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Affirmative Action and Gender Issues
- tips for mod 3
PAFPAF 101101
“Be ever soft and pliable like a reed, not hard and unbending like a cedar.”
~The Talmud
Module 3, Lecture 2
Is Affirmative Action a problem?
No! It is a . . .
What’s the Problem
Racial DiscriminationRacial InequalityLack of DiversityImpact of Poverty on Economic Opportunity
Socio-Economic Discrimination
Colgate: “It would not work to use socio-economic measures instead of race because that would cut out the middle class students who are most likely to succeed.”
Meritocracy versus
Democracy
Workforce Gender Discrimination
Is it a societal problem? What is bad about it?Is there anything good about it?
Some Downside to Growing Gender Equality
Women are catching up to dying almost as soon as men.
Men are dropping out of high school and college. SU use to be 50-50 and is now 45-55.
Example of 5.1-5.2 Gender Wage Issue
5.1 Women make less money than men for the same job and this limits the economic opportunity for women.
5.2 Evidence of the Problem1. Trend line showing wage differential
between 1985 and 1995.
2. Wage differences by job shown in a table.
3. Quote from an expert.
Weekly Earning by Sex/Occupation, 2002
2002 Salaries By Occupation and Gender³
Occupation#’s in thousands
# of Men Employed
Median Weekly Salary
# of WomenEmployed
Median Weekly Salary
Median WeeklyDifference
Managerial/Professional Specialty
43,773 $540 56,431 $680 $140
Technical/Sales 10,869 $699 16,990 $490 $209
Administrative Support 3,312 $583 10,683 $488 $95
Service Occupations 5,554 $445 5,998 $343 $102
Operators/Laborers 11,449 $511 3,147 $385 $126
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor, 2002
5.3 CausesDiscrimination by male eliteHistorical lagMale dominated jobs pay moreDemands of parenting break career patterns.
Example of 5.3 Gender Wage Issue
Is the Wage Gap Changing?
Women’s Pay as a Percent of Men’s4
Year Percent
1951 63.9
1961 59.2
1971 59.5
1981 59.2
1991 69.9
1992 70.8
1993 71.5
1994 72.0
1995 71.4
1996 73.8
1997 74.2
1998 73.2
1999 72.2
2000 73.0
2001 76.0
2002 76.0
The median Difference: The median annual salary for men is $37,000 while for women it is only $29,000 creating an $8,000 differential.
According to National Averages in 2002 – FOR EVERY DOLLAR A MAN MAKES A WOMAN WITH COMPARABLE SKILLS IN A SIMILAR POSITION WILL ONLY MAKE 76 CENTS. 4
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2003
Example of 5.5 Gender Wage Issue5.5A5.5A Role of Business
Company Women’s Advancement
Family Benefits
Ben and Jerry’s
A: women are 50% of senior managers and 30% of professional staff
A: paid leave for parents, child care, phased return to work for new mothers.
Alberto-Culver (V05 and Static Guard)
F: 4 of 24 Corporate Officers were women, 2 women on Board of Directors (founding family members)
F: 12 week paid medical leave, part-time return to work after leave, child care referral services.
5.5B5.5B Role of Non- Profits Regional Learning Service—displaced homemakersChild Care CouncilOrganization mentioned in How You Can Help
Example of 5.5B Gender Wage Issue
Relating Ch.5 to Ch.6Preparing A Policy Proposal
Ameliorating the problem identified in 5.1
Improving conditions identified in 5.2
Addressing causes listed in 5.3
Recognizing existing policies in 5.4
Having an impact on the private and non-profit sectors in 5.5
Using Chapter 5 exercises as a base, develop three proposed policies and select one aimed at: