AGUINALDO, ROLAND JULIUS B.-Emergency Shelter Typologies: Determining Its Applicability in the...

Emergency Shelter Typologies: Determining its Applicability in the Philippine Environment

AR 200-1, AR 200-1 F , AR 200-1S Architectural Thesis Design

BY: AGUINALDO, ROLAND JULIUS B.

2009120401

THE PROBLEM: Introduction

The Philippines is the 3rd in the most disaster prone country in the world

Natural disasters are the primary source of displacement of families and communities

We still lack in providing long term solutions to these problems.

THE PROBLEM: Statement of the Problem

Displaced families from disasters are forced to live in crowded evacuation areas

Inadequate facilities and structures

Increased risk to diseases and abuse

Poor shelter conditions

THE PROBLEM: Goals, Objectives and Strategies

Goal:- Achieve a swift and efficient way of providing pre-disaster and post-disaster assistance by

means of architecture, without compromising the basic needs of the affected individuals.

- Assess the different causes that are affecting the operations and implementation of emergency structures to efficiently deliver their services to the evacuees and affected individuals.

- Look in to the different pros and cons of different types of emergency structures, considering this goal would help in the design phase of this thesis.

- Adopt to the prevailing challenges of disaster risk-reduction efforts brought by different circumstances and that would help in the long term efforts of providing emergency structures.

- Achieve better technological solutions in providing better emergency structures


Objectives:- Study the different emergency structures in accordance to its efficiency in providing disaster mitigation, response and recovery efforts.

- Find the proper solution to the natural, physical, social and political challenges faced by the implementation of disaster risk-reduction and climate change adoption.

- Provide an improvement or a new solution to the existing disaster emergency structures through architecture.


Strategies:- To conduct a case study to existing types of emergency structures to compare

and contrast the efficiency of its use.

- Interview of the respective government and non-government offices that are involved in the efforts done in disaster risk-reduction programs.

- Study the general challenges faced by the implementation of disaster risk-reduction to see which of these can be solved through architectural solutions.

- Gather relevant sample datas and information from the past disasters that occurred in the Philippines to point out architecturally the adoption that needs to be done in the design stage of this research.

THE PROBLEM: Significance of the Research

- Provide a basis on which emergency structures must be used in the typology of disaster in the Philippines, with the consideration of the existing challenges that makes disaster risk-reduction efforts slow.

- Provide a hypothetical architectural long term solution that is swift and efficient and that will conform to prevailing and future challenges faced by disaster risk-reduction management in the Philippines.

- To improve the situation of emergency structures, to each have different problem in terms of short and long term usage, design and purpose of the structures.

THE PROBLEM: Scope, Limitations and Assumption

Scope :- Study of the different emergency structures, its efficiency in providing short

and long term solution to disaster mitigation, response and recovery efforts.

- General study of the different situations or challenges that disaster risk-reduction faces that may be solved through architectural out puts.

- Improvement of emergency structures and which of these structures are highly applicable to the typology of situation faced by disaster risk-reduction programs.

- Analysis of data and information gathered from national government and international organizations that are relevant to disaster risk-reduction, emergency structures and natural disaster occurrence in the Philippines.


Limitations :- The datas and information is provided by the offices of government and

non-government, and is recommended to conduct a more interactive data gathering procedure to provide a second hand data from the ground zero of the occurrence of natural disasters.

- The study is limited to emergency structures and the different circumstances that are affecting disaster risk-reduction programs.

- The study is also time and resource bound, and is limited to the available books, references, online resources, documentaries and offices that can be accessed be the researcher.


Assumption :- The research is assumed to be time bound and must based on the datas

gathered in the research progress to be used in the design process.

- The researcher is assumed to know the different principles and technical aspects that are needed in the research

- The study is assumed to study the different typologies of emergency shelters used in natural calamities.

Conceptual Framework:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Challenges of Disaster Risk-Reduction Management

Situation of Evacuation Centers Philippines: Life in Evacuation Centers:

Vital Lessons for the Philippines Recovery from Super Typho on Haiyan

Permanent Evacuation Centers Pushed


Extensive Studies Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Study

Effects of Natural Disaster Occurrence to Buildings Earthquakes Volcano Typhoon and Storm Surges Flood


Role of Transitional Sheltering or Core Shelters in Disaster Mitigation Plans

METHODOLOGY: Interviews

Mr. Gerardo D. Tivedo(Fire Response Officer)

