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11 November 2014
Agricultural Biotechnology ForAgricultural Revival: A Perspective
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What is alarming is that India is againfacing Yield Barrier
State Of Indian Agriculture
1
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-Food grain index - 169.80 in 2000 & 164.70in 2004-05.-All commodities index suffered marginal
decline.-Yield of food grains 1704 in 2000 remainedat same level even in 2004-05.-Food grains Yield Index Numbers stagnatedat same level of 160 in 2000 & 2004-05
Per Capita Food Availability : Inadequate
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21 November 2008
AEBM Deptt. F/ O Agricultural
Sciences 5
1999-00 2004-05
Food grains 169.7 164.7
All Commodities 176.9 179.2
Agricultural Production (Base : Triennium ending 1981-82 = 100)
Food grain index - 169.80 in 2000 & 164.70 in 2004-05
All commodities index suffered marginal decline
21 November 2008 AEBM Deptt. F/ O Agricultural
Sciences 6
1999-00 2004-05*
Food Grains 1704 1703
Yield (Kg. / h.)
Yield Of Food Grains 1704 in 2000 remained atsame level even in 2004-05.
21 November 2008
AEBM Deptt. F/ O Agricultural
Sciences 7
1999-00 2004-05*
Food grains 159.8 160.8
All Commodities 149.6 156.0
Yield -Index Numbers (Base: Triennium ending 1981-82 = 100)
Food grains Yield Index Numbers stagnated at samelevel of 160 in 2000 & 2004-05
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1999-00 2004-05
Food grains 169.7 164.7
All Commodities 176.9 179.2
Agricultural Production (Base : Triennium ending 1981-82 = 100)
Food grain index - 169.80 in 2000 & 164.70 in 2004-05
All commodities index suffered marginal decline
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1999-00 2004-05*
Food Grains 1704 1703
Yield (Kg. / h.)
Yield Of Food Grains 1704 in 2000 remained atsame level even in 2004-05.
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1999-00 2004-05*
Food grains 159.8 160.8
All Commodities 149.6 156.0
Yield -Index Numbers (Base: Triennium ending 1981-82 = 100)
Food grains Yield Index Numbers stagnated at samelevel of 160 in 2000 & 2004-05
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Productivity of most crops: below worldaverages.
International Comparisons of Yield
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Yield of Rice , 2004-05
9.8
7.83
6.73 6.42
2.9 2.63 2.43
3.96
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Egypt USA Korea Japan India Thailand Myanmar World
Countries and World Average
R i c e
Y i e l d ( M e t r i c
t o n n e s
/ h a )
Source: Government of India, 2007c.
Rice: 2.9 m.t./h. 1-4th
of Egypt, 1-3rd
of Japan, below world av. of 3.96
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Wheat 2004-05
7.77 7.58
4.25
2.71 2.37 2.061.64
2.87
0123456789
UK France China India Pakistan Iran A ustralia World
Countries and World Average
W h e a t
Y i e l d ( M e t r i c t o n n e s
/ h a )
Source: Government of India, 2007c.
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1.18 - a quarter of Chinas & one tenth of USA at 9.15metric t./h.
Yield of Maize
9.15
7.566.69
4.9
2.11.18
3.38
0123456789
10
USA France Germany China Phillipines India World
Counties and World Average
M a i z e Y i e l d ( M e t r i c
t o n n e s / h e c t a r e )
Source: Government of India, 2007c.
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21 November 2008
Productivity of most crops: below world
averages.
International Comparisons of Yield
21 November 2008
Yield of Rice , 2004-05
9.8
7.83
6.73 6.42
2.9 2.63 2.43
3.96
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Egypt USA Korea Japan India Thai land Myanmar Wor ld
Countries and World Average
R i c e
Y i e l d ( M e
t r i c t o n n e s
/ h a
)
Source: Government of India, 2007c.
