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Aim: What are functional groups?

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Isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but have different structural formulas and different names; isomers have different chemical & physical properties

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Questions 1. Which compound is an isomer of pentane? 1. butane 3. methyl butane 2. propane 4. methyl propane 2. Which compounds are isomers? 1. CH 3 OH and CH 3 CH 2 OH 3. CH 3 CH 2 CHO and CH 3 COCH 3 2. CH 4 and CCl 4 4. CH 3 CH 2 OH and CH 3 CH 2 COOH

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Aromatic Hydrocarbons hydrocarbons that contain one or more benzene rings or closed chains in their structure

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Functional Groups (Table R) an atom or group of atoms that replace hydrogen within a hydrocarbon and give the organic compound unique characteristics/properties

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Halides (Halocarbons) when a HALOGEN (group 17 element such as F, Cl, Br, I) replaces Hatom in an alkane state the location of the halogen along the carbon chain on lowest # carbon 2-methyl-2-fluoroprpane

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Alcohols one or more of the Hs replaced by an OH (hydroxyl) group Ends in ol state the location of the OH along the carbon chain (using lowest # location!) alcohols are NOT BASES (ionic) are NONELECTROLYTES and are polar & soluble in water

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Alcohols

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Ethers look for -O- bridging two hydrocarbon chains name two branches off the O- then add ether to the end of the name if both branches are the same use di (insert type of branch) ether

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Aldehydes carbonyl group (-C=O) found at END of hydrocarbon chain -e at end of alkane is replaced by al

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Ketones carbonyl group (-C=O) located on an INTERIOR CARBON atom (within the chain) -e at end of alkane replaced by one must cite the location of the C=O in the carbon chain Very similar to aldehydes BEWARE!

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Organic acids Carboxyl group found at terminal carbon Hydrocarbon ending e replaced with oic then add acid as second word in the name Generate H+ ions in solution ==> ELECTROLYTES

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Esters Contains connecting parent chain to branch hydrocarbon chain containing is the parent chain replace the -e at the end of the name with - oate. hydrocarbon chain single-bonded to oxygen is the branch name as you would any other branch known by their strong fragrant aromas (ex: wintergreen)

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Esters

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Amines N alone (w/ only Hs) seen within the carbon chain Amine group can be a branch Number the carbon with the amine group, name the parent chain, replace the -e at the end of the name with -amine. Amine group can be within the carbon chain Name exactly the same as you would an ether, except substitute the word amine for ether. (See Table R)

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Amines

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Amides Contains group; can be at the terminal position or connecting a parent chain to a branch Follows rules for ester when the amide group is within the chain

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Amides

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Properties of Functional Groups Hydrocarbons with functional groups have higher b.p. and m.p. than alkanes. Alcohols, acids, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones are slightly polar; therefore, they are slightly soluble in water.

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Organic Reactions Substitution: Replacement of one kind of atom or group by another kind of atom or group Only happens in alkanes Results in two products

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Organic Reactions Addition: Adding one or more atoms at a double or triple bond Happens in alkenes and alkynes Results in one product

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Organic Reactions Fermentation: Glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide by enzymes

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Organic Reactions Esterification: Acid and alcohol produce ester and water

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Organic Reactions Saponification: Ester breaking up into acid and alcohol Reverse esterification Produces fat Fat + strong base soap + glycerol (ester) (salt of acid) (alcohol)

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Organic Reactions Combustion: Hydrocarbons react with O 2 (g) to form CO 2 and H 2 O

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Organic Reactions Polymerization: Joining smaller molecules (monomers) together to form one big molecule (polymer) Used in the formation of plastics Amino acid + amino acid + amino acid protein Monomer monomer monomer polymer

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Condensation Polymerization Monomers joining together by dehydration synthesis (removing water)

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Addition Polymerization Monomers joining together by breaking a double or triple bond to form a polymer

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Questions The reaction CH 2 CH 2 + H 2 -> CH 3 CH 3 is an example of 1. substitution 2. addition 3. esterification 4. fermentation

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Questions The products of the fermentation of sugar are ethanol and 1.water 2.oxygen 3.carbon dioxide 4.sulfur dioxide

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Questions What type of reaction is CH 3 CH 3 + Cl 2 -> CH 3 CH 2 Cl + HCl? 1.an addition reaction 2.a substitution reaction 3.a saponification reaction 4.an esterification reaction

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Questions What substance is made up of monomers joined together in long chains? 1.ketone 2.protein 3.ester 4.acid