Member of the Manila Disaster Risk-Reduction and Management Office

Responded to the different emergencies within the City of Manila

One of the organizers of Disaster Training and Drills done in the Del Pan Evacuation Center and in the City of Manila

One of the responders in the aftermath of Super Typhoon Haiyan


Mr. Eduardo Galang(Brgy. Bangkal, Makati Barangay Administrator Officer)

Head of the Barangay Bangkal Disaster Risk-Reduction Management team

Responded from different barangay and city evacuation, response and rescue


Archt Albert Zambrano(Professor, Architect, Urban Planner)

Papers and Projects involving Rising Core House, BasecoIncremental Development

His knowledge in


August L. Baltazar(Habitat for Humanity, Director; Planning Design and Construction)

Has been involved in various humanitarian sheltering response and sheltering projects for affordable housing

METHODOLOGY: Case Studies

Del Pan Manila Evacuation Center


Bangkal Multipurpose Hall


Binakayan National High School as Evacuation Center


Transitional Sheltering in TaclobanCity

Tornado Wind Speed and Post-Disaster Outcome

Storm Surge Height and its Damages

FINDINGS AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS: Summary of Findings

Summary of Findings Case Study SWOT analysis

Case Study Building Analysis

Interview results


Summary of Findings Summary of Work

Flow in different Emergency Shelter Typologies NORMAL DAYS


Summary of Findings Data Analysis and Summary of the

National Risk-Reduction Management Council Reports

Juan Pedring Pablo Yolanda

Not in Evacuation 57,311 511,910 483,644 2,586,625

In Evacuation 370,651 98,832 228,038 836,876

Num. of Evac. Centers 12 499 68 383

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

Comparative Chart of Number of Evacuation Centers to In Evacuation and Not Needing Evacuation Centers

Not in Evacuation In Evacuation Num. of Evac. Centers





Number of Barangays 3,434 3,316 3,064 12,139

Number of Evac. Center 12 499 68 383

Families Outside 80,227 52,337 223,516 815,927

Families inside 1,388 46,495 4,522 20,949

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

Comparative Ratio of Barangays to Evacuation Centers and Evacuees

Number of Evac. Center Number of Barangays Families inside Families Outside





Non - Evacuees 1,638,333 2,390,595 5,264,525 12,152,815

Evacuees 370,651 450,824 979,463 3,921,577

Cost Damages 10,980,673,78 8,898,950,081 24,222,823,52 36,690,882,49

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0.00

5,000,000,000.00

10,000,000,000.00

15,000,000,000.00

20,000,000,000.00

25,000,000,000.00

30,000,000,000.00

35,000,000,000.00

40,000,000,000.00

Comparative Chart of Evacuees to Non Evacuees to Total Cost Damages

Evacuees Non - Evacuees Cost Damages


Summary of Findings Summary of Ratio of Compared

DataPerson

s to

Family

Ratio:

Families to

Barangay

Ratio:

Evacuation

Center to Total

Evacuees Ratio:

Evacuation

Center to

Inside

Evacuees

Ratio:

Evacuation

Center to

Outside

Evacuees

Ratio:

Cost of

Damage

s per

Person

Ratio:

Juan 5 125 30,888 427 30,462 5,466.00

Pedring 5 185 904 422 483 3,132.00

Pablo 9 233 14,404 294 14,111 389.00

Yolanda 5 283 10,240 266 9,974 2,283.00

TOTAL: 24 826 56,436 1,409 55,030 11,270.00

AVERAGE: 6 206.50 14,109 352.25 13,757.50 2,817.50

FINDINGS AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS: Design Guidelines and Recommendations

Design Standards: Red Cross Evacuation Center Field Guide

Standards for Shelter, Settlement, Site Selection and Planning

Communal facilities

Design of shelter, facilities and services

Gender Consideration in Design and Construction

Research Focus: Rationale

As a response to the problems in evacuation center, the displacement of families and psychological impact of natural calamities, this research is focused on:

Provide the basic necessities and supporting facilities that refugees needs for short or long term recovery

Provide a shelter that is designed to lessen the psychological impact to evacuees.

Help the calamity victims to have a shelter that is easily transportable, deployable, flexible, reusable, modular shelter.

Provide a single shelter that can be used as a transitional or core shelter for permanent use.

