AEP - C1 - Week 3 Slides

8/17/2019 AEP - C1 - Week 3 Slides

1/17

CERTIFICATE PROGRAM

Developed by:

With generous support from:


2/17

ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES FOR BUILDINGS:

PART 1

WEEK 3


3/17

WEEK 3: LEARNING GOALS

Differentiate between operational measures, retrofit opportunities and

transformative technologies

Describe how each of the three categories of energy efficiency

improvements can impact the physical plant, energy costs and cash flow

Give examples of energy efficiency improvement measures for each of themain building systems and in each of the three categories

Understand how to assemble an energy audit team and how to strategically

guide the audit process


4/17

WEEK 3: READINGS

The Energy Management Handbook (Turner & Doty)

Chapter 5: Boilers and Fired Systems

Chapter 10: HVAC Systems

Chapter 13: Lighting

Laws of the City of New York

Local Law 84: Benchmarking Energy & Water Use

Local Law 87: Energy Audits & Retro-Commissioning

Local Law 88: Lighting Upgrades & Sub-Metering


5/17

Operational

Retrocommissioning (RCx) –adjustment/optimization of existingsystems; performed when property hasn’tbeen previously commissioned

Ongoing commissioning – typicallyperformed by in-house staff

Retrofits

“Low-hanging fruit” upgrades

Equipment replacement – replace worn-out/broken equipment with like (though

possibly more efficient) equipment System changes – changing basic design

and/or types of systems

Transformative new technologies

Discussion

How do measures in

each of the three levels

differ?

How does each type of

measure impact the

physical plant, energy

costs and cash flow?

What specific measures

can be effected in each

of the three categories?

WHAT ARE THE THREE CATEGORIES OF

ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES?


6/17

OPERATIONAL MEASURES:

BUILDING ENVELOPE

Basic Elements of the Exterior Wall

1. Exterior Cladding (Natural or

Synthetic)

2. Drainage Plane(s)

3. Air Barrier System(s)

4. Vapor Retarder(s)

5. Insulating Element(s)

6. Structural Elements

Measures:

Reduce air infiltration via

weatherization techniques

Source: Whole Building Design Guide: http://www.wbdg.org/design/env_wall.php

http://www.wbdg.org/design/env_wall.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/env_wall.php


7/17

Lighting

Switch to energy-efficient bulbs and ballasts

Add reflective devices

Delamp – reduce the total number of lamps/bulbs

Add daylighting controls and lighting sensors

OPERATIONAL MEASURES: ELECTRICAL

Comprehensive lighting upgrade strategy – whole system approach

Source: ESBUP, pg. 74


8/17

Motors

Reduce operating time (turn off unnecessary equipment)

Optimize motor systems by using control to match motor

output with demand

Use variable speed drives for air and water distribution

Install energy-efficient motors

HVAC

Set up/back thermostat temperatures

Test and adjust outdoor air quantities

Improve boiler efficiency

Indoor water management

Use water-saving plumbing fixtures and appliances (toilets,

faucets, showerheads, dishwashers, clothes washers, etc.)

Eliminate leaks in pipes and fixtures

OPERATIONAL MEASURES: ELECTRICAL


9/17

WHERE DO RETROFIT OPPORTUNITIES

EXIST?

Building envelope

Window replacement – high-performance windows

• High expense; generally when windows are reaching end-of-life

Solar shade systems – block direct sun from entering the building

• Can be fixed, glazing tints or films or mechanical systems

Strategic insulation

• High expense; can be cost-effective to add for building surfaces

without any thermal insulation, or in specific locations

Remedy uncontrolled air infiltration – beyond simple weatherization

• Air-seal envelope components and/or restore building

pressurization

Re-skinning – full replacement of curtain wall façades• High expense, generally when curtain wall is reaching end-of-life

Double-skin façades – popular in advanced designs in Europe

• Allows for various operating modes, using wall as plenum,

controlled opening of exterior skin, occupant opening of exterior

skin, etc.


10/17

HVAC Ventilation – control of outside air intake and uncontrolled air infiltration

• Demand controlled ventilation (DCV)

• Remedy uncontrolled air infiltration by restoring building

pressurization

• Variable air volume (VAV) systems can be used

Heat recovery – uses available heat before it is rejected from the building• Recover heat from exhaust-air, steam condensate, boilers,

refrigeration condenser, etc.

