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Air Pollution Part 2

Date post: 06-Apr-2018
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    Air Pollution

    Part 2

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    Basic Air Pollution Facts

    The term smog was first

    use in 1905 to describeemission of sulfur dioxide

    The Clean Air Act (1963) 2 basic standards (Goals)

    1. primary to protect

    human health 2. secondary to protect

    material, crops, climate,visibility, and personal

    comfort.

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    Basic Air Pollution Facts

    Air pollution affectsvegetation in 2 ways

    1. Toxic and

    damages cellmembranes

    2. Disrupts normalgrowth andreproduction

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    SMOG

    Two Forms

    Industrial Smog:Sulfur-based and isgray-air smog

    PhotochemicalSmog: catalyzedby UV radiationand is nitrogen-based.

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    Formation of Industrial Smog

    Step1. Carbon in coal or oil is burned in

    oxygen gas to produce CO2 andCO gas.

    2. Unburned carbon ends up as

    soot or particulate matter3. Sulfur in oil and coal react with

    oxygen to produce SO2

    4. SO2 reacts with O2 to produceSO3

    5. SO3 reacts with water vapor inthe air to form sulfuric acid

    6. Sulfuric acid reacts wit theatmospheric ammonia to formbrown, solid ammonium sulfate

    Chemical Reaction1. C + O2 CO2

    C + O2 CO

    2. C3. S + O2 SO2

    4. SO2 + O2 SO3

    5. SO3 + H2O H2SO4

    6. H2SO4 + NH3 (NH4)2SO4

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    Formation of Photochemical Smog 6 A.M. 9 A. M. (People drive to work, Nitrogen oxides and VOCs increase)

    N2 + O2 2 NO

    NO + VOCs NO2

    NO2 + uvNO + O

    9 A. M. 11 A.M. (traffic decrease and Nitrogen oxides and VOCs reactforming Nitrogen dioxide)

    2NO + O2 2NO2

    11 A.M. 4 P.M. (sun is more intense, nitrogen dioxide is broken down tomake ozone)

    NO2 + uv NO + O

    O2 + O O3 Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water vapor to produce nitric acid and nitric

    oxide.

    3 NO2 + H2O 2 HNO3 + MP

    Nitrogen dioxide can react with VOCs to produce toxic PANs (peroxacylnitrates)

    NO2 + VOCs PANs Sun goes down and the production of ozone is halted.

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    Air Pollution in Different Countries

    Mexico: Mexico Citys airquality is the worst in the world. Geography is a basin that traps

    pollutants

    How to fix it?

    Incentives for using cleaner fuels,catalytic converters, restriction

    on when to drive, improvingenvironmental regulations.

    http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/mexico/cities.htm
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    Air Pollution in Different Countries

    Chile: Santiago is oneof the most pollutedcities in the world. Lies in the middle of a

    valley

    Factors that make itworse

    Weather, growingeconomy, rapid urbanexpansion, andemissions from factories

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    Air Pollution in Different Countries

    China Has 7 of the 10most polluted cities.

    Sulfur dioxide and soot

    from coal combustionare the two major airpollutants.

    Acid Rain affects about1/3 of the land area

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    Air Pollution in Different Countries

    India: New Delhi isone of the top tenmost polluted cities.

    Vehicular emissionsand untreatedindustrial smoke arethe two major sources

    of air pollution.

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    Techniques For Improving AirQuality

    1. Emphasize pollution prevention and improvementwith a reward system and set legislative standards

    2. Phase out the use of fossil fuels over a reasonabletime-frame through incentives, and support

    research for alternative energy3. Establish worldwide programs of sharingantipollution technology with developing countries.

    4. Using filtering systems at industrial sites

    5. Use catalytic converters in cars and other forms oftransportation

    6. Modify building codes to control materials use inconstruction

    7. Develop and encourage mass transit

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    Human Impact on AtmosphereCause Effect

    Burning fossil fuels Adds CO2 and O3troposphere

    Altering climates

    Produces acid rain

    Using nitrogen fertilizersand burning fossil fuels

    Releases NOx intotroposphere

    Produces acid rainRefining petroleum andburning fossil fuels

    Releases SO2 intotroposphere

    Manufacturing Releases toxic heavymetals into troposphere


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