Research Focus: Principles and Relevance to the Project

Safety, Security and Support

Survivability

Redundancy

Communications

Flexibility and Open Architecture

Security


Building Technology

Use of Steel Folding Truss

Space Frame

Modular Building Components

Foldable, Movable and Detachable Walls and Furniture's

Space Saving Furniture's

Ease of connection

Adoption of Recycled Rubber Base Isolation


Maximization of Use Passive and Renewable Sources

Water Harvesting

Water Treatment

Water Reuse

Passive Lighting and Ventilation Techniques

Solar and Wind Power Harvesting


Family and Recreations

Accessibility Law

Family Centered Spaces

Recreational Facilities

Spiritual Rehabilitation

Color psychology and Relaxing Details


Transformable Shelter

Applicability to accommodate more in less footprint

Expandability of the Shelter for permanent use

Adoptability to Permanent Shelter Design

Readily adopted to natural calamities present in the Philippine environment.

Research Focus: Application to the Project

Providing shelter assistance to evacuating families should be as humane as possible, even staying for evacuation in a short span of time can have negative impact to evacuees; that is why people may choose to stay in their homes in times of peril.

SITE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS: Site Selection Process

Criteria for Site Selection Communities with need of a more decent sheltering The site must be away from calamity prone area or has less impact to

calamity Must be accessible to and from other supporting facilities; like markets and

the like Adequate space Accessible to the high risk communities Can provide the adequate use of passive ventilation and lighting Open space area or Parks or Parking areas Can be a


Criteria for Site Option Description Quezon City

The largest city in the philippines

2,960,627 as of 2010 with a growth rate of 2.92% annually

Potential Hazards 20 Barangays in flood prone

areas

Lays along the Marikina Valley Fault System

Low to Medium risk of Land Slides


Criteria for Site Option Description City of Manila

Population 1,660,714 and a growth rate of .44% annually

Potential Hazards Flood Prone City Liquefaction Risk Storm Surge Prone Tsunami Prone High Density of

Poverty Stricken Communities

Fire Prone


Criteria for Site Option Description Albay

Located in the South Eastern portion of Luzon

Population of 1,233,432 as of 2010

Potential Hazards Volcanic Eruption

Earthquake

Parts where moderate to high susceptibility of flooding

Liquefaction


Criteria for Site Selection and Justification

Manila

High Density Population of Underprivileged Families.

Multiple Hazard Threats

High Density of Vulnerable Individuals

Suffers from annual Natural Calamity occurrence

4th on the list of ten most at risk globally from natural hazards

SITE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS: Site Evaluation and Analysis

The Macro Setting District 1 and District 5 ; City of Manila

High Density Population, 984,943 as of 2010

Multiple Hazard Threats

High Density of Vulnerable Individuals, especially along Manila Bay and Pasig River

Suffers from annual Natural Calamity occurrence


The Macro Setting District 1 and District 5 ; City of Manila

Evacuation Centers 23 ( Including Del Pan and Baseco Evacuation

Centers)

Emergency Response Police Station 11 ( for the whole city ); 4 ( in the

vicinity of the Districts)

Fire Stations 14 ( for the whole city ); 4 ( in the vicinity of the Districts)

Hospitals 40 ( for the whole city ); 19 ( in the vicinity of the districts)

Disaster Risk-Reduction Center 2 ( for the whole city and the vicinity )


Micro Setting Quirino Grandstand, City of Manila

Accessible to slum residents of Tondo, Baseco Compund, San Miguel and San Nicolas

Near and Easily accessible to emergency services such as hospitals, police station and fire stations

Open Space with minimum vertical structures

Elevated area

Can accommodate large number of evacuees

For temporary evacuation only


The Micro Setting Sun Path and Wind Analysis


The Micro Setting Major and Minor Road Circulation

Noise Analysis

Pedestrian Site Access

Vehicular Access

Drop Off


The Micro Setting Hazzard maps


Related Laws and Ordinances R.A. 10121 The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (The

Philippine Disaster Act of 2010):

R.A. 9729 The Climate Change Act of 2009

R.A. 10174: The Peoples Survival Fund Act

Metro Manila Earthquake Contingency Plan 2011

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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TRANSLATION: Design Program

Design Criteria Design Objectives

Easily assemble and disassemble

Adopted to the natural calamities present in the Philippines Reusable

Ensures the necessary facilities and use for the evacuees and volunteers

Flexible in space use, structure usage and adaptation to its environment Modular

Ease use of logistics

Maximizes the use of Renewable Sources Recreational Friendly

User Friendly

Can be integrated in Core Sheltering projects Safe, Secure and Survivable


Design Criteria Philosophy

Architecture has a responsibility to its masters and from whence it came from.

Principles The Design must be:

Adoptable, Reusable, User Friendly and Sustainable.