Rice: 2.9 m.t./h. 1-4 th of Egypt, 1-3 rd of Japan, below world av. of 3.96
21 November 2008
Wheat 2004-05
7.77 7.58
4.25
2.71 2.37 2.061.64
2.87
0123456
789
UK France Ch ina India Pakis tan Ir an Aus tralia World
Countries and World Average
W h e a t
Y i e l d ( M e t r i c
t o n n e s
/ h a )
Source: Government of India, 2007c.
21 November 2008
1.18 - a quarter of Chinas & one tenth of USA at 9.15metric t./h.
Yield of Maize
9.15
7.566.69
4.9
2.11.18
3.38
0123456789
10
US A Fr an ce Ge rma ny Ch in a Ph il li pi ne s In di a Wor ld
Counties and World Average
M a i z e Y i e l d ( M e t r i c
t o n n e s / h e c t a r e )
Source: Government of India, 2007c.
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Between 1970 & 1990: 2.1 % per annum.3.4 % - Pakistan, 3.7 % - Indonesia, 3.9 %-Thailand, 4.7%- Malaysia.
Agriculture: Growth Rates
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Agricultural output plateauing.Public investment in agriculture decliningintense input use degraded environment.Decline in agricultural productivity is a matter ofserious concern.if current trends continue, can not meet food
demand. Even today
State Of Indian Agriculture
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-Pressure on Environment & Resource Base
- Decline in Capital Formation in IndianAgriculture 1.92 % in early 1990s to 1.28% in early 2000s is a
matter of concern
Reasons for Deceleration
ce
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Fig-4: Gross Capital Formation In Agriculture (At 1993-94 Prices) (Rs Crore)
1.92
1.57 1.51 1.431.26
1.37 1.28 1.24 1.27 1.31
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1990-91 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
Year
I n v e s
t m e n
t i n A g r i c u
l t u r e a s p e r c e
Source: Central Statistical Organization ; Economic Survey 2004-05
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Year Total geographicalarea (m. h.)
Total Population (m.) 2/Col 3
1951 329 361 0.92
1981 329 685 0.432000 329 986 0.332007(estimated) 329 1096 0.36
Declining Per Capita Availability of Land (Land-man ratio)
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Targets / need
2
Assessing challenges before India s food system.
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Studies Food Grain Requirements (Mt)
Indian Council of MedicalResearch
375(for ensuring marginal foodsecurity)
Bansil, 1998 283.88
Kumar(IFPRI-IARI) 293.4 Sinha 1999 150(for direct human
consumption) Parikh & Dev, 1995 259 Bhalla & Hazel 296(cereal demand)
Demand Projections for Food Grain in 2020.
Source: Sinha 1999, Bansil 1998, Bhalla & Hazel 1999.
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-260 to 296 m.t. (1300 to 1622)demand for cereals will exceed
domestic production by 23 m.t. by2020-livestock - cereal gap 36 to 64 m.t.
Demand for Food Grains By 2020
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Higher yields per unit of land, water &time.Need technologies that increaseproductivity, stability, resilience of
production systems
Need of the time
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Option: Ag. Biotech.
3
With increasing demand for food and limiting resources...
we need better & more efficient ways to produce food
one option is through iotechnology
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What is biotechnology?
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A collection of scientific techniques, including genetic engineering.Used to improve plants, animals and microorganisms.Can modify crops and livestock more precisely than traditional breedingmethods.
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It involves cutting andmoving snippets of DNA(genes for specific desirabletraits) from one plant, animalor microbe to another.
What is genetic engineering?
Unlike traditionalcrossbreeding techniques,only one or a few genesare introduced into the hostspecies. Therefore,unwanted traits usually areavoided.
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When? Why? Who? In 2001, an estimated 5.5
million farmers grewbiotech crops on 130million acres in 15countries (led by theUnited States, Canadaand Argentina).
Soybeans, cotton, canolaand corn are the majorbiotech crops planted.
Cheese was the first foodproduct of biotechnology.The enzyme Chymosin(bioengineered rennin)appeared on the market in1990.
By 1995, other crops weredeveloped to delay ripeningor reduce crop damage byweeds, diseases and insects.
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Foods made from biotech crops Biotech disease-
resistant papaya andsquash are available.
Biotech varieties ofpotato, tomato, rice,flax, sugar beet,
sweet corn, melonand radicchio areapproved for use inthe U.S. but currentlyare not on the market.
About 60-70 percent ofall processed foods nowcontain at least oneingredient from agenetically engineeredplant.
In 2002, more than 70percent of soybeans, 30percent of the corn cropand 70 percent of thecotton crop in the U.S.were engineered for pestcontrol.
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Dairy and meat products More than 70 percent of cheese on the U.S. market is made with a genetically
engineered enzyme (chymosin). Milk commonly is obtained from cows treated with a biotech growth hormone
(rBST) in order to increase milk production. Livestock routinely eat feed made from biotech crops. No genetically engineered fish, cows, pigs, sheep, chickens or other food
animals were on the market as of 2002.
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Other products
Vitamins, minerals and other nutritional supplements Medicines: virtually all insulin is biotech Detergents Textiles Pulp and paper Leather Metals Fuels
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It involves cutting andmoving snippets of DNA(genes for specificdesirable traits) from oneplant, animal or microbeto another.
What is genetic engineering?
Unlike traditionalcrossbreeding techniques,only one or a few genesare introduced into the hostspecies. Therefore,unwanted traits usually areavoided.
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A revolution in biotechnology improving wealth,well-being. Can it also be used to serve food &nutrition needs of Indians?Biotechnology has raised questions aboutopportunities, problems & risks.Question for India becomes: will we get left
behind?
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Genetic Modifications of Crops
In how many ways are crops genetically
modified today?
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How can we get better crops?
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1. Selection2. Breeding
3. Hybridization
4. Cloning
5. Gra f ting
6. Radiation Mutagenesis
7. Chemical Mutagenesis
8. Gene Splicing
9. Genomics/Gene Expression
10.Tissue Culture
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Common Among These:
-One doesnt know exactly what genes are changed
- All these methods may introduce unknown geneticchanges, which could have unanticipatedconsequences.
- No method of generating new plant varieties is 1000% risk-free.
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II
DEFINING BIOTECHNOLOGY
4
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Gene
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- basic physical & functional units ofheredity which carries information forexpression of a particular trait
Doing DNA: DeCode of Life
DNA: Carrier of Genes
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What is Biotechnology?
Definitions Back to 1917 Can include selection, breeding,
fermentation, tissue culture, geneticanalysis, & DNA analysis (genomics) orGene Splicing or Recombinant DNATechnology
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Biotechnology Is it a novel tool?
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Modified from:http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/regpubs/ncr55
2.htm
Somatic genetherapy
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From Recombining DNA to RecombinantDNA Technology
1973 Cohen & Boyer-Gene Pool Becomes a Gene Ocean
-Any Organism on Earth is a Source for Genes forUse by Breeders
-Recombinant DNA Technology is one ofmost powerful tools ever invented.
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Wild Relative Crop Plant Wild Relative Crop Plant
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Conventional reeding
Wild Relative Crop Plant
Genetic Engineering
p
closely related species
undesirable geneslong time
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Products developed through genetic engineering
Genetically ModifiedOrganisms (GMOs)
= Transgenics
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GE of animals
GE to develop animalvaccines
GE of biocontrolagents against plantpest & diseases
Plant protoplast
fusion
Embryo transfer
GE of plants
GE to improvemicroorganisms
Recombinant DNAfor disease
diagnostics
Monoclonal antibody production
Plant tissue culture
Fermentation, Biofertilizers
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Insulin for diabetes
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Interferon for cancer
Hepatitis B vaccine
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BENEFITS OF AGRICULTURAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
III
5
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Safer food supply for consumers Less impact on the environment Less expensive food production Crops less vulnerable to insects, diseases and weeds Crops with higher/greater nutritional content Crops used for new materials and energy sources Crops developed as production vehicles for medicines and
vaccines to prevent disease
Potential benefits and goals
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Biotechnology and agriculture
Agricultural biotechnology genetic engineering to create,improve, or modify plants,
micro-organisms or domesticanimals.
