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Air Pollution

Part 2

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Basic Air Pollution Facts

The term smog was first

use in 1905 to describeemission of sulfur dioxide

The Clean Air Act (1963) 2 basic standards (Goals)

1. primary to protect

human health 2. secondary to protect

material, crops, climate,visibility, and personal

comfort.

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Basic Air Pollution Facts

Air pollution affectsvegetation in 2 ways

1. Toxic and

damages cellmembranes

2. Disrupts normalgrowth andreproduction

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SMOG

Two Forms

Industrial Smog:Sulfur-based and isgray-air smog

PhotochemicalSmog: catalyzedby UV radiationand is nitrogen-based.

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Formation of Industrial Smog

Step1. Carbon in coal or oil is burned in

oxygen gas to produce CO2 andCO gas.

2. Unburned carbon ends up as

soot or particulate matter3. Sulfur in oil and coal react with

oxygen to produce SO2

4. SO2 reacts with O2 to produceSO3

5. SO3 reacts with water vapor inthe air to form sulfuric acid

6. Sulfuric acid reacts wit theatmospheric ammonia to formbrown, solid ammonium sulfate

Chemical Reaction1. C + O2 CO2

C + O2 CO

2. C3. S + O2 SO2

4. SO2 + O2 SO3

5. SO3 + H2O H2SO4

6. H2SO4 + NH3 (NH4)2SO4

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Formation of Photochemical Smog 6 A.M. 9 A. M. (People drive to work, Nitrogen oxides and VOCs increase)

N2 + O2 2 NO

NO + VOCs NO2

NO2 + uvNO + O

9 A. M. 11 A.M. (traffic decrease and Nitrogen oxides and VOCs reactforming Nitrogen dioxide)

2NO + O2 2NO2

11 A.M. 4 P.M. (sun is more intense, nitrogen dioxide is broken down tomake ozone)

NO2 + uv NO + O

O2 + O O3 Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water vapor to produce nitric acid and nitric

oxide.

3 NO2 + H2O 2 HNO3 + MP

Nitrogen dioxide can react with VOCs to produce toxic PANs (peroxacylnitrates)

NO2 + VOCs PANs Sun goes down and the production of ozone is halted.

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Air Pollution in Different Countries

Mexico: Mexico Citys airquality is the worst in the world. Geography is a basin that traps

pollutants

How to fix it?

Incentives for using cleaner fuels,catalytic converters, restriction

on when to drive, improvingenvironmental regulations.

http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/mexico/cities.htm

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Air Pollution in Different Countries

Chile: Santiago is oneof the most pollutedcities in the world. Lies in the middle of a

valley

Factors that make itworse

Weather, growingeconomy, rapid urbanexpansion, andemissions from factories

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Air Pollution in Different Countries

China Has 7 of the 10most polluted cities.

Sulfur dioxide and soot

from coal combustionare the two major airpollutants.

Acid Rain affects about1/3 of the land area

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Air Pollution in Different Countries

India: New Delhi isone of the top tenmost polluted cities.

Vehicular emissionsand untreatedindustrial smoke arethe two major sources

of air pollution.

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Techniques For Improving AirQuality

1. Emphasize pollution prevention and improvementwith a reward system and set legislative standards

2. Phase out the use of fossil fuels over a reasonabletime-frame through incentives, and support

research for alternative energy3. Establish worldwide programs of sharingantipollution technology with developing countries.

4. Using filtering systems at industrial sites

5. Use catalytic converters in cars and other forms oftransportation

6. Modify building codes to control materials use inconstruction

7. Develop and encourage mass transit

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Human Impact on AtmosphereCause Effect

Burning fossil fuels Adds CO2 and O3troposphere

Altering climates

Produces acid rain

Using nitrogen fertilizersand burning fossil fuels

Releases NOx intotroposphere

Produces acid rainRefining petroleum andburning fossil fuels

Releases SO2 intotroposphere

Manufacturing Releases toxic heavymetals into troposphere