• Heat pumps can be used to boost temperature of recoverable heat

• When combined with a heat recovery system, may allow for use of

smaller replacement HVAC systems

Central cooling plants

• Install energy-efficient chillers to replace older, inefficient models

Energy management control system (EMCS)

Control and reduce facility energy consumption by continuously

monitoring energy use of various equipment and making appropriate

adjustments

WHERE DO RETROFIT OPPORTUNITIES

EXIST?


11/17

WHAT ARE TRANSFORMATIVE

NEW TECHNOLOGIES?

Building envelope

• Electrochromic window glazing

• Changes tint in response to environmental signals (sunlight)

via an electric current

•

Building-integrated photovoltaics• Can generate electricity while absorbing solar radiation and

reducing heat-gain through the building envelope

HVAC

• Heat recovery

• Technologies such as rotary heat wheels and heat pipes

• Desiccant-based cooling systems• Can be used in buildings with large dehumidification loads

during long periods (e.g., hospitals, swimming pools,

supermarket fresh produce areas)


12/17

Geothermal heat pumps

• Take advantage of the heat stored underground to conditionbuilding spaces

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems

• Allows for the use of less expensive off-peak power to producecooling or heating to condition the building during on-peak periods

Cogeneration

• Although not a new technology, recent improvements in combinedthermal and electrical efficiency make cogeneration cost-effectivein several applications

Light Pipe Technologies

• Daylighting technology that pipes light from roof or wall-mountedcollectors to interior spaces that are not close to windows orskylights

WHAT ARE TRANSFORMATIVE

NEW TECHNOLOGIES?


13/17

WHO SHOULD BE ON THE AUDIT TEAM?

Simple buildings may be audited by one expert examining all energy-using systems as well as the building envelope; while larger and more

complex buildings require collaboration between a variety of disciplines:

Building envelope expert or construction engineer

Mechanical engineer

Electrical systems expert

Controls systems expert

Energy modeler

Other specialists for specialized building functions (e.g.,

compressed air, food service, pools, labs, healthcare facilities)

Professionals with commissioning and measurement andverification (M&V) expertise


14/17

DOES AN ENERGY AUDITOR NEED TO BE

CERTIFIED?

Auditors typically come from engineering, architecture, science and

construction backgrounds, as there is no common industry standard at

this time. However, emerging certifications include:

Certified Energy Auditor (Association of Energy Engineers)

Certified Energy Manager (Association of Energy Engineers)

Building Energy Assessment Professional (ASHRAE)

High-Performance Building Design Professional Certification

(ASHRAE)

Multi-Family and Commercial Building Analyst (BuildingPerformance Institute)


15/17

HOW DO YOU STRATEGICALLY GUIDE THE

AUDIT TEAM?

Which buildings do you analyze?

• Entire portfolio

• Representative samples

• Lowest performing buildings

Provide critical information

• Programmatic, conditioning, occupancy, scheduling and other

performance requirements

• Leases and tenant requirements

• Economic constraints on implementing potential energy efficiency

measures (e.g., required payback, ROI, NPV or other criteria)Direct site staff, contractors and building occupants to cooperate

fully with energy assessment team

Prioritize the most promising avenues; strategies will vary

depending on your objectives and major areas of opportunity


16/17

WEEK 3: IN-CLASS EXERCISES

Your readings this week included three pieces of legislation that the City of

New York has enacted in recent years to promote greater energy efficiency.

In 1-2 pages, describe the City's strategies, and explain its frameworks for

the benchmarking of energy use, retro-commissioning of commercial

properties, and performing lighting upgrades.

Then consider: Is local regulation the most effective approach to

establishing performance baselines for building energy use? How else

might some of the same goals be achieved? Do the CNU's Canons have any

power to effect change? Is legislation required?


17/17

WEEK 3: HOMEWORK

Carefully choose any property from the AEP Portfolio. (You will be

working with this property, again, in future assignments, so choose

one that you like!) Describe how two different energy efficiency

improvement strategies would line up with your chosen asset strategy

for the property as determined by your placement of the building in

the AEP Real Estate Matrix. Consider:

When would you want to undertake a major system change (e.g.,

replacement of HVAC, electrical, or other building-wide systems?)

When would you focus instead on operational improvements?

Do you have enough data about the property to make confident

decisions? If not, what else would help?

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AEP - C1 - Week 3 Slides

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