Genetically modified
organisms or GMOs
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GM Bt corn plants
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Sustainable Benefits Enhanced productivity in drought prone /
saline areas. Reduced storage/transportation losses. Healthier and nutritionally enhanced
foods. Optimise use of chemical pesticides:
Integrated Pest Management.
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How Biotechnology helps?
Benefits of biotechnology : Increased agricultural production Minimize post-harvest losses
Improve nutritional value of food
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Insect resistant plants Better herbicide resistance in plant Higher productivity More tolerant to heavy metals Stress resistance
drought Salinity
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Increased Agricultural ProductionI
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Correct vitamin A deficiencyMore nutritious oils, starch & amino acids
Better fatty acids profiles
Increase iron level
Protein rich wheat & millet
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Improve Nutritional Value Of FoodII
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-Delayed over-ripening of fruits,vegetables
-Minimize post-harvest losses intransport, storage & marketing
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Minimize Post-harvest LossesIII
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Increase grain & fiber yield, Decreased operating costs,Enhanced water conservation, Reduced soil erosionDecreased pesticide spraying
*Source: CLIVE JAMES, GLOBAL REVIEW OF COMMERCIALIZED TRANSGENIC CROPS
Moschini, et al., (Sept. 1999) Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station
Produce More Food On Less Land With FewerInputs
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Benefit
Increasing crop productivity
Increasing crop quality
Environmental adaptation
Broadening stress tolerance
Increasing disease & pest resistance Agrochemical reduction Production of non edible substances
Source: Macer (1997).
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Ag Biotechnology has potential
To significantly contribute towards: Poverty alleviation
Rural Development
Strengthened trade & economiccompetitiveness
Agricultural sustainability &
Nutritionally improved food availability
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0
Adoption
Cost Conventional breeding
Time
Biotechnology
Assessing Benefits of Biotechnology Research
Benef i ts of Biotechnology
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Biotech Expands Frontiers of Production: Produce more from diminishing resourcesAgronomic Improvements: Pest & DiseaseResistance: Minimizing crop loss due to insects &blight.Improved Nitrogen Utilization & Stress Tolerance
Increased Yield
BENEFITS
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Global Adoption
6
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1.7
11
27.8
39.9 44.2
52.658.7
67.7
81
90
102
114.3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.09 0.1 0.5 1.3 3.8 6.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
A r e a
( m h )
Total India
Global Area of Transgenic Crops, 1996 to 2007 (M. H.)
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US, followed by Argentina, Brazil,Canada, India, and China continuedto be principal adopters of biotechcrops globally,
Historically, biotechnology most rapidlyadopted new agricultural technology
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Soybean principal crop in 2007,occupying 58.6 m.h. maize -35.5 m.h.,cotton -15.m.h., canola 5.5 m. h.
Global Adoption Rate
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Out of four major biotech crop soyabean accounts for64% adoption rate.
Global Adoption Rate
64
43
24 27
0
20
40
60
80
Soyabean Cotton Maize Canola
P e r c e n t
( % )
Source: James, 2007.
Rapid Adoption Of Bt Cotton
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Higher profits from Bt cotton Document substantialenvironmental & health benefits.Increased yield by up to 50 %, reduced insecticide
sprays by half, with environmental healthimplications.Social benefits: alleviation poverty.
Rapid Adoption Of Bt Cotton
Impact- Bt cottonReduction in cost per unit of output
Agricultural biotechnology
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Bt-cotton Small compact plant
Many mature bolls ready for harvest -3 sprays for non bollworm pests
Non Bt-cotton Large plant, excessive vegetative growth
Difficult to spray Few bolls to harvest 10 sprays for all insect pests
MR THEMBITSHE JOSEPH BUTHELEZI
Agricultural biotechnology
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Argentina China India Mexico SouthAfrica
Added yield 33 19 26 11 65
Added profit (%) 31 340 47 12 198
Reduced chemical sprays(number)
2.4 - 2.7 2.2 -
Reduced pest managementcosts (%)
47 67 73 77 58
Economic & Environmental Benefits
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Bt. cotton in India
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Growth of Bt. Cotton in India 63% in 2007. Bt. cotton area has soared to 6.2 m.h.
