852165.473.43E+0490.81049432063.41E+049.04E+01
4.14E+024.20E+021.05E+001.33E-021.95E-011.96E-014.14E+024.14E+026.21E-023.42E-034.69E-024.72E-02985.3972432.90541541884.62688981354.65997452990.110.1434881565195.254.22E+0497.55166947764.25E+049.81E+01
4.15E+024.22E+021.23E+001.25E-022.40E-012.42E-014.15E+024.15E+027.27E-024.57E-035.82E-025.86E-021152.6716506.39252662725.11862095265.20580648140.110.1434744712240.335.23E+04103.3652813735.28E+041.04E+02
4.16E+024.24E+021.47E+001.75E-023.13E-013.12E-014.16E+024.16E+028.75E-025.41E-037.46E-027.53E-021386.1518608.96521809936.00780826125.98066840280.120.1437129698312.846.72E+04110.32538969916.78E+041.11E+02
4.17E+024.27E+021.83E+002.77E-024.21E-014.19E-014.17E+024.18E+021.10E-011.68E-021.05E-011.05E-011719.6296755.46892801647.0192573996.94802552930.140.1453804332420.749.47E+04125.29396840789.45E+041.25E+02
4.18E+024.29E+022.07E+002.70E-025.04E-015.01E-014.18E+024.18E+021.26E-011.86E-021.28E-011.28E-011947.1592855.42739756367.85113805217.72672716010.150.1475178377504.331.15E+05134.50076573151.15E+051.35E+02
4.18E+024.31E+022.39E+003.06E-026.12E-016.07E-014.18E+024.19E+021.47E-012.28E-021.61E-011.62E-012238.7358983.52304178648.68773861138.54761393440.160.1498329919611.581.45E+05147.21532068741.45E+051.48E+02
4.19E+024.34E+022.80E+003.32E-027.46E-017.48E-014.19E+024.19E+021.77E-012.46E-022.09E-012.12E-012621.20661151.55039213779.34918697269.36889009380.180.1539432414746.401.88E+05163.0126056851.90E+051.65E+02
4.19E+024.37E+023.36E+001.07E-019.60E-019.74E-014.19E+024.20E+022.23E-012.99E-022.99E-013.00E-013133.381376.558783163610.606452154410.92520950320.220.1616494717960.122.69E+05195.26341576372.70E+051.96E+02
4.20E+024.42E+024.09E+001.19E-011.29E+001.29E+004.20E+024.21E+022.96E-014.39E-024.43E-014.50E-013793.4841666.556153096812.782432399812.60665075130.270.17786139371291.023.98E+05239.07099035324.05E+052.43E+02
4.20E+024.48E+025.11E+001.09E-011.75E+001.76E+004.20E+024.22E+024.47E-011.71E-018.33E-018.50E-014661.6362047.953321879813.533975858113.71304686830.410.21806356391745.047.50E+05365.99716506827.65E+053.73E+02
4.20E+024.53E+026.00E+001.18E-012.25E+002.23E+004.20E+024.24E+026.28E-012.95E-011.45E+001.52E+005375.362361.50706925630.610.26594881222251.421.30E+06552.38187383911.37E+065.79E+02
4.21E+024.57E+026.76E+001.43E-012.60E+002.64E+004.21E+024.25E+028.47E-014.31E-012.05E+002.40E+005917.3962599.63471945860.790.32566267622598.021.85E+06709.89650437672.16E+068.30E+02
4.21E+024.62E+027.57E+001.87E-013.04E+003.10E+004.21E+024.27E+021.20E+003.85E+002.84E-023.90E+006371.5662799.16101456140.010.42726874013043.722.56E+049.14600441593.51E+061.25E+03
4.21E+024.67E+028.47E+003.68E+003.05E-023.65E+004.21E+024.30E+021.75E+005.04E+004.32E-025.15E+006719.0242951.80651612220.010.594028094530.503.89E+0413.16625320384.63E+061.57E+03
4.21E+024.71E+029.16E+001.94E-013.87E+004.00E+004.21E+024.33E+022.29E+005.50E+003.56E-025.56E+006863.783015.4008274460.010.76021070873872.883.20E+0410.61635876355.00E+061.66E+03
F(1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Id/Gain [nA]
Gain
Id/Gain [nA]
V_9911 #
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
F
F(rms)
Gain
F
V_9911 #
5228.4915
4792.7169
4449.6045
4250.2698
4053.1887
3899.6514
3731.9058
3680.8992
3596.715
3451.4397
3346.4547
3037.0761
2756.4462
2597.2497
2371.194
2187.5409
2086.6554
2097.9621
2082.1401
2130.1974
2255.6673
2302.227
2449.2141
2737.5156
2852.7219
3134.2779
3474.6993
3872.4174
4482.6867
5263.4592
6851.4993
8101.4112
8929.8621
10059.561
12083.67
14300.64
17124.876
21815.334
25191.351
29224.449
34261.776
42230.646
52343.406
67184.325
94655.7
115055.64
144789.66
187717.23
268791.57
398425.23
749545.11
1304453.7
1845471.6
25601.139
38864.232
32012.577
ENC [el.]-1000ns
Gain
ENC [electrons]
V-9911 #
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ENC/Gain [el.]-1000ns
Gain
ENC [electrons]/Gain
V_9911 #
5358.3879725767
4894.2585082718
4471.6898898244
4335.4768633974
4108.0512595734
3919.5630977968
3758.5172026893
3710.0470908573
3626.0806497791
3457.7281451433
3367.6953080366
3030.1855308432
2555.1153280697
2059.7335932065
1410.1025259303
902.5828421674
593.9091920864
382.4769799804
232.0855007998
160.8547248334
143.0194627872
117.867047476
100.4510758866
87.1176058676
79.7866282679
76.1371448546
73.2080846522
68.7836555532
67.164826991
66.2313111023
66.9444238708
68.5165073731
68.4064116798
69.1086999907
72.5343495247
74.3136657823
76.4390957116
81.2530980873
83.7583310863
87.867739171
90.377083547
98.0939288064
104.1908089588
111.3027657171
125.1219428021
134.9564326894
147.8155201488
165.3799358676
196.3612838812
242.8764066832
373.4962520034
579.0910041318
829.8522034085
1253
