AIR MONITORING DEVICESAIR MONITORING DEVICES

Submitted bySubmitted by :- GURDIT SINGH

INTRODUCTION OF AIR MONITORING INTRODUCTION OF AIR MONITORING DEVICESDEVICES

• Bosch introduced its first MAP sensor in 1967 called the D-Jetronic ,D standing for German word Druck meaning pressure.

• MAP sensor technology changed dramatically in mid 80’s with introduction of piezo- crystal type sensor

MASS AIR FLOW SENSORSMASS AIR FLOW SENSORS

The Mass Air Flow Sensors are used to calculate the amount

of air entering the engine.

What is the use of MAF in cars ?What is the use of MAF in cars ?

The information collected by the air flow sensors regarding the mass of air entering the engine is used by the ECU to determine:-

• how much fuel to inject

• When to ignite the cylinders

• Shifts the transmission.

LOCATION OF AIR FLOW SENSORSLOCATION OF AIR FLOW SENSORS

Air cleaner

AIR FLOW

SENSORThrottle body

Air Intake

ChamberIntake

Manifold

Cylinders

The air flow sensor is located between the air cleaner and throttle body.

TYPES OF MAF SENSORSTYPES OF MAF SENSORS

There are 2 types of MAF sensors:-There are 2 types of MAF sensors:-

1) Vane Airflow Sensor1) Vane Airflow Sensor

2) Hot Wire Air Flow Sensor2) Hot Wire Air Flow Sensor

VANE AIR FLOW SENSORVANE AIR FLOW SENSOR

The vane air flow sensor consists of the following parts:-1) Potentiometer2) Air temperature sensor3) Idle mixture screw4) Fuel pump switch5) By pass air passage6) Spring loaded mechanical flap

WORKING OF VANE AIR FLOW SENSORWORKING OF VANE AIR FLOW SENSOR

• The VAF sensor monitors the volume of air entering the engine through spring loaded mechanical flap.

• The flap is pushed open by amount that is proportional to the volume of air entering the engine

Movement of flap Volume of air entering the engine

Where x and y are movement and volume respectively So the greater the airflow, further the flap opens

• The flap has a arm allowing the sensors resistance and output voltage to change according to air flow.

• The greater the air flow, further the flap opens and this lowers the potentiometer resistance and increase the voltage return signal to the computer.

TESTING VAF SENSORSTESTING VAF SENSORS

• Use a Multimeter to check the voltage and resistance values across various terminals.

• The sensor's output voltage should rise from around 0.25 volts up to about 4.5 volts as the flap goes from closed to open.

• Watching a vane airflow sensor's output on a digital storage

oscilloscope (DSO) is a good way to detect "skips" or dead spots in the sensor's internal potentiometer

PROBLEMS OCCURING IN VANE AIRFLOW PROBLEMS OCCURING IN VANE AIRFLOW SENSORSENSOR

1) Vane airflow sensors can't tolerate air leaks. Air leaks can allow "unmetered" or "false" air to enter the

engine.

The extra air can lean out the fuel mixture causing problems like:-

• Lean misfire• Hesitation• Stumbling when accelerating• Rough idle.

2) Dirt can also cause problems. Unfiltered air passing can allow dirt to build up on the flap

causing the flap to bind or stick.

3) Backfiring in the intake manifold can force the flap backwards violently, often bending or breaking the flap.

SOLUTION FOR PROBLEMSSOLUTION FOR PROBLEMS

1)Problems related to flap movement could be diagnosed using a finger to check if flap opens and close with even resistance.

If it binds or sticks a shot of carburetor cleaner may

loosen it up

2)Check for air leaks

3)Vane air flow sensors should be replace if there is an internal fault

HOT WIRE MAF SENSORHOT WIRE MAF SENSOR

•

The hot wire MAF sensor consists of following parts:-1)Thermistor2)Platinum hot wire3)ECU

WORKING OF HOT WIRE MAF SENSORWORKING OF HOT WIRE MAF SENSOR.

• The phenomenon is to heat the wire with an electrical current that is suspended in engine’s air stream.

• The electrical resistance increases as the wire temperature increases which helps to regulate the current flowing through the circuit

TEMPRETURE RESISTANCE

• When the air flows past the wire:- the temperature decreases hence resistance decreases

hence more current flows

• As more current flow the resistance increases again until it reaches the equilibrium again.

current required to maintain the wire’s temperature mass of air flowing past the wire

• The integrated electronic circuit converts the measurement of current into a voltage signal which is sent to the ECU

BENEFITS OF HOT WIRE MAF SENSORBENEFITS OF HOT WIRE MAF SENSOR

1) Responds quickly to changes in air flow

2) Less expensive

3) More durable due to non moving parts

PROBLEMS SEEN IN HOT WIRE MAF SENSORPROBLEMS SEEN IN HOT WIRE MAF SENSOR

• The main problem occurring in the Hot wire MAF is :- Contamination of the sensing wire element known as “

growing hairs” Causes of growing hairCauses of growing hair :- debris dirt from cheap air filters sticking to the sensing wire element.

Problems caused by growing hairProblems caused by growing hair This shields it from the incoming air. This causes air-fuel ratio control problems.

MAP SENSORMAP SENSOR

A manifold absolute pressure sensor (MAP) provides manifold pressure to the ECU.

WORKING OF MAP SENSORSWORKING OF MAP SENSORS

The MAP sensor consists of:-

1)Silicon chip

2)Vacumn chamber

3)Filter

WORKING OF MAP SENSOR

• In the MAP sensor there is a silicon chip mounted inside the reference chamber

• On one side of chip is reference pressure

• On other side is the pressure to be measured

• The silicon chip changes its resistance with changes in pressure

• This change in resistance alters the voltage signal

• The ECM interprets the voltage signal to measure engine load Hence the ECM is able to figure out:- • how much fuel to inject• when to ignite cylinders • other functions

TYPES OF MAP SENSORSTYPES OF MAP SENSORS

There are two types of MAP sensorsThere are two types of MAP sensors.

1)The typical MAP sensor senses pressure (vacuum) in the manifold.

2)The other helps the PCM estimate air flow in addition to pressure changes in the manifold.

This type of MAP sensor is found on vehicles with speed density fuel injection

PROBLEMS DUE TO FAULTY MAP SENSORPROBLEMS DUE TO FAULTY MAP SENSOR

1) It could cause the car to not start, but that is rarely seen

2) It causes hesitation on acceleration

3) Poor engine performance

4) Poor gas mileage

5) Black smoke coming from the exhaust (high emissions).

DIAGNOSING MAP SENSORSDIAGNOSING MAP SENSORS

• Use a scan tool to ensure there is a problem with map sensor

• Check the Vacumn hose • Check the electrical connections

• Check circuit wires for damage

• Replace Map sensor if ground is present.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Altogether we can say that Air monitoring devices play an essential part in engine management systems by measuring the volume, density and pressure of air entering the engine at any given time. Hence providing the computer with essential information which in turn results in better performance and increase the efficiency of the engine.

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY

• Images taken from….www.google.com

• Material taken from…….. www.wikipedia.com www.autoshop101.com www.fixya.com