India: lowest cotton yields in world, now anexporter rather than an importer.
Gandhi Namboodiri report:-yield gain 31%- significant reduction pesticide sprays 39%- 88% increase in profit.
h h d l l
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increased yields & reduced pesticide.- 12%, reaching 114.3 m.h.-Countries- 23.
-half of global biotech crop area- developingcountries12 m.beneficiary biotech farmers: 90 % smallfarmers.
Biotech Crops Achieved Several Milestones
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12 years: met expectations of millions oflarge & small farmers.- High Adoption Rate: Biotech CropsPerformed Well, Delivered SignificantEconomic, Environmental, Health , SocialBenefits.
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KEY ISSUES
7
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Biotechnology is Controversial
It touches on so many fundamentals Our Bodies Our Families Our Land Our Sense of Right & Wrong
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Embracing biotechnology poses:1- political2- financial3- institutional4- social &5- cultural challenges
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Risks & Concerns of Biotechnology
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Economics : Are we changing economicson farm?Environmental : Are we irreversibly
modifying environment?Globalization : Is technology centralized infew hands?
Social : Will we develop a class of geneticoutcasts?Religious : Are w e playing God?
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gy
Social choices
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Social choices Gene manipulation
Changes internal chemistry of organism Build-up resistance in non-modified plants &
organisms Bio-safety
GMO food may cause allergic reactions Bio-diversity
May disturb existing eco-system
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SAFETY
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Criticisms of Recombinant DNA
TechnologyPerversion
PoisonPromiscuityProfitPower
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Perversion
Transfer of genes from one species toanother is an abominationThe realm of God & of God alone
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Poison
-introduced gene itself may be a poison-Introducing new genes may turn on
dangerous genes or turn off beneficial genes
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Promiscuity
-introduced gene may make crop a superweed-introduced gene may flow to wild relatives,
polluting their gene pool-introduced gene may flow to related weeds,making them superweeds.
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P fi
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Profit
Companies are concerned primarilywith making a profit
Food for people, not for profit
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Is Biotechnology Safe?
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Is Biotechnology Safe?
Is there evidence that gene splicing isriskier than other methods of geneticmodification?
Is Biotechnology As Safe As OtherMethods of Genetic Modification?
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no evidence that risks of recombinant DNAtechnology are different from those of other
methods of genetic modification.
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Conclusion & Policy Prescriptions
9
It's Safe For People & Environment
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High adoption rates reflect farmersatisfaction.substantial benefits lower cost ofproduction, higher productivity and/or netreturns per hectare, health & socialbenefits, & a cleaner environment.
It is a solution not without problems, but itis one we cannot afford to ignore.
It s Safe For People & Environment
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A technology with high potential for India.
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We have to have this new technology, tomeet growing food needs.Risk assessment
must also consider consequences & risksof not using transgenics.
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Biotech is delivering on its Promise
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Biotechnology has delivered significant environmental
benefits:- insecticide reduction- soil conservation & enhanced productivity- improved water quality- enhanced sustainability- promotion of reduced risk herbicides & insecticides -
improved feed quality
Many of these benefits consistent with Biotechs
primary goals-Biotech Crops have significantly improved farmcompetitiveness
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For example: Some fundamental issues and concerns 1- who has access and who doesnt?
2- Will marginalized groups (the poor, women, ethnic groups, etc..) alsobenefit from these technological developments?
3- What are the possible implications of biotechnology on the environment(GMOs and bio -safety) and on peoples health (food safety, new diseases)?
4- How does corporate control of the technology affect access and benefitsharing?
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Akram A. KhanAEBM Deptt. F / O Agricultural Sciences,AMU Aligarh