Protection of Life, Security and Physical, Mental and Moral Integrity

Protection of Right Related to Basic Necessities of Life

Protection of Other Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Protection of Other Civil and Political Rights Protection of Specific Groups of Persons

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TRANSLATION: Concept Development

Design Concept Siphonophorae (sahy-fuh-nuh-fohr)

An animal that appears to be a single organism, but is actually a colony of functionally specialized individual organisms present in order for the whole colony to survive.


Design Considerations Laws and Standards

R.A. 9514 Fire Code of the Philippines

BP 344 Accessibility Law

P.D. 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines

P.D. 856 Sanitary Code of the Philippines

DSWD Administrative Order No. 171, Series of 2001

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Behavioral Analysis

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Major User Minor User

General Evacuee Administrative Volunteer

Children (Evacuee) Culture Volunteer

Adolescents (Evacuee) Health Volunteer

Adult Male (Evacuee) Nutritional Volunteer

Adult Female (Evacuee) Technical Volunteer

Elderly (Evacuee) Visitor

User Job Description Activities Possible Needs

General Evacuee Refuge / Minor

Volunteer Work

General Assistance,

Training, Recovery

Assistance, Minor Facility

Maintenance

Psychological

Rehabilitation and

Support, Rehabilitation

Activities, Medical and

Health Support, Food

Support

Children (Evacuee) Refuge Play, School Work Psychological

Rehabilitation and




Support

Adolescents (Evacuee) Refuge / Minor

Volunteer Work

Play, School Work, Minor

Reconstruction

Assistance, Minor Kitchen

Assistance, Minor Facility

Maintenance

Psychological

Rehabilitation and




Support


Adult Male

(Evacuee)

Refuge / Minor

Volunteer Work

Security Assistance,

Individual Family

Management,

Reconstruction /

Recovery

Assistance, Security

Assistance,

Livelihood Training,

Psychological

Rehabilitation and

Support,

Rehabilitation

Activities, Medical

and Health

Support, Food

Support

Adult Female

(Evacuee)

Refuge / Minor

Volunteer Work

Kitchen Assistance,

Individual Family

Management,

Livelihood Training,

Recovery

Assistance, Minor

Facility

Maintenance

Psychological

Rehabilitation and

Support,

Rehabilitation

Activities, Medical

and Health

Support, Food

Support

Elderly (Evacuee) Refuge / Minor

Volunteer Work

Kitchen Assistance,

Individual Family

Management,

Reconstruction

Assistance, Security

Assistance, Minor

Evacuation

Management

Psychological

Rehabilitation and

Support,

Rehabilitation

Activities, Medical

and Health

Support, Food

Support


User Analysis


Administrative Volunteer Security, Management,

Operations

General Camp

Management, Camp Safety

and Order Management

Camp Management and

Organization Tools,

Emergency Assistance

Group

Culture Volunteer Reception, Rehabilitation,

Press-Relation

Psychological Evaluation,

Rehabilitation Facilitation,

Camp and External

Relations

Large Group Spaces, Camp

Management Support

Health Volunteer Medical Assistance,

Sanitation Maintenance,

Waste Management

Medical Support, Health

Maintenance, Waste

Management and Disposal

Medical Facilities and First

Aid Support, Sanitary

Management Tools, Waste

Organization Tools,

Emergency Assistance

Group

Nutritional Volunteer Food Preparation, Serving

of Foods and Relief Goods

Food Preparation, Serving

of Foods and Relief Goods,

Nutritional Management

Food Preparation Facilities,

Food Storage Facilities,

Relief and Food Distribution

Areas

Technical Volunteer Communication, Monitoring,

Technical Maintenance

Technical Maintenance,

Communications, Monitoring

of Calamity

Technical Facility,

Maintenance Area

Visitor Visit Visit to Evacuees Sitting, Sanitation Access


Organizational Structure


Functional Zoning


Programming Matrix / Diagrams Interrelationship Adjacency Circulatory


Architectural Concept Space Evolution and Form Evolution


Architectural Concept Structural Concept

Steel Folding Truss

Above Ground Foundation

Seismic Base Isolation from Recycled Tire Pads


Architectural Concept Electrical Concept

Solar Power Generation

Combined Piezoelectric Pads and Micro-Wind Turbine

Lighting Concept Solar Bottle Light

Wireless Electricity


Architectural Concept Sanitation Concept

Grey Water Recycling

Grey Water Treatment and Re-use

Storm Water Harvesting and Distribution

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TRANSLATION: Synthesis

2 Plan Schemes

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